~\ 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DOQQEl^bHm 




qass_LL.1135 

Book . l- 5 






38 



£?< 



ESENXALZ OV FONETICS 



£ £ 


A a 


9 e 


Q o 


UJ iu 


U u 


*i 


eel 


tflms 


all 


ope 


ooze 


full 


^<? 






e s 


T t 


a d 


X J 


x . 3 






catch 


^in • 


T'Aine 


she 


virion 



(KEY TO THE PHONETIC SPELLING EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK. 

A complete key to all the symbols employed, maybe found iu pp. 126, 128, tabularly 
arranged. For tbe English language in particular, it is only necessary to observe, that 
k, q, x, are rejected; that s, c, g, are always pronounced as in scape-yoat; and that the 
remaining consonants, b, d,f, h,j, I, m, n, p, r, t, v, w,y, z, have their most usual 
English significations ; the vowels <-?, a, e, i, o, u, are to be pronounced as in pane, 
pan, pen, pin, 'pon, pun. The new letters are used for the sounds expressed by the italic 
letters in the under- written words : 

(5 & 3" s U ii 
oil owl you 

TJrj 

sing 

Tbe apostrophe before I, m, n, shews that they form syllables, as lift, rifm, op'n. 

All words and passages not- printed in accordance with the phonetic alphabet, are 
inclosed in the peculiar parenthesis { }. See page 125. k 

The reader will know the place of the accent in every word, if he will only observe 
that when no accent is written, he must place an accent in reading — 

1. On the last syllable but one of all dissyllables, and of all words whatever ending 

in ic or ics, or having an f, a j, or a y immediately before their last vowel or 
diphthong, or containing any one of the letters s, a, ii, q, o, o, ui, ii, o, j, o, or y, 
in their penultimate ; 

2. And on the last syllable but two of all other words. 

These rules apply to all words introduced, English or foreign, with the sole exception 
of Erench, in which language no syllable receives an accent. 

A copious account of the English phonetic alphabet is furnished infra, pp. 87 — 105.) 



iM 



/ 







£^*s*- 







ESENXALZ OV FONETICS; 



Contanin ete leori ov a "Universal Alfabet, tuigecter wid: its 
Practical Aplicajun az an Etnical Alfabet tui cts reducjim 
ov 01 Larjgwejez,, Rit'n er Un-RAt'n, tui Wun Xiniferm 
Sistem ov Rjtin ; wict Numerus Egzqrnp'lz ; adapted tm ax 
its ov Fonetifanz, Filolojists, Etimolojists, Etnografists, 
Travelerzj and Mifuneriz. In la, ov ° ^pn? 1 " 1 ^ Pfiif 1iri ov 
de " Alfabet ov Natur." 



s 



,^° B* ALECSANDER JON EB^^lLEDli 

\ Felo ov de Cambrij Filozofical Sosieti, and fermerli Scoler o^Triniti Colej, Cambrij. 




' ' We must enter sv protest, we f er an unavalig wun, agenst de strpjuues hwiq suf erz doz invdliiab' i 
monuments, de un-rit'n larjgwejez ov de erfc, tui perij wid a rapiditi yerli ineresin, widst wun 
rafunal and wel-conserted efurt tui sav dem in de onli mod in hwiq it can be dun efectuali, 
nanui, bj redusin dem tui rjtiij, acordiy tui dar egzdct nativ pronunsiafun, trui de medium ov a 
turoli wel-considerd and dijested fonetie alfabet. Abit sicsti wel-'qoz'n, ezili rit'n, and unecidvoeol 
caracterz, completli egzempiifjd in dar us bj pasejez from giad rjterz in de priusipal Uropean and 
Sstern larjgwejez, wiad satisfj everiwont, wid~st goirj intui imprdcticabl njsetizf and we ernestli 
recomend de construcjunandpromulgajun ov a manual ov dis cjnd, fer de us ov travelerz, vaejerz, 
and colonists, az a mater ov presiij urjensi, tui de considerajun ov filolojists, etnolojists, and 
jeograferz, in dar respcctiv Sosjetiz asemb'ld." — JEdinb. Bevy, Jan. 1848. (Se infra, p. 221). 



LUNDUN : 

FRED PITMAN, FQNETIC DSPO, CWCNZ HED PASEJ, 
PATERNOSTER RO. 

1S48. 



£ 5 



*>s 



Printed bj A.. J. Elis, B. A., Fonetic Prmtiy Ofisez, Eat. 



BY TBAN SFE ^ 
JUN 13 '^OB 



P8EFES 



3e Alfabet ov N&tyr woz orijinali publift in de Fonotipic 
Jurnal, from Jun 1844 tm Jiin 1845, and a seperet edifun woz 
ifmd at its complejun in 1845. cLis wurc woz ritm nnder rqder 
pecuJier domestic sercumstansez, preclmdirj de etur from pair) 
ddt atenfun tin it hwic, de complicated natur ov de snbject ren- 
derd neseseri. tie Jets had tm be ritm from munt tm munt, 
and wer wid grat dificnlti prepard -for de pres in tjm for 
de mnntli pubiicajun ov ds Fonotipic Jurnal. Az a neseseri 
rezult ov dis unhdpi mod ov rjtirj, a wurc woz prodrjst hwig 
contand meni discrepansiz and imperfecfunz, and bor ol de 
metres ov hast. Sue, az it wqz^h?rever, it met wid muc, mor 
aprmval dan de ©tnr had ventiird tm hop ; bnt on an aplicajun 
beii) mad tm him tm reprint de lqst Jet, in order tm complet 
sum adifunal copiz bj menz ov bac numberz ov de Fonotipic 
Jurnal , he fend it neseseri tin recqst de entjr wurc; and havirj 
sufifent tjm befor him, he bestod grat atenfun upon de aranj- 
ment, hwic, he hops wil render hiz prezent tretis at wuns 
cler and consjs. 3e diferens betwen de Esenfalz ov Fonetics 
and de Alfabet cv Ncttyr, haz dus becum so grat, dat it wud 
be incorect tm col de former a nq edifun ov de later : it iz a 
no, wurc, bot in form and mater. cLe secund, or practical pqrt, 
woz sujested bj a pasej in &z y Edinburo Revi'i, hwiq aperz on de 
tjt'l paj. It iz hopt dat de Etnical Alfabet njr propozd, and 
cc5piusli ilustratecl, ma prmv ov servis tm traveler z, mifuneriz, 
and etnolojists, hm hav so loij ecsperienst de wont ov sum sue, 
practical universal alfabet. 



01do cdis trstis on Fonetics must bs rsgqrded az At actual 
rtzult ov ds eturz on obzervajunz and ecsperiments, and eldo 
lis liaz never tacm eni uder r|terz opinyun wid^t sdtisfjirj him- 
self, bj obzervajun and ecsperiment, dat it woz corect, it iz not 
tui bs supozd dat el ds opinyunz bs advansez qr orijinal, er 
dat biz discuveriz bav not ben, in meni instansez, prsviusli or 
indspendentli mad bj uderz. <Is investigajunz hwic, ecstend over 
ds ferst fortsn pajez qr, hjrever, elmost, if not entjrli, no,. 3a 
wer not sujested tui ds etur bj eni tiij dat bs had red in uder 
trstisez, but wer ds rszdlt, prfmerili, ov an atentiv studi ov ds 
mod in hwic, ds Jermanz pron^ns dar inijal {s} bsfor vjrelz. 
R prsvius acwantans wid ds Jerman larjgwej, trs ysrz rezidens 
in Drazden, and lor) conversajunz on Jerman pronunsiajun 
wid Mr. Zenf, (ss Apendics II, p. 235, under ds nam Uultse,) 
wer ov ds gratest servis in clsriij up hiz jdsaz upon dis 
subject. 

<Is ferst wurc hwic, directed ds eturz atenjun tui ds absurd 
spelirj ov ds IrjgliJ laijgwej, woz a lit'l pamflet bj Dr. Latam, 
(ds tjt'l ov hwig haz escapt hiz memori,) publift at Cambrij 
meni ysrz ago. Tui a peruizol ov Dr. Latamz subsecwent 
wurc on Ss Iyglif Larjgwej, hs iz manli indeted fer an aeqret 
consepjun ov ds important distirjcfun bstwsn lorj and stopt 
vjrelz, from hwic, hs qfterwerdz sldborated ds distil) cfun (hwic, 
hs fend woz wel non in Jermani) bstwsn brsf and stopt v^elz. 
It iz most important dat <ie trjad ov log, brsf, and stopt v^elz 
Jiad bs born in mjnd bj eni framer ov a universal alfabet. 
Dr. Latamz wurc elso contanz ds onli trui ac^nt ov silabicajun 
hwic, ds etur haz yet ssn advqnst. 

Tui a brsf conversajun wid Profeser Hwststun, ds etur iz mug 
indeted fer meni hints on ds subject ov fonetics, and espejali 
fer a rjt consepjun ov ds WelJ {//) = hi, hwic, woz ov mug us tui 
him in lsdirj tui ds tsori elredi alluded tui. 

Tui Profeser Mqtuifscs Latin wurc on universal fonetics, 
(ss infra, p. 237), ds etur iz indeted fer a trui consepjun ov 
ds vocal y l, V, y m, y n, hwic, hs had prsviusli bslsvd tin consist 
ov a v^rel s^ndfolod bj a consonant, insted ov a vsel s^nd herd 
trui a consonant configiirafun ov ds vocal organz. Hs rsgrets 



havirj comitecl dis erur, (hwicj iz strorjli advocated az an impor- 
tant truit in de Alfabet ov Nati[r } ) becoz de jdea ov a vsel folod 
bj a consonant beirj comuner and mor redili sezd, dan de |dea 
ov a vyel s?md herd trm a consonant configqrajun, hiz fols 
consepjun haz ben tac'n np bj meni practical fonetijanz in 
Irj gland and America. 

Tin Dr. Raps grat wurc on de Fizioloji ov Speg, (infra, p. 236,) 
de ©tor iz veri nine, indeted in meni ponts, espejali for de 
|dea ov tre seriez ov v^elz, (oldo Dr. Rap semz tm ar|v at hiz 
reziilt bj a diferent proses,) and on de subjects ov diftoijz and 
acsent. 

Mug vdlqaVl infermajun haz ben der|vd from Profeser 
Wilisez paperz in de Cambrij Filozofical Transacfunz ; and olso 
from Dr. Grpenz Pestalotsian Prime?'. <Ie etur haz, in Jort, 
not neglected eni wurcs on de subject hwic, he ciad procijr, 
beirj convinst dat orijinaliti iz ov les importans in materz ov 
sjens dan corectnes. R list ov de prinsipal wurcs hwic, he haz 
consulted, iz giVn in de Secund Apendics (pp. 228 — 239). 

cEe public haz sum rjt tui no de persunal cwolificajunz ov an 
otur for sue, a tqsc az de prezent, and dis must be hiz ecscits for 
enterirj intui detalz hwig he wiad uderwjz mug rqder supres. 
He woz born in Lundun, and remand dar til hiz att yer ; he woz 
den for yerz at a lqrj prjvet scrul in Esecs ; betwen tre and for 
yerz at Xrozberi Scuil, under Dr. Butler; tre yerz at £t'n 
Colej, under Dr. Cet ; hqf a yer at Brjt'n, wid a prjvet tittur ; 
den at Triniti Colej, Cambrij, hwar he remand til a yer and a 
cwerter qfter taciij hiz degre, (in Jdnqeri 1837,) hiz ferst lorj 
vacajun, in 1834, havirj ben spent in Paris. Siibsecwentli 
tui hiz levin Cambrij, he haz several tjmz vizited Frqns, and 
haz spent tre yerz in Jermani, (at Drazden,) and nerli aten 
munts in Itali, (gefli at Rom and Nap'lz,) bes|dz travehrj over 
diferent pqrts ov Jermani, Itali, Sisili, and Frqns. clez local 
sercumstansez qr menjund tui Jo hiz opurtirnitiz ov heriij 
diferent djalects and laggwejez, and dus tiiturirj hiz er. It 
woz, inded, hiz obzervaj'unz on de grat diferensez in de pronun- 
siajun ov Italyan in diferent pqrts ov Itali, dat ferst led him 
tui atemt de construcfun ov a universal alfabet. Bes|dz dus 



acwjrhj Freng, Jerman, and Italy an from nativz in.de cuntriz 
hwar dez larjgwejez qr spocm, he haz tacm lesunz, solli wid a 
vii, tui pronunsiajun, in Spanif, Polif, and Wei J", from nativz; in 
Dug, from a Jerman ; Pertqgez, from a Spanyerd ; and Rufan, 
from a Pol. Modern Grec, lis lernt from an Albanian in 
Rom; v Arabic, from tre nativ Arabz; Danif, from a DaniJ 
ladi. It haz ben biz endevur tui obtan de pronunsiajun ov a 
larjgwej, hwar prdcticaVl, from a nativ; and hwar not, from 
wun hm had lernt from a nativ. Hiz p^er ov discriminatirj 
de s^rndz hwig he herz, and referiij dem tin de simbulz 
ov hiz alfabet, must be trjd bj doz competent persunz hui 
studi de nqmerus egzqmp'lz hwig he haz furnift. clis p^rer 
ov discriminajun iz cwjt distiijct from a p^rer ov reproducjun. 
2ar qr meni visel s^ndz hwic, he iz aVl tui distiijgwif hwen 
pronsiist bj doz tui huim da qr familyer, but hwic, he iz unab'l 
egzdctli tui imitat. He haz fend hiz p^rerz ov fonetic discrim- 
inajun mug merest bj practis and obzervajun ; and he solisits 
de comamicajun ov fonetic obzervajunz from ol doz hui mac 
de sjens ov fonetics a studi or an ami\zment. Mug iz tui be 
lernt from djalects in Irj gland. R lat opurtirniti hwig haz ben 
prezented tui him ov heriij de Loland Scog and de Sumersetjer 
dialects, haz ben fond veri qsfial. It woz in Sumersetjer dat 
he ferst herd de s?md ov a, (de loij v^rel corespondig tui de trui 
Irjglij" a,) from de lips ov an Irjglijman. 

In concluu^un, de ©tur droz atenfun tui de sercumstans, dat 
dis wurc, hwig involvz grat tjpografical dificultiz, haz ben entjrli 
printed bj compoziturz trand tm de qs ov de alfabet hwig it 
ilustrats. 3e prezent sistem ov printirj de IiJgliJ larjgwej iz 
advocated at lerjt in de eturz Pis for Fonetic Spelhj, in hwig 
ware el de objecfunz dat he haz herd mad agenst de erto- 
grafic ganjez her propozd for jeneral qs in de IrjgliJ larjgwej, 
q,r stated, and dar refqtajun atemted. 

Tui prevent eni misconsepjunz wid regqrd tui de inventer ov 
de practical IrjgliJ fonetic alfabet, de etur referz tui de Fonetic 
Jurnal for Jdnqeri 1848, and tui a not in hiz Pis fer Fonetic 
Spelir) (p. 15). It ma be sufijent tui stat in dis plas, dat de Jort 
hand woz invented bj Mr. feac Pitman, ov Bqt ; and dat Mr. 



Pitman had comenst de invenjuii ov a printiij alfabet befor 
de etur woz awar ov de progres hwic, he liad mad; but dat 
havhj acsidentali becuin acwanted wid biz laburz in Ogust 
1843, de etur imedyetli put himself in comiinicajun wid him, 
and de rezult woz, dat abyt hqf ov de no, leterz in -de alfabet, 
az at prezent nzd, wer de invenj'un ov dg etur, bj hmm 
ecscliusivh de hoi ov de teori on hwig de sistem iz fended, 
woz carfmli remodeld, and de alfabet mad universal in its apli- 
cajun bj beiij ecstendecl tui foren laijgwejez. Mr. >lzac Pitman 
ferst prop^nded de jdea, hwic, haz ben carid st bj him and de 
etur conjontli, ov fonetisjzii) de Iijglif laijgw r ej; but Mr. Hit, 
(de fqder ov de post oris reformer) ferst publicli advocated sue, 
a ganj in de printed aperans ov 3T larjgwej, in a spec, deliverd at 
a fonetic metig at Bermirjam, on 18 Jiilj, 1843, hwen he pro- 
pozd and comenst a subscripjun wid hwic, de matrisez ov tre 
roman fonts ov tjp wer purqest. cLe eturz pqrt haz ben tui 
wurc yt Mr. Pitmanz jdea, elaborat and ecstend de jeneral 
teori, and cari it yt on a lqrj seal bj menz ov de printii) pres. 

Comiinicajunz on de subject ov dis tretis qr respectfiali 
solisited, adrest tm de etur, at (4, Lansdown Crescent, Bath). 

A. J. E. 



4, Lanzdwi C 'resent, Bqf, 
1 September, 1S48. 



CONTENTS. 



PART I.-ICORI, 



Seejun. 



Befinifan ov is Sjens ov Fonetics 
3s Qrganz and Ssndz ov Sj>sg 

1. cEe vocal ergaiiz ..... 

2. Ve's and hwisper .... 

3. Modifjirj configurajun .... 
Clasificafun ov is Configyrafunz . 

1. Namz ov de confignrajunal clqsez 

2. v Ilustrativ ecsperiments 

3s for clqsez ov Ficst and K Osihturi Config%rafunz 
Transifun from Vsel tm Fuel 
Transifun from Continent tm Fuel 

1. Hwisperd continuants 

2. Spoc'n continuants 

3. Murmurd continuants 

4. Micst continuants . 
Transifun from Licwid tm Fuel 

1. Hwisperd licwidz . 

2. Spoc'n licwidz . 

3. Vocal licwidz 

4. Micst licwidz 
Transifun from Ecsplodent tm Fsel 



9. 
10. 



1. Mut ecsplodents 

2. Spoc'n ecsplodents 

3. Murmurd ecsplodents . 
Micst ecsplodents . 
Post-hwisperd ecsplodents 



4. 
5. 
Fselz .... 

Loy Oral Fselz . 

1. 3s orijinal reel, and de tre distinct: 

mid'l, and loer seriez ov v^elz 

2. <Ie uper seriez ov vselz 

3. 3s loer seriez ov vselz 

4. 3s mid'l seriez ov vselz 

5. 3e vsel seal (se elso p. 199) 



iv vselz, s, 



ov de uper 



Paj. 

1 

1—3 

1 

2 

3 

3—5 

3 

4 

5 

6-7 

7-11 

7 

9 

10 

10 

11—12 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12—14 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

15 

16—23 

16 
17 
19 
20 

22 



xu 

Secfun. p a j 

11. Sert Oral Vvelz, brsf and stopt 24 27 

12. Nazal Vvelz 27—31 

13. Diftoyz and Triftoyz . . . . . . . . 31 — 37 

1. Clasificajun .......... 31 

2. Proper diftorjz 32 

Homojenius uper diftogz ....... 32 

Heterojenius uper diftonz ....... 33 

Homojenius loer diftorjz ....... 34 

Heterojenius loer diftonz 3 J. 

Mid'l heterojenius diftonz ....... 35 

3. Im-proper diftonz ........ 35 

4. Cwasi-diftonz ......... 36 

5. Triftonz * 37 

14. Hwisperd Vxelz . . . 37 — 38 

15. 3b Brsiiyz 38 — 42 

1. cle soft bredrn. .......... 38 

2. <Ie hwisperd bredin, er aspiret properli so cold ... 39 

3. 3e ruf bredin 39 

4. cEe ruf hwisperd bredin, er sj ...... . 40 

5. cle stroi) ruf er pulmonic bredin ...... 40 

6. 3e strorj ruf hwisperd bredirj, er pulmonic sj . 40 

7. 3e brae 41 

8. cle hjatus 41 

9. cle comprejun ......... 41 

10. Fjucd bredinz 42 

16. Continiiants ........... 43 — 48 

1. Labial continuants . . . . . . . 43 

2. Dental continuants ........ 45 

3. Palatal continuants ........ 46 

4. Post-palatal continiiants ....... 46 

5. Earingal continiiants ........ 47 

6. Strorj continiiants ......... 48 

17. Oral Licwidz . 48 — 51 

1. Labial er lip licwidz ........ 48 

2. Lateri-liggwal er sjd-tmjd licwidz 48 

3.. Puncti-liggwal er tip-tund licwidz ...... 49 

4. Radjsi-lingwal er ruit-tund licwidz ..... 50 

18. Nazal licwidz .......... 52—53 

19. Ecsplodents 53 — 57 

1. Labial ecsplodents ......... 54 

2. Dental ecsplodents ........ 54 

3. Palatal ecsplodents ........ 55 

4. Post-palatal ecsplodents . . . . . . . 55 

5. Paringal ecsplodents . . . . . . . , 56 

20. Consonants . . 57 



Xlll 

See/un. Paj. 

21. Se Fonetic Alfabet 57—61 

1. els fonetic alfabei consecntivli aranjd ..... 58 

2. Ecstent ov fo fonetic alfabei 60 

3. Tabttfer fonetic alf abet 61 

22. Transifun from wun Consonant Pozifun tw anu&er . . . 61 — 63 

23. Silab'lz 64—69 

1. Perfect silab'lz 64 

2. Phu-perfect silab'lz ........ 64 

3. Imperfect silab'lz ......... 65 

4. leoretical silabica/un 65 

5. Practical silabicajun 66 

6. Etimolojical silabicajun ....... 69 

24. Emfasis and Acsent . . .' 69—72 

1. Natur ov acsent — Prjmeri acsent ..... 69 

2. Secuudcri er sub-acsent, and absens ov acsent . . . . 70 

3. Emfasis . 71 

25. Cwontiti . . . . . . . . . . . 72 — 77 

1. Cwontiti ov v^elz ........ 72 

2. Cwontiti ov silab'lz ........ 73 

3. RelaJ'un ov acsent and cwontiti ...... 74 

4. Relajun ov rit'm tra acsent and cwontiti ..... 75 

26. Uier Modz ov Spsg 78—80 

1. Piq 78 

2. Cwobti ov ton . 78 

3. Individual acsent ......... 79 

4. Provinfal and uajunal acsent ...... 79 

27. Prinsip'lz oo Alfabetic Notafun 80—84 

1. Sjnz fer simp'l elements 80 

2. Sjnz fer complecs elements . . . .- . . 81 

3. Fermz ov &? sjnz ........ S3 



PART IT.— PRACTIS. 



W 



-)3 



Seejun. 

28. Se diferens betwen Theoretical and Practical Fonelics 

29. 3e lyglif Fonetic Alfabet 

1. cLe absolut number ov fonetic elements rscwjrd 

2. Acsented silab'lz alon considerd 

3. 3s acsent lez 

4. Lorj v^selz .... 

5. Stopt vyelz .... 

6. Bref v^elz .... 

7. Bredirjz 

8. Continuants .... 

9. Licwidz ..... 

10. Ecsplodents .... 

11. Diftonz 

12. <Ie practical alfabet 

13. 3e fermz ov de leterz . 
Mod cv yziy ie Iyglif Fonetic Alfabet 

1. Practical ruilz Mod in TngliJ" fonetic spelin .... 

2. Considerajun ov sum dstful er disputed pemts in Irjglij" fonetic 
spelirj 

3. Practical and teoretical Irjglij spelirj, wid egzqmp'lz 
On ie Fonetic Reprezentajun ov Foren Laijgwejez. 
Fonetic Reprezent&fun ov ie Freng Laygwej,fer ie %s ov lyglifmen 

1. cEe tsoretical alfabet ..... 

2. Fonetic peculiaritiz ov de Freng larjgwej 

3. R practical Freng alfabet for de us ov Irjglifmen 
cLe Fonetic Reprezeniafun ov ie Jerman Langwej 

1 . 3s teoretical alfabet ..... 

2. Peculiaritiz ov de larjgwej 

3. 3e practical alfabet 

4. Us ov dis alfabet 

5. cle Jerman sistemz ov prommsiajun . 
C. Egzqmp'l ov Jerman . 

cLe Iyglifmanz Finical Alfabet . 

On ie mod ov y,ziy ie Etnical Alfabet 

1. Utiliti ov de etnical alfabet 

2. 3e etnical alfabet tdbulerli aranjd 

3. Order and namz ov de etnical leterz . 





Paj. 


85 


-87 


87- 


-101 




87 




88 




89 




90 




91 




92 




93 




93 




93 




95 




96 




97 




99 


101- 


-105 




101 




102 




104 


106- 


-107 


107- 


-113 


• 


107 




108 




111 


113- 


-121 




113 




114 




116 




116 




119 




120 


122- 


-124 


124- 


-132 




124 




126 




130 



Sec Jim. 

36. Egzqmytlz ov Etnical Speliy 

1. Sanscrit 

2. flu/cut Grcc 

3. Modem Grec . 

4. Latin .... 

5. Italy an .... 

6. SpaniJ .... 

7. Pertug?z 

8. Freng .... 

9. Gotic .... 
Hj Jerman — Bavarian Djalect 
Anglo-Sacsun 

Dug 

DaniJ .... 

Lolancl Scog 

Old IngliJ and ©eserz Irjglif 

Rufan 

Slavonian ov cte Provins ov Slavonia 

Croajian 

Servian 

Dalmajian 

21. Bohemian 

22. PoliJ 

23. Hungarian 

24. WelJ 
x Arabic . 
Hebrm 
Perjan ......... 

28. 3s roman and fonetic alfabets compard 

I. cLs valii ov roman leterz in njn modem langwejez 
II. Mod ov ecspresirj ds fonetic alfabet bj roman leterz 
modern langwejez ..... 
37- Concluipin 



10. 

11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 



-25. 
•26. 
27. 



Profeser Wilisez Dreiyz ov is Lariycs . 
Apendics I. Descripjun ov ds Purines 
Apendics II. Ponetic Literatur 
lies III. Fonetic Printirj 



nm 



Paj. 

32—217 
133 
130 
139 
143 
147 
151 
154 
156 
157 
160 
162 
166 
169 
171 
177 
185 
188 
188 
189 
190 
190 
191 
192 
195 
200 
205 
211 
215 
216 

217 
218 

224 
225 

228 
240 



ADIEUNZ AND CORECXUNZ. 

p. 2, I. 19, for and capab'l red and 01 r capab'l. 

;;. 14, /. 9 from botum,for edtn red edtn. 

p. 15, /. 16 and 11, for twan ?-«£ twan. 

p. 16, /. 6 from hot am, ad, se p. 196; /. Sfroti/ botwm,fer pyer w/ pur. 

jo. 22, Z. 10, ad, se p. 196. 

jB. 23, Iqst Ijn, ad, se p. 199. 

p. 31, /#y£ Vin,for e m/ e. 

y?. 32, I. 11, ecspmzj and Welf; <& Welf dif toy z behj descr'/bd in p. 19?. 

jp. 33, /. 22, ad, se p. 172, 

p. 34, de diftorj ?/m Jud be aded tin de list ov heterojenius loer diffonz. 

p. 35, /. 19, 20, for intra silab'lz m? intra perfect silab'lz. 

p. 37, ^ 8, ad, se p. 25, under a-. 

p. 42, /. 11, for rqqin rod? .tqqjn. 

p. 49, /. 4^ from botum,fer de trm s^ndz. m/ de trm s^ndz ov hwiq. 

p. 53, I. 24:, for ner'n ?vr/ ne'n. 

y>. 58, ra/. 1, /. § from botam,for \- i- red i- i-. 

j). 59, col. 1, I. 1, insert uia. 

79. 60, cc/. 1, at ie end ov Iptz 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 respectivli, insert 13, if, if.13, j 3- t J> '- t .3 ; 

^s amifun ov isz fiv elements ocajunz an eritr trmU is calcqhj'unz ov nr. 2, on Us 

pay ; hens, in linz 8, 7, 6 from, ie botum, respectivli, for 2, 12, 60, red 3, 13, 65 ; 

and inpaj 61, Iptz 2, S,fer 60, 185, 313, red 65, 190, 318. 
p. 62, /. 20, for No ecsplodent mi? No milt ecsplodent, 
p. 97, I. 2,/w35 ror/ 36. 

y;. 105, col. l,for ai, au red di, du tnuvtj col. 1, /. 7,./0v uva- r^r/ uve-. 
p. 108, /. 22, for re po r^ re-po. 
^>. 109, £. 10 from botum, for i, e, a, u m/ i, a, n. 
/;. 112, »* isfrazez 13, 22, om7 h. 
/;. 118, /. 28, red (o} = l) hwen Ion, 0; ets. 
/;. 123, /. 25, 26, ecspunj, tin plas it on wun sjd, dus d\ er, az %sles. In He not, far 

nr. 23, ra£ nr. 21 ; and for i 1 ?r</ t ]. 
p. 188, /';/ is e(/::<iiiip/lz,far g ;vv/ q. 
■p. 224, ./by Prof, ra* Prof. 

Several mjuur mistacs ov speliij and acsentuajun ma be fxnd, bid not hu sue, an 
ecstent az tra disturb de reder. 



ae 



ESENXALZ OF FONETICS 



PART I. — TSORI. 



§ 1. 

DEFINIEUN OF 3C SEENS OV FONETICS. 

3x sjens ov Fonetics embrasez el ddt porjun ov &z jeneral sjens ov 
Acsstics, hwiq relals tiu &z ssndz prodiist h\ &z erganz ov spec; ; er, in &z 
raor limited sens in hwiq we her propoz tiu empk4 ck term, ctdt porjun ov 
Acsstics hwicj relats tra &z Significant Szmdz ov Larjgwej^ 1 ) 

§ ». 

38 9RGANZ AND StfNDZ OV SPCS. 

1. 5? Vocal Or gam. 

For an acuret anatomical and fiziolojical descripjun ov &z vocal erganz, 
referens must hz mad tm wurcs on anatomi and fizioloji. Mug inferma- 
Jun ma bs derjvd from &z qrtic'l Lariycs (Larynx), in &"£ Peni Sjclopedia, 
vol. 13, p. 339, and &z wurcs ctar rcferd tra. Fer ecsperiments on dz 
prss|s mod in hwic, vocal ssndz qr prodiist, and 6te efects ov ssnd in 
jeneral, Mulerz (Miiller's) Fizioloji, and Wilisez (Willis's) Paperz in &z 
Cambrij Filozofical Transacjunz, vol. 3, pp. 129 and 231; and espejali vol. 
4, p. 332 (On &z Mecaniz'm ov &z Lariijcs) ; Herfelz (Herschell's) qrtic'l 



1. From de Size fane (fane), vers, iz derjvd de ajectiv foneticos (foneticds), related 
tui de vers ; and hens, ta fonetica (ta fonetica), de tinz related tiu de vers, de sjens ov 
vecs-syndz. From de Grec acxo (acouo), j her, iz formd de ajectiv acssticos (acousticos), 
related tm herii) ; and hens, ta, acsstica (td acousticd), de tinz related tm de herirj, de 
sjens ov el dat iz edib'l, de jeneral sjens ov s*nd. 

2 • 



2 Vocal Organz, Vm, Hioisper. § 2, nr. 1. 

Smd, in de Ensiclopedia Metropolitma ; Hwetstunz (Wheatstone's) paper in 
de Lundun and Westminster Kevu, for October 1 837, p. 31 ; and de pasej in 
'Eliutsunz (Elliotson's) Pizioloji, 2nd. ed., pp. 502 — 512, tui hwig Profeser 
Hwetstun haz manli contributed, ma be consulted wid advqntej. In dez 
pajez, we Jal conf|n srselvz tui sue; a populer descripjun ov dez organs, az 
ma serv tin giv a jeneral nojun ov de construcjun ov de several pq,rts and 
dar mutual barhjz, and tui render sr subsecwent analisis ov de elementeri 
ssndz ov langwej intelijib'l ; but sum drehjz and furder ecsplanajunz, wil 
be furnijt in de Apendics. Vud in dis populer ljt, de vocal organz ma be 
descrjbd az consistiij ov : 

1) 3s Luyz, actiij az a par ov belus; 

2) cLe Windpip, a tub ov gris'l, cept op'n h\ hqrd rirjz, servirj az 

de vent ov de belus, bj hwig de ar escaps from de hnjz ; 

3) cEe Lariycs, an aperatus situated at de uper ecstremiti ov de wind- 

p^p, and consistiij ov a bocs ov gris'l, wid mravab'l s^dz, traverst 
bj a h^li elastic membren, liwig iz divided intui tui pqrts cold de 
Vocal Ligaments, h\ a smol tuij-Japt slit, ds Glotis; de vocal 
ligaments ar darfor membrenz, hwig qr held fq,st on el s:jdz 
but wun, and capab'l ov v|bratii) at dar luis ecsternol ejez ; 

4) cEe Ujper Cavitiz ov de fariijcs, mst, and noz, hwig opt* ov variab'l 

Japs and dimenjunz, and trui hwig de ar from de lurjz fjncdi 
escaps intui de sunmdir) atmosfer. 

2. Vm and Hioisper. 

01 qndz ov ssndz consist in de efects hwig de v^brajun ov de atmosfer 
produst upon de organz ov herirj ; and dez v^brajunz qr jenerali du tui 
de v|brajun ov sum solid, az a strirj, a tug ov metal, or a membren. cle 
ecspulfun ov ar, htfever, trui eni apertur, elwaz produsez an edib'l ssnd ; 
az hwen de wind hwis'lz trui de trez. In de natural stat ov bredirj, de 
form ov de glotis iz tqauguler, de acut arjg'l ov de tqaijg'l iz in de frunt 
ov de trot, and de s^dz hwig incloz it qr formd ov de vocal ligaments. 
If de bret be cw^etli ecspeld trui de glotis, hwjl it iz in dis Jap, el ssnd 
ma be averded. Bj, contrdctirj de glotis, er forsirj de bret, a rujii), hwislirj 
ssnd ma be produst ; but it haz ben Jon, b\ de ecsperiments ov Profeser 
Wilis, dat de s^dz ov de vocal ligaments wil not v^brat so az tm produs 
a muzical not, er continud ssnd, unles da hav ben bret veri nerli paralel tui 
eg uder, b£ de acjun ov de numerus mus'lz ov de larhjcs. It ev'n aperz dat 
de ligaments ma hav a veri considerab'l degre ov tenjun, and yet no vocal 
s^nd be produst, unles de ejez qr veri nerli paralel. We hav dus a menz 



§ 3, nr: 1. Modifiiy Conjk/yr&fun. 3 

ov elmost instcmtli pwtin on, or taciij of de vos ; but we must imdjin an 
interval, hsever fort, dqrin hwig de ssnd prodqst b^ de rujiij ov de ar from 
de glotis and uper cavitiz ov de vocal erganz, grdduali pqsez intui a vocal 
sund, az ds vocal ligaments grddqali aproq tui a stat ov pdraleliz'm. 
We hav dus tre distinct spejiez ov ssndz : de Hwisper, hwar dar iz no 
v^brajun ov de vocal ligaments ; de Vvs, hwar dar iz a des^ded vjbrajun ov 
de vocal ligaments ; and a teoretical Mid'l-stmd, herd az de hwisper pqsez 
intra vers ; but it wil not be neseseri tra dra mor dan recognjz ds teoretical 
egzistens ov dis Jert ssnd, wuns for el, az it wil hav no practical efect on 
1st subsecwent investigajunz. In el casez, de ssnd iz prodqst bj ecspeld 
or ecspjrd ar. cLe gqsp, clue, and uder s^nidz product b[ mspjrd bret, 
qr not considerd in dis tretis, eldo da ma ferm pqrts ov sum veri bqrberus 
cljalects ; dus, ds clue iz sed tra be ds caracteristic srad ov de African 
Biajmanz larjgwej. 

3. Modifliy Config%rafun. 

Hwen ds simd, dat iz, hwen d£ ar put intra a serten stat ov vibrajuu, 
levz de glotis, it haz tra pqs trra de uper cavitiz, hraz dimenjunz, er, tra 
qz a convenient term, configiirafimz, can be materiali elterd ; eg (liferent 
configqrajun havin a perseptibli edib'l efect in modifiii) de hwisper er 
vers. Ssndz difer from wun anuder in Isdnes, pig, cwoliti ov ton, ets. ; 
but hwen el dez condijunz qr de sam, spoc'n s^rndz elso difer, solli in 
consecwens ov de modify configurajun ov de uper cavitiz trra hwicj da 
hav tra pqs. 3e elements, darfor, ov sr fonetical investigajunz, qr tre : 

Ferst — Hwisper, ) 

<v j y > constitqtirj spoc n ssndz ; and 

lerd — Kz Modifpn Configqrajunz ov de uper cavitiz, hwig giv tra 
spoc'n ssndz de caracteristic ov significant speg. 



CLASIFICilZUN OV 38 CONFIGURHEUNZ. 
1. Namz ov $e Confignrafimdl Clqsez. 

Kb vaqeti and number ov de posib'l configqrajunz ov de uper cavitiz 
qr unlimited. It wil be de object ov dis tretis tra consider sum ov de 
most conspicuous ov dez configqrajunz in detal, and tra supl| dem wid 
namz and sjnz. But, befor prosedin tra pqrticqlerz, it wil be convenient 
tra aranj de individual configqrajunz in tra grat clqses, ficst and miuvab'l, 
de later ov hwiq ma be agen subdivided ; but tra averd subdivijun, we 



4 ' Ilustrativ JEcsperiments. § 3, nr. 1. 

recognjz ds siibclcisez az independent gruipz, and hav dus fro configura- 
Juncd clqses ; fer ds modifiin configurajunz ov ds uper cavitiz ma bs — 

1) 'Absolutli/c^, az ds welz ov a rijid tub, durirj ds hoi tjm dat ds 

hwisper or vers iz pqsin trui dem ; er 

2) 'Osilaturi, dat iz, da ma, truist ds hoi er a porjun ov dar ecstent, 

vari dar Japs sljtli, and bs continuali pctsirj from wun Jap tui 
amider, and bae agen, durin ds hoi tjm dat ds hwisper er vers 
iz pqsirj ; dis osilajun bsirj jenerali efeeted h\ ds vjbrajun ov sum 
veri flecsib'l porjun ov 6lz sjdz ov ds cavitiz, az ds tun, nazal 
membrenz, vslum pendulum, lips, ets. ; and 

3) Transifunal, dat iz, hwjl ds hwisper er bret iz pqsirj trui ds uper 

cavitiz, ds configurajunz ma qanj from wun ficst pozijun tui 
aniider, widst rscuverirj dar orijinal Jap. 

2. 'Ilustrativ Ecsperiments. 

Ws ma ilustrat ds efects ov dsz trs varjetiz ov configurajun, h\ a referens 
tin ds v^brajun ov a vplin-strin : 

1) Pres ds finger fermli dsn upon ds strirj, and dre ds bo ; a continuus 
unelterin ssnd wil bs herd, hwiq iz du tin ds lent ov ds strin dus cut of; 
and ds invariabiliti ov dis lent corespdndz tui da ficsiti ov ds mddifiin 
configurajun ov ds uper cavitiz, in spsq. 

2) Hw^l ds for-finger iz cept dsn on ds strirj, and ds bo iz dren so dat 
ds ssnd ma never bs interrupted, brin ds secund finger Jqrpli dsn upon 
ds strin ; dar wil bs a suden cjanj from wun not tui aniider hjer up in ds 
seal, widst eni intermsdyet ssnd, corespdndin tm a suden qanj from wun 
modif^n configurajun tui aniider, on ds supozijun dat no bret iz smited 
durin ds qanj. 

3) Cspirj &e ferst finger ficst, az bsfor, brirj dsn ds secund finger az in 
ds lust ecsperiment, but rsmuiv it instantli, and restor it agen wid a rapid 
vjbraturi mojun; ds efect iz a Jac, and iz du tm an osilaturi configura- 
jun; it duz not, hsever, prss^sli corespond tm ds efect ov an osilaturi 
configurajun ov ds uper cavitiz, az wil prezentli apsr. 

4) Pres ds ferst finger tjtli dsn on ds strin, az bsfor, but insted ov 
brirjirj ds secund finger dsn bssjd it, sljd ds ferst finger dsn ds strin, tm ds 
spot hwar ds secund finger woz plast in ds secund and terd ecsperiments, 
ds bo bsirj dren el ds tjm, so dat dar Jal bs no sesajun ov ssnd. 3s 
efects ws hsr, qr trs ; ferst, &z ssnd du tm ds ferst lent ov ds strirj ; terdli, 
ds ssnd du tm ds secund ficst lent ov ds strirj ; and, secundli, bstwsn dsz, 
ds efect non az a Glid, hwiq consists ov a sucsejun ov syndz, el ljirj bstwsn 
ds ferst and last, clsz ssndz qr infinit in number, eq ov dem bsirj rnfinitli 
lit'l diferent from dat hwiq imsdyetli prssedz er foloz it ; and da ur du tiu 



§ 4. Vvelz, Continuants, Licwidz, and Ecsplodents. 5 

de infinit number ov infinitli lit'l diferirj lents ov strirj cut of h\ de fiijger, 
on its continuous pasej from de ferst tin de lqst pozijun. 3is efect cores- 
pdndz prss^sli tui de transijunal configurajunz ov de uper cavitiz, in spec;. 

5) If we cu.d mac a veri rapid sucsejun ov gl^dz bacwerdz and ferwerdz, 
so dat de finger wiad be Jifted from wun pozijun tra aniider, and bac agen, 
and so on, wid" an ecstremli rapid v^brajun, (de distans betwen de tui 
pozijunz beii) mug les dan in ds last ecsperiment,) we Jiad hav a continual 
rriterafun ov veri Jert gljdz ; and de efect wiad den prss^sli corespdnd tui 
dz dsilaturi configurajunz ov dz uper cavitiz, in speq. 

Fer ds purpusez ov de prezent tretis, we ma tret de dsilaturi and ficst 
configurajunz under wun lied, az ds limits ov dz osilajun qr so smei dat dz 
configurajunz ma be prdcticali considerd az ficst. But sins dz transijunal 
configurajunz qr defend and limited bj dar ecstrem ficst configurajunz, it 
iz neseseri dat dz ficst configurajunz Jud be egzdmind befor dz transijunal 
configurajunz can be tac'n intra considerajun. 

§ 4. 
36 FOR CLASEZ OV FICST AND OSILRTURI CONFIGURHEUNZ. 

We ma div|d de ficst and dsilaturi configurajunz intra for clctsez, 
distiijgwijt bj de diferent degrez ov denies wid hwic; da als de hwisper 
er vers tra pqs trra dem : 

1) 3.z Vsel das ; favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov vers, rqder dan 

dat ov hwisper : 

2) 3e Contin%ant clqs ; favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov hwisper, 

rqder dan dat ov vers : 

3) cle Licwid clqs ; ecwali favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov hwisper 

and ov vers : 

4) cEe Ecsplodent clqs ; totali opozd tra de pasej ov eder hwisper er 

vers. 
It wiad be n# de natural order ov tretirj m* subject, tra egzdmin de 
efects ov eg ov dez ficst configurajunz in turn, and havin dun so, tra 
prosed tra de transijunal configurajunz ; but az we Jiad, in dis cas, fynd 
it neseseri tra return tra de ficst configurajunz, after de investigajun ov de 
transijunal efects, it ma be most condusiv tra clernes ov ai'anjment, if we 
supoz de reder tra be acwanted wid sum ov de most obvius and simplest 
reziilts ov dez ficst configurajunz, and den prosed tra investigat de efect 
ov transijunal configurajunz, befor enterirj intra furder detalz. We asum, 
den, dat de reder iz acwanted wid de ficst configurajunz recw^rd fer de 
vselz q, s, fer de continuant 5, fer de WelJ licwid hi (11), and fer de ecsplod- 
ent t. 3.ZZ leterz qr pqrticqleiii descr|bd in §§ 10, 16, 17, and 19. 



Transifun from Vxel tm Vvel. § 5. 

§ 5- 
TRANSIEUN FROM V#EL TUJ VSEL. 



We wil ferst investigat de efect ov a transijunal configurajun, de limits 
ov hwicj qr de non ficst configurajunz corespdndirj tm q and e. In de 
abuv diagram, de Ljnz 8 R, 1 0, qr supozd tra be respectivli proporjuncd 
tui de diirajun ov de vselz #, £, az uterd on eni ocagun, and de ljn R 5 
tui be proporjunal tm de tjm consiimd in pcisiij from de configurajun q 
tm de configurajun £,• menirj b^ de fraz " de configurajun q" sue, a con- 
figurajun ov de uper cavitiz az iz neseseri for de producfun ov de vsel #. 
cle ljnz 8 R, H I, I 6, ma be darfor consevd tui reprezent dez durajunz. 
Az dar relativ proporjun iz not ov muc; consecwens, we hav not atemted 
tm mac de diagram aprocsimat wid eni degre ov dciiresi tm de real pro- 
porjunz ; it iz sufijent for sr purpus, dat de tjm R & Jud not be dbsolutli 
evanesent, az compard wid de uder tm. Prezumin, den, dat de configu- 
rajun q haz ben asumd, and de vos " set on." and dat de emifun ov vers 
iz continued durirj de hoi tjm 8 9, we jal her de fdloirj efects. 

1) cle vsel q, durirj de tjm 8 R. 

2) R seriez ov vocal ssndz, lctstiij durirj de t^m R A, and du tm de 

infinit number ov configiirajunz, ec, infinitli lit'l diferent from 
ddt hwic] imedyetM presedz er foloz it, and el l^irj betwen de 
limitirj configurajunz q, e. 
•3) cle vsel e durirj de tjm 5. 9. 
cle seriez ov ssndz (2) iz du tm de canj ov configurajun, from dat ov q 
tm dat ov e ; in uder wurdz, tm de sucsejun ov e tm q. It ma be termd 
de inifal efect ov q on e, er de final efect ov e on #. 

If we reverst de erder ov configurajunz, and comenshj wid ddt ov e, 
proseded tm dat ov q, we Jiid hav de sam seriez ov s^ndz az befor, but 
in de contreri erder ; dat iz, we Jiad ns hav de vsel e, de inifal efect ov e 
upon q, er f jnal efect ov q on e, and de vsel q. 3is diferens ov erder pro- 
dusez a mqrct diferens upon de er, analogus tm de diferens betwen asendirj 
and desendirj a muzical seal, and it recwjrz a veri diferent egzerfun ov de 
mus'lz, so muc; so dat q . . . . e ndturali felz intra de diftorj at er at 
(§ 13), and s .... q frecwentli dejenerats intra de silaVl yq, hwen de 
durajunz ov de vsel-ssndz qr mug diminijt. 



§ 6, nr. 1. Htvisjjerd Continuants. 7 

If, widst dropirj dz vers, we proseded from q tm e and dens tin q agen,. 
ws Jud hav tin transifunal efects, az £• haz product a fjnal efect on de 
prssedii) #, and an inijal efect on dz sucsEclirj q ; dis dub'l efect ov an 
intermedyet vsel ma b£ celd its medial efect. 

h e. 

TRANSIETJN FROM CONTINUANT TUJ VZTEL. 

8 a ? a e 

*... ~'~ .j.. .....v* 

.... hwisper J cos 

In d£ abiiv diagram, let dz l^nz 8 R, I 0, repixzent d£ durajunz ov de 
configiirajunz * and £ respectivli, and R I be ^ tjm consqmd in. pqsiij 
from d£ configurajun 5 tui d£ configurajim e. <±£ ssnd ov dz continuant 
s iz entjrli du tm hwisper, and ds ssnd ov dz vsel e iz entjrli da. tm vos. 
3ar must darfor b£ a pent ov tjm (neglectin dz durajun ov d£ mid'1-ssnd 
descrjbd in § 2, nr. 2) hwen dz hwisper s£sez and d£ yes comensez. Let 
d£ hwisper continu diiriij de tjm 8 P, and d£ vers durin d£ t^m P 9. In 
d£ diagram, P haz ben plast betwen R and R, but it ma evidentli ocur 
at eni pout betwm 8 and 0, hwjl d£ efect on d£ £r wil b£ diferent acerdiij 
tm d£ pozijun ov P. We prosed tm discus dez diferent efects. 

1. Htcisperd Continuants. 

Ferst, let de pent P lj az in dz diagram, b£tw£n R and A. Sen de 
efects on de £r w r il b£, ferst, a hwisper herd trui d£ configurajun 5, durirj 
d£ t^m 8 R, dat iz, d£ continuant 5 ; secundli, a hwisper herd darin de tjni 
R P, trui a seriez ov configurajimz, ov hwiq de limits qr — d£ configurajun s 
and sum unnon configurajun ljirj betwen ddt ov s and ddt ov e, and de- 
pendiij on d£ actual leijt ov dz t^m R P ; terdli, dz vos durii) dz t|m P A, 
herd trm a sehez ov configurajunz ov hwiq dz ferst limit iz dz lust limit 
ov dz presedin ssriez, and dz last limit iz de configurajun e ; fortli, dz 
vsel e. 3.z secund and terd seriez ov ssndz, (beirj pqitli hwisper and 
purtli vos,) hwiq ar(z from dz sucsejun ov s tm e, and dz cjanj ov dz hwisper 
ov s tm d£ vos ov s, ma be celd dz inijal efect ov s on z, er dz final efect 
ov e on s. For dz sac ov simplisiti, hsever, we Jal, hwen posib'l, elwaz 
tec ov de efect ov dz non-vuel upon ds vsel element, and dus sa, dat dz 
secund and terd ssndz qr du tm, er constitut, dz inijal efect ov s on s. 
In de cas ov § 5, in hwiq bot elements wer v^elz, er in a cas hwiq we 



8 Hwisperd Continuants. § 6, m\ 1. 

mjt ezili consev, liwar bot elements qr hwisperz, (az in de sucsejun ov t 
tui s in de wurd sicst ,) dar iz no rez'n hwj we Jud tec ov de inijal efect 
ov de ferst element on de secund, rqder dan ov de final efect ov de secund 
element on de ferst. 3is inijal efect wil, ov cars, be diferent for eg diferent 
vsel and for eg diferent continuant, becez de limits ov d£ transijunal con- 
figurajunz wil be diferent in eg cas. Tt wiad be elso, strictli specirj, diferent 
acerdin tui de proporjun hwig R P barz tui P X ; and if P fel on £L, ds 
secund efect wiad vanif ; similerli, if P fel on X, de terd efect wiad vanij" ; 
stil, az de diferensez du tui de diferent proporjunz ov R P tui P X, qr 
onli acsidental, and dui not afect de teori, we ma disregard dem, and clqs 
el casez in hwig de pont P duz not fel beyond de ponts £L K, under wun 
hed. Obzervirj, dat in el sue, casez de hwisper iz herd durirj de hoi durajun 
ov de continuant configurajun, we ma spec ov dem jenerali, az ov de 
inifal efect ov a hwisperd continent upon a subsecwent vxel. 

If we revers de erder ov de operajunz just descr|bd, and, beginiij wid de 
vsel e, pq,s tui de continuant s, asiimin P not tui li beyond X R, we Jal 
hav de foloin efects ; ferst, de v^el s ; secundli, de transijunal vocal efect ; 
terdli, de transijunal hwisperd efect ; and fortli, de hwisperd continuant s. 
tie secund and terd ov dez wil be cts -final efect ov cte hwisperd continuant 
on tie presediy vsel. 

If, agen, we pqs from de vsel tui de continuant, and den from de con- 
tinuant tui de vsel, widst dwelin longer on de continuant dan we Jud dui 
if it wer simpli final er inijal, we Jal hav dez efects : — -ferst, de vsel; secundli, 
de transijunal vocal efect ; terdli, de transijunal hwispered efect ; fortli, 
de hwisperd continuant ; fiftli, de transijunal hwisperd efect ; sicstli, de 
transijunal vocal efect ; sevntli, de vsel. In dis cas, de secund and terd 
efects constitut de final efect ov de hwisperd continuant on de presedin 
vsel, and de fift and sicst its inijal efect on de subsecwent vsel ; de tui 
tuigeder constitutin de medial efect ov tie hwisperd continent. 

But if, in de lqst cas, de ssnd ov de continuant iz sustand fer mug 
logger dan U3Ual, sa fer tw^s az Ion az usual, er if dar iz a relacsajun 
ov efurt in ecspelin de brefc, similer tui dat at de end ov a wurd, and a 
renual ov efurt, similer tru dat at de beginiij ov a wurd, de continuant iz 
sed tui be dub'ld, its final and inijal efects bein clerli seperated. If de 
reder wil compar de wurdz hisiy, misiy, dreser, wid a his-smd, mis-sent, 
%r dres ser, he wil redili cag de diferens her insisted on. Real dub'ld 
continuants, ets., or rar in IijgliJ, Freng, and Jerman, but not unfrecwent 
in Italyan and 'Arabic. 

We reprezent de inijal, final, and medial efects, h\ simp'l jucsta-pozijun 
ov de leterz, dus, se, ss, ssej and de dub'l efect, bi dublin de medial leter, 



§ 6, nr. 2. Spoc'n Continuants. 9 

dus, esse. Az a jeueral mil, it must be asiimd, dat hwen leterz qr dus 
rit'n in jucsta-pozijun, it iz elwaz fer de purpus ov indicatin dat d£ fonetic 
elements da reprezent, hav fjnal and inijal efects upon doz reprezented 
bj de pressdirj and sucsedin leterz. cEe inserfun ov a h/fen wil denot de 
absens ov dez efects ; dus, in e-se de Qnal efect ov s on de presedirj £, and 
in es-e de inijal efect ov 5 on de sucsedin £, iz tui be omited. cEe tre edib'l 
efects represented bj ese, e-se, es-e, or darfor esenfali diferent. 

2. Spoc'n Continuants. 

Necst, let de pernt P coinsjd wid S. In dis cas dar wil be no hwisper 
hwotever, but de vers wil be herd durin de hoi tjm from 8 tm 0. cle 
sucsejun ov efects qr darfor similer tm doz in § 5, namli, ferst, a vocal 
ssnd herd trm a ficst configurajun, sj secundli, a vocal ssnd herd tnu 
a transijtmal configurajun, ov hwic; de limits qr de configurajunz 5 and e; 
terdli, de vsel 5. But dar iz dis diferens : de configurajun s, (hwic; iz 
diferent from de continuant or hwisper s, beirj merli ds Jap ov de uper 
cavitiz, independentli ov eni bret pqsirj trui dem,) iz not wun wel adapted 
tui de discriminajun ov vers (§ 4), and consecwentli de v&s herd in pqshj, 
bein ruf, unplezant, and dificult tra sustan, iz retand for de Jortest posib'l 
tjm, insted ov bein dwelt upon wid ple3ur, l^c a vsel. It iz, in fact, rqder 
a murmur dan a cler vocal ssnd. In dis cas, darfor, we hav a continuant 
configurajun, and an indistinct murmur herd trui it ; but dis murmur iz 
du entjrli tui an atemt at prommsirj de fdlohj vsel erlier dan in de lqst 
cas, de configurajun itself bein ent^ili sclent. Tui sirnboljz de continuant 
configurajun s, tuigeder wid a direcfun fer comensin de vocal ssnd ov de 
subsecwent vsel, hwjl dis configurajun iz stil retand, we cjuiz a nu simbul, 
z, hwic, haz, darfor, no menin miles a v^el foloz, but, hwen a v^el duz folo, 
Joz dat its vocal efect iz tm be begun befor de configurajun 5 iz ganjd, and 
dat it iz not tui be preseded b^ eni s-his. cle efect simboljzd h\ rjtirj z 
befor e, iz termd de inifal efect ov ie spoon continent z upon $e met e. 
cle menin ov ze iz darfor cler. 

If we revers de order ov operajunz, and begin wid de vsel, we Jal hav 
de vsel e; de transijunal vocal ssnd ; and de murmur herd trui de con- 
figurajun s, hwiq we ma consider az du tm an atemt at sustaniij de v^el 
ssnd az Ion az de configurajun s yl retand. If, darfor, we uz z qfter a 
vsel tm ecspres dis fact, de efect simbol^zd h[ rjtirj z after e, iz termd de 
filial efect ov ie spoc'n continuant z upon te vael e. cle menii) ov ez wil 
darfor elso be cler. 

In presjsli de sam wa az befor, we ma ns prosed tm ecsplan de menin 
ov de medial efect ov de spoc'n continents upon presedin and sucsediy 



10 Murmurd and Micst Continuants. § G, nr. 2. 

melz, and dus atdq a lUEnin tui szs; and if we prolog d£ ^-murmur in szs, 
er mac an efurt tui finij and tui begin it agen, we Jal hav &t dub'l spoc'n 
continuant, az in szzs, d£ efect ov hwic, ma be distiijgwijt from d£ former 
bj comparirj liwiziy, in hwic, z iz msdial, wid Hz zel, in hwicj it iz dub'l. 

3. Murmurd Contimiants. 

In de lq,st cas we considerd ds murmur az entjrli du tui dE pi'Esedin er 
sucsEdin vsel, and ds leter z woz considerd tui hav no menirj indEpendentli 
ov sue; vselz. 3e ssnd herd qfter d£ configurajun * haz b£n asiimd, and 
d£ vocal bret forst trui it, iz cvqt seperab'l from ds vsel ssnd itself hwic, 
imsdyetli prsssdz or foloz, and iz, in fact, so fqr independent ov ds v^el, 
dat it wil be ds sam hwotever ds vsel iz hwicj prssedz er foloz, bscez it 
dspendz entjrli upon ds configurajun s. Sis, ssnd iz cwjt diferent from 
ds inijal er fjnal efect ov d£ spoc'n continuant, fer d£z efects qr onli herd 
durin a transijunal configurajun, hwards d£ murmur dat we qr specin ov, 
iz herd trui a ficst configurajun, namli, dat fer s. We ma darfor produs 
d£ sam murmur b| asumiij d£ configurajun s, and pqsin vocal bret, insted 
ov bEginin er endin wid a vsel. 2e rEziilt ma b£ ecsprest b^ 'z, ds mqrc (') 
beirj termd ds murmur. Sue; fermz az \ qr celd murmurd continents. 
clar efect iz veri disagrEab'l, bscez continuant configurajunz qr not adapted 
tin d£ discriminajun ov vocal bret. 3a wil b£ darfor averded bj earful 
spEcerz, hm wil abstan from sain buzz, "zzani, dat iz, from jeneratin mur- 
murd continuants b\ unduli proldijin d£ efect ov spoc'n continuants. 

4. Micst Contimiants. 

We ma ns supoz dat d£ pernt P (se diagram on p. 7) felz bstwen 
8 and R. cIe dub'l efects wil den bs : — -ferst, d£ hwisper s ; secundli, ds 
murmur y z'; terdli, d£ inijal efect ov z upon s ; fortli, ds v^el e. But 
bot ds hwisper s and d£ murmur 'z, wil bs muc; Jerter dan ds hwisper * 
woz, in nr. 1, er dE murmur ov d£ spoc'n continuant, in nr. 2. cCe entjr 
efect iz darfor tantaimrat tui ds preficjun ov a hwisperd tui a spoc'n 
continuant, wid d£ understdndirj dat bot hwisper and murmur qr tm be 
Jert'nd. We ma simbol^z dis efect h\ simpli r^tirj szs, wid^t eni direcjun 
fer Jertniij ; az prolorjgajun wiad bs unu3ual, and mjt darfor b£ indicated 
b| ss'zzs, sszs, s'zze, acerdirj az bot his and murmur, onli d£ his, er onli d£ 
murmur, wer proldnd. 3is mod ov comensiij a wurd, ma aper stranj tm 
IijgliJ Ei'z, but it iz d£ onli mod prevalent in Jermani, fer suq wurdz 
az comens wid (s) fdlod bj a vsel ; dus, (siek, sake, sah, so,) qr pronsnst 
szs, szde, szq, szo, an efect hwicj ma b£ herd veri distirjctli in sirjirj ; eldo, 
if it did not egzist, it iz an efect hwiq a siner wud tac grat panz tui avckl, 



§ 7, nr. 1. Micst Continuants — Hwisperd Licicidz. 11 

az el hwisperz qr unvocal, and darfor, onli impar dz efect ov muzic ; 
witnes dz esez ov qariti-scuil sqni-sigerz ! 

Keversii) ds erder, we ma evidentli aqv at a rsziilt hwic; ma be simboljzd 
bj ezs ; dat iz, after ds murmur du tui ds spoc'n continuant haz ssst, ds 
unvocal bret ma bs ecspeld trui ds configurajun s. Nar, eldo it haz not 
ben notist bj, IngliJ erfcoepists, dis iz, in fact, dz mod in hwiq we promms 
el m- fjnal spoc'n continuants, and it ma bs pqrticulerli obzervd in solem 
ddiveri, az in dz rsdin ov a clerjiman. Insted ov hiz, liav, bred, we sa 
hizs, havf, brett ; but we qi* az uncdnjus ov so durirj, az ds Jermanz qr 
ov sain szo, a wurd hwiq iz scarsli ever st ov dar nisdz. It iz curius tui 
mqrc lis dificult it iz fer an Irjglijman, in consecwens ov dis custum, tui 
sez d£ pronunsiajun ov d fjnal in SpaniJ, in sue, wurdz az tydqct, Madrid, 
(ciudad, Madrid) ; bscez ds Spanj^erdz never als ds £-his tui folo, and, 
consecwentli, ds efect, az a Spanyerd ecsprest it tui dz qter, iz " rctder 
felt h\ dz spscer dan herd bj ds lisner." 

We nrjt prosed tm ds msdial and dub'l efects ov dsz continuants, hwiq, 
az dar efects or compsnded ov ds efects ov d£ hwisperd and spoc'n con- 
tinuants, ma bs celd micst continuants ; but it wiad bs dificult tui Jo dat 
da qr ever rEcdi uzd. 3e msdial efect wiad bs reprezented b^ ezsze; but 
insted ov dis, it iz most probab'l dat dz spscer wild prefer szse, ssze, er 
eze. 3e trui dub'l efect wild bs ezssze. 



§ 7. 



TRANSIIUN FROM LICWID TIF VSEL, 

If we asqm d£ configurajun proper tui sr I, and hwisper, insted ov 
murmuriij, we Jal produs an efect non az de WelJ (11), hwic; iz veri dis- 
tinct from its ugual TijgliJ corupjun, fl, and iz properli ecsprest b| hi, 
(§ 17, nr. 2.) We Jal tac dis ssnd, az ds sziest and best non, fer llus- 
tratin dz transijim from a licwid tiu a vsel configurajun. "Uziij ds sam 
djagram az in § 6, p. 7, but consEvirj ds hwisper tui bs hi, insted ov s, 
we ma, bj a proses ov rezniij so prss^sli analogus tui dat in § 6, az not 
tui nsd pqrticulerjzirj, aqv at ds foloin rezults. 

1. Hwisperd Licwidz. 

In dsz, hwisper iz cept up, az hi ; dz inijal efect iz herd in hie, final 
efect in ehl, dz msdial efect in efrle, dz dub'l efect in ehthle. Most ov dez 
efects ociir in WelJ. 



12 Spoon, Vocal, and Micst Lictoidz. § 7, nr. 2. 

2. Spocn Licwidz. 

Bj dropirj de hwisper herd in de lqst cas, and continuin de vers trui de 
licwid pozijun, we aqv at efects hwig we indicat bj a nu simbul, I ; (on 
de notajunz s z, hi I, se § 27) ; de inijal efect iz herd in Is, de ferial in el, 
de medial in sis, and de dub'l in slls : actual instansez ov de tui later 
casez qr oferd h\ de wurdz soles, solles=. (solace, soulless), hwig qr az 
diferent in ssnd az menin. 

3. Vocal Licwidz. 

cEe distig ctiv diferens bet wen a licwid and a continuant, woz stated, in 
§ 4, tui be, dat hwjl continuants wer onli favurab'l tui de discriminajun 
ov hwisper, licwidz wer ecwali favurab'l tui de discriminajun ov hwisper 
and vers. HAven, darfor, de vocal bret iz ssnded trui a licwid configurajun, 
it duz not produs an unplezant murmur, (§ 6, nr. 3), but a plezant, 
continuab'l, vocal ssnd. Hens, eldo we spoc ov murmurd continuants, 
we ma justli eel de corespondir) licwidz, vocal. It iz neder uncomun ner 
unplezant tui her 'Us fer Is, and sVl fer el, uzirj de sam stjl ov notajun 
fer de vocal licwid, az fer de murmurd continuant, becez it aqzez in de 
sam maner, eldo de efect iz diferent. But de ssnd 7 ociirz veri frecwentli 
in IngliJ az an independent ssnd, not jenerated from de spoc'n continuant 
licwid ; dat iz, not jenerated h\ de acfun ov a presedin er sucsedir vsel ; 
az, in apl, baVl, tafl, pad'l, cacl, gig'l, stifl, bus'l, puz'l, ets., de ssnd 
iz hjli vocal, and oferz no dificulti tui de shjer. 

4. Micst Licwidz. 

Gldo dez ctr perfectli consevab'l, az in fills, slM, yet da probabli never 
ociir ; becez, az dar iz no dificulti in continuiij de ssnd ov 7, sVl iz mor 
ezi ov uterans dan sThl ; hwards, szs iz mug mor ezi dan szz, er ez wid 
de murmur sustand trurst de configurajun s. 

§ 8. 

TRANSIZUN FROM ECSPLQDENT TUJ VtfEL. 

In de presedig casez, we had tui del wid absolut ssndz ; but sue; a 
leter az t, onli denots a configurajun, and a direcjun dat de foloirj vsel 
Jiad be comenst imedyetli on de qanj ov dat configurajun. 3e diagram in 
§ 6, must darfor be elterd, h\ de entjr omijun ov de part 8 £L, dus : — 

p' a p a 



§ 3, nr. 1. Mi est Ecsplodents. 1 '■'> 

1. Myjt Ecsplodents. 

3z configurajun t haz, ov cors, no ssnd ; hens, sue; a leter iz celd a 
myt ecsplodent. But it haz a veri distinct, edib'l elect, becez it determinz 
de ferst limit ov de transijunal configurajunz, ov hwiq de ucter limit (in 
de abiiv diagram) iz de configurajun e. For mut ecsplodents, de pemt P 
must be supozd tm coins|d wid H, and de edib'l efects qr, ferst, de vers 
herd trui a transijunal configurajun, hraz limits qr de configurajunz 
t and s ; and secund, de vsel £. clez efects qr darfor de simplest we hav 
yet had ; but da qr, just for dat rez'n, de most dificult tm sez, az de hoi 
efect ov de leter t consists in its inijal efect upon £, reprezented in de 
combinajun ts. 2s f^nal efect herd in st, de medial efect in ets, and de 
dub'l efect in ette, wil be redili understud. 3e tm later casez ma be 
ilustrated h\ de wurdz butter, bmttrs (butter, boottree). 

2. Spoc'n Ecsplodents. 
An ecsplodent haz a configurajun hwiq uterli ferbidz de pasej ov eder 
vocal er unvocal bret ; but if de cjec be sl^tli reldcst, so dat vocal bret 
can pqs tm sum trjflirj ecstent, enuf tm produs an indistinct murmur ov 
a veri bref durajun, we ma hav an efect for hwic; de oral configurajun iz 
so nerli de sam az fer de mut ecsplodent, dat we ma be aMd tm spec ov 
it az a spocn ecsplodent ; eldo we must oTs dat sr spoc'n ecsplodents qr 
onli veri imperfect spoc'n continuants. Let d reprezent de configurajun 
t, wid de diferens abuv descr£bd, and wid a direcfun dat de vocal bret 
belonin tm de presedin er foloii) vsel, iz tm pqs trm dis modifjd config- 
urajun. Eni wun hm pron3nsez sue; a wurd az tidi, wil persev de tremur 
in hiz trot ocagund bj, de pasej ov vocal bret in d, and its absens in t. 
cTe pent P wil darfor 1[ tm de left ov £L agen, az at P' ; but de t^m 
P' R wil be veri smel inded. Az befor, we hav de inijal efect in de, f^nal 
efect in ed, medial efect in ede, and dub'l efect in edde ; compar ftedi wid 
heddres= (heady, headdress). 

3. Murmurd Ecsplodents. 
We hav dus arjVd at de jdea ov a murmurd ecsplodent, de ecsplodent 
configurajun bein modifjd in a maner elredi pouted st. Suq murmurz 
hav, hsever, onli a teoretical egzistens. 91 do da ma be produst, da dm 
not ferm a pqrt ov eni spoc'n langwej, so fqr az we qr awar. 3e mur- 
mur ov d wil be reprezented bj 'd, and so on. 

4. Micst Ecsplodents. 
cTe conf igui'ajun d iz a relacsajun ov de configurajun t ; if we darfor 
ciK' a lit "1 hwisper tm pqs befor de vocal bret, we mjt hav a micst ecs- 



14 Post-Hwlsperd Ecsplodents. § 8, nr. 4. 

plodent, hwig we mjt simbol^z dus, &&Z5 M reprszentin ds hwisperd pqrt. 
Hweder dis iz ds trm ac^nt ov an efect ws hav frecwentli obzervd, it 
Aviad be dificult tin sa, but it iz sertenli trui dat ds grater part ov mid'l 
and sudern Jermanz, and espejali de Sacsunz, uter ssndz insted ov sv 
pe, be, te, or de, hwiq ar ov so micst a natur, dat it iz elmost imposib'l for 
ev'n ds practist Er ov an Iijglijman tui sa hweder ds ssnd herd at eni 
t|m aprocsimats mor clash tra ds inifcd efect ov a spoc'n er ov a mut 
ecsplodent. 3is miest efect, darfor, hwotever it be, we Jol eel a micst 
ecsplodent, and reprezent h\ ids, edt. 



5. Post- Hwisperd Ecsplodents. 

cLe dificulti hwig ds Jermanz fsl in distirjgwijirj t from d, p from b, ets., 
haz giv'n y\z tar an ecspsdient hwic, ma be celd post-liwisperiy . els pernt 
ov tjm P ns Ljz bstwrn £L caid A, so dat d£ ssnd ferst herd iz no logger 
d£ vas trm a transijunal configurajun, but a hwisper trm a cjanjiij 
configurajun, &e limits ov hwiq qr ds configurajun t and sum unnoii con- 
figurajun ljin bstwen dat ov t and dat ov s, and dis iz folod b\ d£ vers and 
ds vsel, az in ds cas ov d£ comun hwisperd continuants. 2s comensment 
ov d£ hwisper iz jenerali mad mor important bj its beirj Ejaculated wid a 
burst. We ma reprszent dis efect h\ subjernirj d£ leter ti er lift, dus, the er 
tithe az distinct from ts. Hwen ds consonant iz fjnal, it iz of'n post- 
hwisperd, ev 'n in IngliJ, provided no vsel foloz. It iz dificult tui sa et, 
widst l'Eldcsin d£ stif pozijun intm hwic, d£ parts ov dE mst, ets., hav ben 
bret in erder tui rEzist ds pasej ov eni ssnd ; and az ds parts ov dt mst 
seperat, a sljt post-hicisper iz herd, so dat we sa eth, rqder dan et. In 
dsz casez, de limits ov d£ transijunal configurajun trm hwic, d£ post- 
hwisper iz herd, ar not ds configurajunz ov t and ov a giv'n vsel, but 
d£ configurajun t, and eni pozijun hwic, iz szi fer d£ vocal erganz. cfis 
post-hwisper iz ev 'n herd hwen a spoc'n ecsplodent endz a wurd ; dus, 
edth, hwic, iz egzdctli comparab'l tm ds efect szs, menjund abiiv (§ 6, 
ni*. 4, tordz d£ end). Sum spEcerz, ancfus tui averd dis efect, hwic, 
da consider eronius, giv a post-murmur insted ov a post-hwisper, 
dus ed\ 

Havirj dus dren atenfun tm ds jeneral clqsez ov modif^d ssndz rEZultirj 
from ds efects ov pqsiij from wun configurajun tm anuder, we Jal pro- 
ssd tm d£ dstalz ov ds for clcises ov ficst configurajunz descrjbd in § 4, 
and consider eg, efect under ds several clqsez ov modifjd ssndz elredi 
panted st. 



§ 9. Vaelz. 15 



§ 9 
VSELZ. 

<Ie caracteristic ov a vsel, iz de emifun ov vocal bret, clerli, sonorusli, 
and trui a ficst pozijun. <Ie clernes and sonorusnes ov vselz distnjgwif 
dem from de murmurd continuants and ecsplodents on de wun hand, and 
ev'n from de vocal licwidz on de nder. cTe configurajunz ov de uper cavitiz 
must be freer dan in eder ov de tm later casez, tin prodiis de recwizit cler- 
nes and sonorusnes ; eldo in uder respects vselz, murmurd continuants, 
and vocal licwidz, cum under de sam cdteguri ov emijiinz ov vocal bret 
trui a ficst configiirajun. 

In proditsir) v^elz, de vers ma pqs trui eder or bot ov de uper cavitiz ; 
welz ma darfor be oral (from de m^fe), or nazal (from de noz), er ori-nazal 
(from de mst and noz). Perhaps dar or no strictli nazal vselz. It semz 
tui us, dat in ©1 doz jenerali so celd, de opnin ov de mst iz esenjal tiu de 
producfun ov de ton. 8v'n de strictli oral vselz qr frecwentli pron<mst 
wid a nazal twai), aqzirj from akin a porfun ov de nazal caviti tui vjbrat. 
Stil, az dis nazal twaij iz considerd a dsfectiv uterans, it ma be sufifent tui 
hav notist it in pctsirj, and tra clasifj de nazal and ori-nazal trageder, under 
de simp'l denominajim ov nazal. We Jal darfor liav tra consider tui cjef 
clqsez ov v^elz : — oral and nazal. 

£L slo specer uterz abst tui wurdz in a secund, hwen adresin a larj ediens ; 
rapid specerz, in conversajiin, wil uter from for tra f^v wurdz in a secund. 
8g wurd wil contan at lest wun, and ma contan several, vselz. cle dqra- 
Jun ov a reel iz darfor seldum mor dan hqf a secund, and iz jenerali a 
veri mug smeler fracfun ov a secund. Yet smel az iz dis dura/un, we qr 
ab'l tra sez suq a distincjun betwen tui. clqsez ov vselz, az tra justifj us 
in celirj de wun Toy and de u&er fort. 3ez wurdz impl| no absolut dqra- 
Jun. cCe lorj vselz ma be, in hasti specirj, Jerter dan de fort vselz in me3urd 
discors ; but de Ion and fort vselz wil prezerv abst de sam relajun tra wun 
amider widin de cumpas ov a wurd or sentens. Yet we dra not tirjc dat 
de relajun iz ov de constant natur sumtjmz lad d$n, namli, dat de log \se\ 
iz just tw|s de leijt ov de fort wun. Nun ov sr on obzervajiraz go tra 
estdblij dis teori ov de gramarianz. 3e loy vzelz qr ov an indefinitli lor) 
durajun, limited onli h\ de sustanirj pser ov de vers and dat ov de mus'l, 
tra prezerv de sam configiirajun trra^t ; de fort vmlz must neseserili lqst 
for a compdrativli Jert periud, and qr ov tui qndz, acerdin az da end 
smradli or abruptli; in de former cas da qr cold href, and in de later 
stopt. 



' 16 Ghijinal and Disthjctk Vselz. § 10, nr. 1. 

§ 10. 

LOtf ORAL VtfELZ. 

1. Ss Original Fuel, and de Tre Distiyctiv Vxelz, e, ii, m, ov cte Uper, 
Mid' I, and Loer Seriez ov Vvelz. 

If we lev de tun in its most natural pozijun, op'n de mst ezili, and emil 
vocal bret, de rezult iz a murmurin and ruder indistinct ssnd, hwic; iz 
of n celd de natural vttel, from its prezumd rezemblans tm liwot cte ssnd 
ov cte vers mjt be, if el cte aperatus abuv cte larincs wer wontin, dat iz, if 
dar wer no modifjin configurajun, a fact hwicj it iz ov cars imposib'l tui 
asertan in de livin subject, clis vsel ssnd we reprezent h\ e. It iz nerli 
de ssnd ov de Frencj (e muet), az herd in de wurdz (que je me repente,) 
hwen pron^nst emfdticali, dus, cje je me repont. It must, hsever, be and, 
dat de Freng of'n pronsns dis emor Ijc 6 (nr. 4.) clessnd iz scarsli sep- 
erab'l from de IijgHf ur, (properli \ir, se § 17, nr. 4,) becez de vjbrajun 
ov de rrat ov de tun er ov de uvula (hwigever be reali vibrated in dis cas,) 
iz so ecsedinli sljt, dat its efect iz elmost imperseptib'l — in de msdz ov 
sum specerz, cwit so ; and den de murmur ov de e", hwic; iz de sam, ov cars, 
az de murmur ov de ('), iz alon herd. But, az de configurajun .ir iz 
not de sam az de configurajun e, and az de murmur iz cept up at wun tjm 
trurst de configurajun Mr, and at anuder tjm trurst de configurajun e, de 
casez qr diferent, and de ssndz seperab'l. On de uder hand, 'r.i iz diferent 
from de sucsejun eur ; for eldo dis combinajun wil, if continud Ion enuf, 
edibli terminat in de murmur 'ur, it wil comens wid a diferent ssnd, e"; and 
dis ferst ssnd wil be collected wid de lust, b\ de transijunal ssnd du tui 
cjanjin de configurajun ov de uper cavitiz from dat fer e tui dat fer jir. 
It iz important tui form a cler consepjun ov de distincjun betwen e, ear, 
(fer hwic, er mjt be rit'n, oin tm de dub'l valu ov r, in IngiiJ,) and 'ur, 
(fer hwiq ur \z u,3Uali rit'n, in deferens tm de grater number ov ertoepists, 
hui dm not sem tm hav fiali enterd intui de efect ov vocal licwidz.) cle 
ssnd ov de WelJ wurdz (y, yr) ur veri corectli #r e, er ; dis WelJ y iz 
nerer tm da trui orijinal vsel dan de Frencj (e). Fu Inglijmen wud dis- 
tingwif de WelJ (y) from dar ur. In de WelJ (yr}, de r iz stronli trild. 

Fer de vsel e, den, de tun iz cept, az nerli az ma be, horizontal. If we 
raz it a lit'l, retrdctin it sljtli at de sam tjm, so dat de vocal bret, on 
pqsin, iz forst ruder agenst de palet, we hav de pser q, in (papa, father, 
rather, alms, arms; jr. la, ma; ger. vater, da; it. a, gia)=papq, jq&er 
(fqd\u), rqier (rud'u), qmz, qrmz ; Iq, mq; jqter (fqt'u), dq ; q,jiq (d3ju). 



§ 10, nr. 2. Distigctiv VxeU — Uper Seriez; 17 

In furnijirj ds pronunsiajun ov dez egzemplificativ wurdz, we liav printed 
de most aciiret simboljzajun we qr ab'l tui furnif fer sq wurd, in roman 
leterz, and plast it, in a porentesis, imedyetli q,fter ddt hwiq we jenerali 
emple- az acuret enuf fer comun purpusez. Bj grdduali raziij de tun mor 
and mor, so az tm dimmij ds apertur left bet wen it and d"£ palet, a ssrisz 
ov uder vselz wil he prodiist, d£ finest and brjtest ov hwiq iz s, &t most 
treb'l ov el &"£ vselz. cEe ssrisz dus fermd, iz celd ds uper ssrisz, bscez 
ov ds npwerd mojnn ov ds tug, and upwerd direcjun ov d£ vocal bret. 

If, on ds ncter hand, d£ tun bs sumhwot -mor deprest, and &e rust snm- 
hwot mor op'n dan fer e, a deper ssnd dan q iz herd, hwiq we simboljz 
bj a. It dnz not ocur in Irjglif, ecsept, perhaps, az a provinfaliz'm arnuij 
rustics; but it iz not unfrscwent inlrenq, az (p«te, hate, dge)=pdf, Mt, 
«j. Pursitin dis sehez furder, we cum, fjnali, tui w, hwiq iz dE ecstrmi 
vsel ov a seoez, and hwiq, in contradistiijcjun tin ds fermer, ma bs aptli 
termd de loer ssrisz ov vselz. 

Bstwen d£z tin. ssrisz ljz dcit ov hwiq e, hwiq recwjrz ds tui) tin bs 
horizontal, iz ds reprszentativ : dis ssriez terminats in ii, Erenq (?/), and 
ma bs celd de mufl ssriez, fer ds rsz'n just stated. 

3.E vselz ov de uper sehez qr brjt and treb'l, doz ov ds loer sonorus 
and bas, doz ov de mid'l qr obscur and nmrmurirj. We Jal term d£ vsel 
e — from hwiq sq ssrisz ma be sed tin radiat, az in ds anecst diagram — de 
orijinal vsel. 




cEe tre vselz s, it, w, in hwiq ds trs ssriez terminat, qr ds distiyctiv welz ov 
c1e tre sehez, respectivli. 

T\*e prosed tm egzdmin ds several memberz ov dsz ssrisz in dstal, 
comensirj wid d£ uper, and finifirj wid &e mid'l SEriez. 

2. 3s Uper Ssrisz ov Vselz. 

3e distil) ctiv vsel ov dis ssrisz iz s, az herd in (he, we, see, heap, weed, 
ease, ileece;fr. lie; ger. viel, sieh; it. giglio, aprile)=/^, ws, ss, ksp, 
wed, sz,fiss ; si ; fsl, zs (sze) ; jslyo (d3£— ljio), qprsld (q-prsle). cIe turj iz 
veri muq retracted, its sjdz qr ferrnli ficst agenst de tst, d£ tip iz pernted 
dsn, de sjdz ov de tug tuq de palet, and onli a veri smel qanel iz left fer 
ds pasej ov de vocal bret, hw\\ s iz pronsnst. 

Betwen s and q, in ds sam sehez, Ijz de vsel a, az herd in (mcrce, fate, 
c#ke; ger. ewig, gegen, edel; it. fede, sete, avere, credeva}= mas, fat, cac ; 

3 



18 T7<per Ssrisz ov Vvelz. § 10, nr. 2. 

a/oiq, gaaen, ad"l ; fade, sate, q-vare, cra-dava. In Iijglif, hwen dis vsel 
endz a silab'l, it iz veri comun tui let it gljd elmost imperseptibli intra de 
distiijctiv vsel s; dus, mas-, gas-, das-, fer ma, ga, da. So comun iz dis, 
dat it ma be az wel tui rsmjnd de reder, dat we qr her specin ov de v^rel 
az cept pur ; fer, if eni qanj in de configurajun tacs plas durir) de einijun 
ov voccd bret, wun caracteristic ov a v^el iz destrerd, namli, de ficsiti ov 
configurajun. 

Betwen a and q, dar iz anuder vsel, baser dan a, hwiq we simboljz bj 
ii ; it iz herd in (care, iak, bear; fr. take, chair, vertu, chene, fa£te, fete, 
aimait; ger. er, leben, sprache ; it. desiderid, regola, perpetuo)==c#r (car), 
far (far), bar (bar); far, far, vdrtii-, fan, fat, felt, dmd ; dr, laben, fprdke ; 
dazs-dariQ-, rdgo-lq-, pdrpdtuo-. In comun f emetic qtin ov Inglif, we 
dui not distujgwiC/ar from far ; becez de trui s^nd ov a never ocurz befor 
r, (er rqder, •/#,) in Inglif ; hw^l, on de uder hand, de vsel a iz elwaz herd 
in dis pozijun ; hens de us ov ar fer dr in Irjglif can led tui no erur ; 
inded, but fu Inglijmen cmd be tet tui promsns de trui ar, and distingwif 
it dcuretli from dr, widst letin it fel intui de disilab'l aer. cQs iz not, 
lrsever, de cas in Jerman, Italyan, Frenq, er ev'n Scoq, in hwiq langwejez, 
darfor, a and d must be elwaz carfwli distil) gwijt in rjtin.( 2 ) 

<Iar iz a Rujan vsel, de att leter from de end ov de Rujan alfabet, fer 
hwiq de Eujan ferm iz li, de efect ov hwiq on de er, iz dat ov a bas e ; it 
wmd darfor sem tui 1| betwen s and a ; but de tip ov de tun iz mor razd 
dan fer s er a, and de bac ov de tun iz mor sunc from de palet dan fer s. 
3e Polz and Bohemianz uz (g) fer dis s^nd, hwiq iz wun ov de most 
frecwent in de Slavonic langwejez. <Ie IrjgliJ sertenli dui not pozes dis 
ssnd (hwiq we wil simboliz b\ i) az a Ion vsel; but if we atemt tui 
prolan de stopt vsel i, in pit, we Jal veri nerli aproq dis ssnd ; so nerli, 
dat we belev i must be considerd az de proper Ion vsel ov st i. 

Betwen d and q, Ijz amider vsel, a, hwiq iz seldum abided tui b£ ertoep- 
ists. It semz tm us de peculier ssnd hwiq de (Mf (widst, in jeneral, bein 
awar ov it) giv tui de ferst leter ov de U3U0I heteric alfabet, (a) ; and it iz 
de peculier ssnd hwiq iz veri frecwentli herd tui replas de simd q, in DaniJ". 

2. 3s v^el a duz not ociir lorj in Freng, eldo it iz fend bot bref and stopt in dat 
larjgwej ; de Ion Tsel in Ereng semz tra be d in el casez. In Jerman dar iz a dificnlti 
in detenninirj from de ertografi, hwar a and hwar a iz tra be pronsnst, and no rral can 
be giv'n ; d, fryever, iz jenerali so rit'n. In Italyan, no distirjcfun in rjtirj, betwen 
a and d, iz ever mad ; Italyan gramerz and dicjnneriz jenerali mqrc in hwot wnrdz a, 
and in hwot wurdz d, iz tra be proni^nst. 3e vsel a iz celd c%zo-, {chiuso,} in Italyan, 
and ftirma,-, {ferme,} in Freng, menirjy«^; hwjl d iz celd q-pdrto-, {aperto,)m Italyan, 
and wvar, {ouvert,} in Freng, menirj ojtn, becez de tun desendz loer fer a dan fer a. 



§ 10, nr. 3. Loer Seriez or Vnelz. 19 

InWiltJer and Sumersetfer dis vyel iz herd from de uneducated in (father, 
hd\m)=facter, bam, insted ov fqfJer, bqm, wid ds tteper vsel q. clis iz 
ds synd herd, on atemtiij tin proloij cte ssnd ov ds Ixjglif a, in yx//, wa», 
and similer wurdz. ( 3 ) 

cIe uper serisz ov vselz, hwen aranjd in order, from ds most treb'l tin 
ds basest, consists ov ds foloin memberz, e i, a a, a q ; ds comaz bsii) 
uzd tui divjd of grmps ov tui hwicj qr closli collected : dus, i iz a bas e, 
« a bas a, and a a treb'l q ; e i qr pcdatcd vselz, a « post-palatal, and 
a q qr formd so dsp at ds bac ov ds nrsfe, dat da ma be cold gutural. On 
pronsnsin dis ssrisz, and den prosedin tui e, we perssv a brae in de cwoliti 
ov ton, in pqsin from a der tui an obscqr ssnd ; hwjl if ws scip e, and 
prosed at a, we ecspsriens no suq brae. Hens, ds loer serez ov vselz 
ndturali foloz d£ uper ssrisz. We prosed, darfor, tui egzdmin its in- 
dividual memberz in ds necst plas. 

3. Se Loer Seriez or Vselz. 

cTe ferst member ov dis sehez, a, haz ben elredi descrjbd, (nr. 1) ; it iz 
not fond in IijgliJ, eldo ds combinajun qr (=q,rr) aprocsimats veri closli 
tui it, hwen ds vjbrajun ov dE r (=Ur) iz veri sLjt. Depresiij ds tuij stil 
f ureter, so dat d£ opnii) from d£ trot iz mad lqrjer, we arjv at ds comun 
IijgliJ e, in {awe, laud, all, walk, naughty, ought)=e, led, el, icec, neti, et. 
We s£m olso tui hsr dis sam vsel in ds Frencj (nord, bords)=ner (no.ir), 
her (boir). It iz olso nsrli, if not cwjt, ds Danif aa, and Swedif a, eldo sum 
fonetijanz refer dis ssnd tui ds vsel 6. We hav herd Jermanz sa e for or ; 
indsd, it iz a vulger pronunsiajun ov ds comun wurd {morgen)=morqen 
tui col it men, er men. 3is iz ds ferst vsel ov ds loer sehez, in IngliJ. 



3. cLe onli fonetijan, so far az we ctr awar, htu haz notist dis ssnd, and aserted it 
tui be de lot) s^nd ov de Irjglif a, iz Dr. ©qrlz Grpen, in hiz Pestalotsiau Primer ; se 
espejedi p. 146. Dr. Grpen els© macs dis leter reprezent de s^nd in de crj ov a Jep, hwic; 
we ii3uali rjt bq (baa) ; and eldo dis crj iz spoc'n ov az bq, it must be confest dat it mor 
nerli aprogez bdo. Hwen we red Dr. Grpenz wmc, sum yerz ago, we had never herd 
dis ssrid, a, and wer at a los tui understand de distil) c/un hwig he driubetwenit and q. 
It woz not til we herd it from de lips ov an Sri/ jent'hnan hui cold ^r atenfun tra it, 
and siibsecwentli from a DaniJ ladi, hui remqret on de peculiariti ov de ssnd, and its 
diferens from q, dat we recognjzd de distirjefun, and de trra relajim ov a tui a. Az it 
iz u.3ucd tm consider a az de sam s^nd az q, onli Jert insted ov lorj, and az dis erur iz 
sancjund bj several hj namz, it iz neseseri dat de reder Jiad bar in mjnd, dat de Sri/, 
and, az we hav elso fend, sum Irjghjmen, u,z a fer q ; and on de uder hand, a veri grat 
meni IijgliJ'men, espejedi in de nerfc, and el Scogmen, perhaps wicMt ecsep/un, sa fer a ; 
and hens a grat dificulti iz ljcli tm be ecspei-ienst, in gnupirj de for s>'udz a a, q a, in 
dis natural erder. 



20 Loer and Mid'l Seriez ov Vaelz. § 10, nr. 3. 

cle distiijctiv vsel ov dis seriez, iz m, herd in (two, who, do, tool ; fr. oil, 
CYoute; ger. An, schkg, stefe; it. swbito, sut^ra}=M, km, dm, tml ; ui, 
crmt ; dm, fluty, ftiafe ; sinbe-to-, sm-tmrq-. Tin produs de ssnd m, 
de rnst iz veri sljtli op'nd, de lips qr jenerali so nerli clozd, az onli tui kv 
a smel eliptical apertur, (but de lips qr not psted, ner iz de apertur so 
smel az for ii,) de tiuj iz deprest tin de utmost, and iz elmost concav tin 
de palet, so dat de bret iz directed tordz de lips. 

Betwen m and o, ljz de wel non vsel o, az in (owe, boast, post, hope ; 
/r. pole, repos, sawce ; ^«\ bo/men, iloh, boot)=o, host, post, hop; pol, 
repo, sos; bonen,fio, hot. It iz dstM hweder de pur szmd ov dis vsel 
iz fond in Italyan, de (o) in dat larjgwej behj eder o or 6. We had ocagun 
tui remqrc, for a, dat Iijglijrnen veri frecwentli, and unwitirjli, subjera its 
distirjctiv vsel s; it fiad be ©lso obzervd, dat de distirjctiv vsel m yl, in 
de sam maner, of'n subjond tui de vsel o ; but de ssnd tui hwiq we refer 
at prezent, iz de pur o, wid^t eni qfter-ssnd ov m. 

Bet wen o and m, ljz a veri pecutier ssnd, hwiq Iuglijmen fjnd veri 
dificult tui distirjgwif from m, on de wun hand, and o, on de uder. It iz de 
Italyan (o chiuso), or Jut o ; and it iz olso herd in DaniJ. We reprezent 
it b^ o. 

Betwen o and e, dar iz olso a pecuher s^nd, hwig Iijglijmen fjnd dificult 
tui distingwij from o ; we reprezent it h\ 6. It iz de Italyan (o aperto), 
or op'n o ; and iz aserted, h\ sum fonetifanz, tui be de sam az de Danif 
aa, and Swedif a. 

cle loer ssriez ov vselz, prosediij from de most treb'l tm de basest, iz, 
darfor, a o, 6 o, g tu ; ov hwiq a e ma be cold gutural, 6 o, post-labial, 
and o m, labial. 

4. Se Mid'l Seriez ov Vvelz. 

cfrs veri remqrcab'l set ov sVndz, hwiq iz so fuli develupt in de uder 
Jermanic kajgwejez, iz, wid de sirjg'l ecsepjun ov de stopt ssnd ov e, el- 
tuigeder wontirj in IugliJ. cEez vselz sem tui hav ariz'n from an atemt tui 
pronsns wun ov de uper and wun ov de loer seriez ov vselz simultaniusli ; ■ 
dis atemt iz most clerli egzibited in de s?md ov de distiijctiv v^el ii. 

3e ssnd ii iz herd in (fr. yd, iv^e, Yeius ; ger. «bel, gewilhl, sii$s)=vii 
rii, re-fit ; iiVl, ge-viil, ziis (sziis). It iz olso de Dug (tm) and Scoq (ui) 
cle bac part ov de tui) beiij razd, az for s, hwjl de tip, after beirj bent d$n, 
iz bent up agen, so az tm ofer a concav surfes tm de palet, and de lips 
beiij put intm de pozijun for m, an atemt iz mad tm ssnd e and tu at de 
sam instant ; in consecwens ov dis atemt, de tmj wil dssend a lit'l from 
de palet, and de lips bs mor p^ted dan for vi. 3e rezrilt ov dis atemt, 



§ 10, nr. 4. Mid'l Serisz oc V^elz. 2 1 

wil be ii, er veri nerli so. 3e Freng sein tui pron-yns dis ssnd wid de 
gratest puriti. 3ar or tre mistacs hwig ma be mad : de ferst iz, tui pro- 
n^ns de vselz sucsesivli, insted ov sinmltaniusli ; dis iz an Igglif mistac, 
and proditsez de diftoij i[, in hi ov de simp'l vsel ii. 3Ce secund mistac iz, 
tui giv nndii prominens tin de //* s<md, hwig iz pctrticulerli obzervab'l in 
an Irjglifmanz pronunsiajun ov de Freng {we) ; for, az de ssnd # dnz not 
ociir in IijgliJ qfter r, de Ipglifman iz not ljcli tm sa r% fer rii ; but, in 
atemtiij tin sa ru, lie sljdz intm an intermedyet synd, so l|c rut, dat a 
Frengman tiijcs he herz (wue)=rut. cle terd mistac iz, tm giv undii 
prominens tm de s element ; and de rezult ov dis iz, at tjmz, tm sine de 
m element eltmgeder. cLis iz a mistac veri comun aniiir) incorect specerz 
in Jermajii, lim sistemdticali sa eUl, ge-vel, szes. 

Betwen ii and e, dar \\z a vsel, corespdudin tm an atemt at pronsnsii) 
a and o simnltaniusli ; it iz herd in (//'. jeuiie, queue; ger. schon, mogen, 
h.6kle)=jO/i,, cjo ; fun, moqen, hole-. cle fermajun ov dis s?nd from 
a and o, iz not cwjt so ckr az ddt ov it from s and v.i, becez de s^ndz 
a and o lj nerer dan s and m, and de turj iz not so mug razd fer a. az fer 
s, ner de lips so mug psted fer o az fer m. Stil, de fact ov de Jerman 
corupjun a fer 0, hwig qnserz egzdctli tui de corup/un £ fer ?V, iz sufifent 
tm led us on dis trac ; and a clos atenjun tm de pronunsiajun ov dis synd, 
wil, we tiijc, estdblij" si teori. Iijglijnien jenerali substitut ur (='dr) fer 
o ; and hided doz Iijglijmen lim pronsns ur (tacirj car tm cep de r gut- 
urcd, az W) aprog sufijentli ner tm de trui smid, tm be intelijib'l, bot in 
Frqns and Jermani. It ma, darfor, be a relef tm dar mjndz, tm be told, 
dat Gothe, Neuilly, wiacl be intelijib'l, if pron^nst Garter, Xur-ye — far 
mor intelijib'l dan if transfermd intm de 1131101 abominajimz ov Gate, 
Gods, Goet, and Nii'ili, Nudli, Nudi, Nifti ; eldo de corect ecsprej'un fer 
de ssndz, iz Gote-, Ndtlfi-, er Ndihyi, (in practical fonetic ertografi, 
XoiJtyi, er Xoiyi.) 

cEe Swedz proirsns dar (u) in a veri peculier maner, hwig we hav not 
ben ab'l rjtli tm aprejiat, haviij onli wuns had an opurtuniti ov herin it. 
T\ e belev, h^rever, dat it barz de sam relajun tm il, az /, 0, tm s, w. ; and, 
darfor, dat it ma be considerd az de reziUt ov an atemt tm pron^ns i, 0, 
simidtaniusli : we J'cd reprezent it b^ u. 

T\ e ma sfmilerli consev a v^el tm be jenerated bj an atemt tm pronsns 
a, 6, simultaniusli ; we wil reprezent it h\ 0. It ma be de DaniJ (0, ee} t 
er (e) ( 4 ) ; eldo we hav not ben abl tm ferm a rjt aprejiajun ov de dis- 

4. In cte Dauij tjp At cros stroc ov {e} iz dren obkcli trui cts leter, and protrtddz on 
eder sjd. Bot fermz {e, re} qr xizd in ds so-celd Gotic tjp, but onli {u) in Roman 
Jelerz; ecsept h\ Rasr-, lnu wud iiz {e) fer ck J'ort and {0} fer dt lorj v»el. 



2% Mid'l Seritz—Vsel Seal. § 10, m\ 4. 

tiijcjun betwEii dis sand and o, az we hav onli lierd Danif spoc'n b\ wun 
persun. 3e vael o wmd be intelijib'l tui a Dan ; but d£ vael ?* wud not bs 
so intelijib'l tin a Swed, in plas ov hiz «, az ds vael w wmd bs. It liaz 
ben stated tui us, dat ds Swsdif u iz de sand herd in a felti Inglif pronun- 
siajun ov m ) after r, az in {truth, rule), arjziij from an atemt tui sa trifi, 
r%l, hwiq dsjenerats intui trut, rid. We dm not tine dis opinyun corect. 

cIe WelJ {/) iz elso a vael ov de mid'l ssrisz ; its efect iz not unlje a 
micstur ov u and o, but it iz mor gutural dan eder. clis iz a ssnd hwiq 
we hav not yet had sufijent opurtunitiz ov studiin, tui refer tui its proper 
plas in de vsel seal. 

? Duz eni vael ov ds mid'l ssrisz corespdnd tui a, e, er tui q, a. Dr. 
Hap distingwijez a sand hwiq Iie qts o, and conssvz tui bs de vael herd 
in Inglif (stir, bird, her, herd, spur, work, scourge), hwic; lis qts, sto'r, 
16' rd, hor, Iwrd, spo'r, too re, scord^, but hwiq we bdiv tui be mor 
dcuretli, = st\u, b'.ud, h'.u, h'.ud, sp'.ir, w'.irc, sc'irdsJ", for hwic, we i%uali 
rjt, ster, herd, her, herd, spur, icurc, scurj, acerdin tui ds practical con- 
venfunz ov ds Inglif fonetic alfabet.( 5 ) 

Omitin furder notis ov dis tsoretical va'el, den, ds mid'l sehez ov vaelz 
wil consist ov f jv : il u, 6 g, e ; ov hwiq, il u or labi-palatal ; 6 o, post 
labi-palatal ; and e, gutural. 

5. Se Vsel Seal/ 

If dg rsder wil pronsns d£ vaelz elredi descrjbd, (er az meni ov dem az 
lis iz ab'l tui pronsns,) in ds fdloin order, s i, a d, d q, d e, 6 o, o m, it u, 
6 o, e, hz wil persEV dat da form a reguler uninterrupted sotez, hwiq ma 
bs cold de vael seal. Bj msnz ov an ecstensib'l tub, hwiq woz renderd 
vocal b\ a frsli vjbratii) tun, Profeser Wilis obtand a sehez ov vael sandz, 
hwiq hs ilustrats b\ ds wurdz (see, pet, pay, pad, part, paw, nought, no, 
b?^t, boot) ; ( 6 ) and, az we rjt dez wurdz, se, pel, pa,, pad, pqrt, pe, net, no, 
but, hat, wt preziim, (on substitutiij Ion for stopt vaelz, and on considerin 
dat a iz reali baser dan a, and must cdnsecwentli fdlo it, in a seal ov 
nots prosediij from treb'l tin bas,) dat d£ seiiez ov sandz woz veri nsrli, 
e, a, d, d, q, e, 6, o, e, m. Az Profeser Wilis sez dat e " ssmz tui bs ds 
natural vael ov ds r£d," (er vjbratin tun hwiq vocal^zez d£ pjp,) it mjt bs 
plast bEtwsn eni tui ov d£ uder vaelz ; and it wiad apsr tui b£ herd 
b£twm o and m, onli b£cez d£ lei)t h\ hwiq d£ pjp haz tui b£ merest, in 
erder tui pqs from d£ lenfc corespondin tui o tui dat corespdnclin tui w, 

5. Ss § 29, nr. 9, and 'Fonetic Jurnol fer Jan. 1848, p. 19, nrr. 36 3 , 36 4 . 

6. Canibrij Filozofical Transacfunz, vol. 3, paper 10 ; ss elso Alfabet ov Natur, p. 35. 



§ 10, ur. 5. Se Fuel Seal. 23 

iz so considerab'l, dat de natural ton ov de red iz renderd perseptib'l. 
If, den, we reject dis vsel from de abuv list, de tabuler seal wil be fond 
tin corespond wid srz, az fqr az it goz. 3r seal ov vselz iz, darfor, a 
natiu'al vsel seal. Profeser Wilis did not prodiis de vselz u, 6, so fqr 
az we qr awar. It wud be wurt Irwjl trjiij de efect ov ssndin e and w 
on tui pjps simultanhisli, and wocjiij hweder de efect wiad be ?V, er sumtirj 
ljc it. On ac^iit ov de pozijun ov de lips for w bein so similer tui dat 
fer ?V, de vsel a foloz ?u, cwjt ndturali. 

clar iz, hsever, amider mod ov egzibithj de vsel seal, hwic; iz not 
wictst its advqntejez, az servin tui egzibit de abuv clasificafun mor 
evidentli. 

Uper Seriez. Mid'l Seriez. Loer Seriez. 

C s ii in ") 

Palatal ] C Labial 

( i u p ) 

C a 6 q ") 

Post-palatal j [• Post-labial 

(. « 9 ) 

C tie ) 

Gutural < . V Gutural 

( «— j— « ) 

3e orijinal vsel. 

cle tre seriez qr her sen tui radiat from de orijinal vsel, e ; and eq v^el 
ov de mid'l seriez, ljz betwen its tui parents. 3e order ov de vsel seal iz 
elso Jon, h\ de IJnz, tui be from e tui q, dens tui d and up tui «a, acrds 
tm ii, and den dsn tui £ cle jdea ov dis aranjnient iz tac'n from Dr. Rap, 
Fizioloqe der Sprqke, vol. 1, p. 29. Dr. Eaps seem iz simpli 

e u m 

ado 

d o o 



e 

a 

And darfor diferz from ^rz in sum respects, kwjl it woz aqvd at bj a 
diferent cars. Dr. Rap agrez wid us in considerin e az de orijinal vsel, 
but consevz dat q iz onli a " develupt e." He colz de uper seriez ov vselz 
pozitiv, and de loer seriez negativ, conssviij s tui be de pozitiv and m de 
negativ pol ov de vsel seal. 



24 Sort Oral Fuels. §11. 

§11. 
26RT ORAL VSELZ, BR8F AND STOPT. 

It woz ecspland, in § 9, dat de Ion vselz wer so celd, beeez da rnjt be 
contiuud indefinitli at ple3iir ; but, dat dar wer uder vselz, hwic; mjt never 
ocupj mor dan a fracfun ov de tjm durin hwig a Ion vsel iz continued : 
dez ws eel h\ de jeneral nam ov fort. If de vsel terminat cwjetli, az it 
wer h\ a simp'l sesajun ov efurt on de part ov de specer, de Jert vsel iz 
distiij gwijt az bref; but if it be qect, er stopt of bj an aparent efurt, az 
wid an hiatus, er a configurajun, de jert vsel iz sed tiu be stopt. It iz cler, 
den, dat dar iz no esenfal diferens betwen Ion, bref, and stopt vselz ; dat 
iz, de confignrajunz recw|rd fer ec; set ov vselz, wil be de sam : de Ion and 
bref onli difer az tiu tjm ov durajun, de bref and stopt onli difer az tui de 
maner ov terminajun. But dis diferens ov terminajun iz so important, 
and givz suq a veri diferent caracter tin de vocal ssnd, dat we fjnd, aniiin 
de Jermanic najunz, at lest, veri fu instansez in hwiq de sam vsel ssnd 
aperz under el tre fazez ov lor), bref, and stopt. cTus, in Irjglif we hav 
onli tin vselz (e and w) hwic, aper bot az lorj and stopt. cTe Irjglif bav az 
iiieni stopt vselz az lor) vselz, but de seriez ov vselz iz not de sam in bot 
casez ; and da hav mor bref vselz dan eder stopt er Ion vselz. <Ie efect ov 
qecirj er stopiij a vsel, iz, ov eors, tiu diminif veri considerabli, not onli 
de durajun ov de vsel itself, but ov de transijunal vocal ssnd hwiq 
constituts de fjnal efect ov de sucsediij consonant upon it. 3e stopt 
vsel iz tui de bref, hwot a murmurd ecsplodent iz tui a murmnrd con- 
tinuant ; and tui de Ion, az a murmurd ecsplodent tui a vocal licwid. 
3e nam stopt, iz sufijentli ecspresiv ov de caracteristic ov dez v^elz ; 
but we liav ben under de nesesiti ov inventin it, az no Inglif fonetifan 
semz tui hav notist dis clcts az distirjet from de bref. In Jermani, 
stopt vselz qr sed tui be fqrp'nd {gescMrft), fer hwiq Clopjtoc uzez 
de fraz, brocn of, er abrupt {abgebrochen). cla or not recogn^zd at 
el in Erenq. Az de sam v?>'el jenerali runz trui el its fazez ov km, bref, 
and stopt, in SpaniJ and Italy an, it woz not Ljcli dat rjterz in doz larj- 
gwejez Jud tine it neseseri tin mac eni distirjejun betwen de bref and 
stopt vselz. 

Tui reprezent de stopt vselz, we Jal emplo- a seiiez ov nu spz. Tui 
reprezent de bref vselz, we Jal subjem a hjfen tin eder a lorj er a stopt 
v^el sjn, hwiqever we tirjc most ljcli, at eni moment, tui conva de rjt 
ssnd tui de IijgiiJ reder ; at de end ov a wind, de stopt vsel sjri wil elwaz 
signify a bref vsel. Az de hjfen iz elso uzd tin seperat silab'lz, and qi'ter 



§11. Bref Oral Vvelz. 25 

consonants, it must be understiad tiu hav bot propertiz, ov seperatin 
silcib'lz, and renderin &z prEssdiij vselz bref ; a longer daj (— ) wil be uzd 
liwen dz prcsedin vsel iz Ion. 3e rez'n ov dis notajun for dz brEf vselz, 
iz dz important fact, dat dz fdloiij consonant never produsez a fjnal efect 
upon dem ; tiu mac dis fjnal efect edib'l, ds vsel must bs eder lent 'nd 
or stopt. 

3e tui fdloiij ljnz egzibit dz rtlajun ov ds stopt tui de loij vsel s^nz. 

Lot) vselz : e £, a a ; a q, — a e ; do ; p w ; — ii u, 6 g ; e 
Stopt vselz : i i, e e ; a a, — a o ; o o ; o u ; — it u, do; u 

cTe bref vselz fond in IijgliJ, Qi* az foloz. 

r-, or i-, in {revenge, trochee, ]vibi\£e)=zre~venj, tract:-, jubite-. cLis v»el 
must bs carfuli distingwift from 

i-, herd in (pity, shabby, fishi/)=jpiti,fabi,Jifi. If an IngliJ'man wil onli 
lis'n tui a Frenchman sain (Jlni)-==fmi } and tiu himself sain. (jiuiiy)=. 
fid, h£ wil at wuns aprsjiat dz grat distincfun bet wen i- and i-. 
Scoqmen or olso apt tm sa i- for i-. It iz obzervab'l, dat elmost ol 
IijgliJ" ortoepists, az Wecer, Smqrt, and TViaster, confond e- and i-. 

r- iz herd in (Sunday, forte, Israel) = Sunch-, ferta-, 'Izra-el; but it iz 
veri unfrgcwent, and, ecsept befor a vsel, olmost ©lwaz dejenerats intiu 

«-, dz favurit Inglij" bref vsel, az in (idea, China, amount, along) =idea-, 
&ina-, a-mmt, a-loy. Meni Inglij sp£cerz mac no distiijcfim hwotever, 
betwen a- and e-; and, az dsz specerz olso jenerali sine er, nr, (=\u, \cr,) 
intiu e, it iz of'n sed, dat dz Lunduner pronsnsez idea- az ideer ; but 
dis iz not strictli trm ; h£ pronsnsez bot idea- and ideer ljc idee-, and 
darfor, ljc wun aniider ; but dar iz sertenli a diferens, (in proses and 
in d£ fslirj ov dz sp£cer, if not in rszult,) betwsn asimilatiij wun ssnd 
tm aniider, and zq ov tm ssndz tui a terd. 

q- iz, perhaps, not fond in eni trm IijghJ wurd, bsixj elwaz rsplast bj a-. 
In conjuncfun wid dz leter r, hsever, it ma b£ sed tm oeilr in (partake) 
=pqrt£c, and suq wurdz ; but dis we tirjc a mistac ; d£ silab'l pqr iz 
sertenli pronsnst veri brcfli in dis wurd, but it duz not lmz its caracter 
if proloijd; hwards, if ds a- in a-msut wer leijt'nd intui a, dz hoi caracter 
ov d£ synd wiad bs destred. 

e- iz sed tm b£ herd in (august, aif$te?e)=e-yust, ester ; but we rqder 
tirjc dat d£ trm pronunsiafun iz e-yiist, ester ; dat iz, dat c!e ferst 
vsel iz Ion (er indefmit), but unacsented. 

o- iz not uncomun, az in (morrow, sorrow, fallow, opine, om\t)=-nwro-, 
soro-,falo-, o-pin, o-mit. 

w- iz rar, az in (r/^besccnt, mfluence)=rui-besent, inflw-ens. 



26 Stopt Oral Vxelz. § 11. 

It wil be pemvd, in dis list, dat dar qr tuci hxzi vselz, i-, a-, liwic; hav 

no corespdndirj lor) vsel in IrjgiiJ. clar qr, elso, tui stopt vselz, e, u, 

hwiq hav no corespdndirj brsf vsel. 3e msnirj ov cts bref vsel simbulz in 

uder larjgwejez, ma be colected from dez egzqmp'lz. 3s stopt vsel s^nz 

recwjr egzemplificajun. 

i (stopt s) duz not ocur in IrjgiiJ ; we bdEV dat it iz fsnd in Erenc;, az in 
de ferst silab'l ov (flni)=fim-, eldo d£ Erenq eel bot vselz fort, widst 
distirjefun ov clqs. 3s sam ssnd iz sertenli herd in Italy an (fisso, 
dicci)=fissg, ditgi, and not fiso, dsgl, az Irjglifmen jenerali sa. 

i (stopt €) iz ds comun IrjgiiJ ssnd herd in (pm, pit, iit)=pin, pit, jit. 
We belsv dat dis iz d£ sam ssnd az iz herd in Jermani, Holand, and 
Denmqrc ; and it SEmz tui bs d£ sam az ds stopt Polif y, and Rufan bi. 

e (stopt a) iz ds Freuq e, if it ocurz stopt; az (etroit, depense}=^/^^, 
depoiis. Az a brsf vsel, e- iz sed, bj Jerman r^terz, tui bs d£ fjnal 
Jerman e ; tm si srz, ds Jerman fjnal e iz jenerali pronsnst Ijc e-, but 
we u^uali reprszent it h\ e, for e- er d-, bslEvirj it tm bs, at eni rat, 
dsper dan a,-. In BolrEuria, we lrav herd a-, er e-, prommst purli in 
Jerman wurdz, and veri disagrEab'l it woz. 

a (stopt a) iz ds comun IrjgiiJ a, in (fat, man)=fat, man. No tras ov 
dis s?jnd iz herd in eni foren larjgwej but Frencj, hwar it ap&z under a 
nazal ferm (an). Jermanz confuz a wid e, lrwen spscirj Inglif. In de 
nert ov Irjgland, in Scotland, and on ds continent, dis veri pEcqlier 
vsel iz rsplast h\ 

a (stopt q), az in (fr. patte ; ger. m«nn) =/?«£, man, cwjt distinct from, 
and mug breder, dan sr pat, man. cloz IngliJ ertoepists hra admit dat 
a iz not ds proper vsel in d£ wurdz {task, laugh, grant,) and uderz ov 
dis clqs, eldo da cons&y it rorj tm qz ds vsel q, (az we lrav dun truret 
sr fonetic wurcs,) jenerali asum dat ds v^el iz bztwm a and q, er iz, 
in fact, a; and wiad darfor print tasc, laf, grant, clis iz d£ cors 
pursqd bj Mr. Wraster ; Smqrt and Wecer lrav tasc, laf, grant ; and 
ds majoriti ov sudern Irjglijmen sa tqsc, Iqf, grqnt. 

a (stopt a.) clis iz a tEoretical vsel, ljirj bstwm a and o. We qr not 
awar dat it iz acndlejd in eni larjgwej. 

o (stopt e) iz d£ comun vsel herd in (on, not, ton)=on, not, top. We qr 
dstful hweder it ocurz in Frenq, er hweder it iz not, on el ocagunz, 
rEplast h\ o. Bot o and © qr herd, at tjmz, in Jermani, az d£ stopt 
vsel qnserirj tm stopt o ; o in d£ nert, and o in d£ sst ov Jermani. cfe 
Danif aa iz pronsnst az o, in clozd silab'lz. Grat drficulti in aprsjiatin 
o, cuqzez from ds sercumstans, dat bot o and o qr seldum fsnd in &z 
sam larjgwej. 



§ 12. Stopt Oral Vxelz— Nazal Vxelz. 27 

o (stopt 6) iz de Italyan (o aperto), in clozd silab'lz ; it ma be dstful 
hweder it can be cept cler from o. 

o (stopt o) duz not ocilr in IngliJ, eldo it iz stil prezervd (we qr infermd) 
in America, hwar (stone, whole) qr pronsnst ston, hoi. 3.z ssnd iz 
sertenli herd in Frencj (sonne, donne)=son, don, and iz probabli herd 
mug mar ecstensivli. It replasez o in meni pqrts ov Jermani. B| 
prommsiij de wurdz bon, bun, bon, ds conecjun ov de ssnd ov o wict bot 
o and u, wil be persevd; an Iijgiijman seldmn disthjgwifez it from o, 
on d"e wun hand, or u, on de uder. 

o (stopt o) iz ds Italyan (o chiuso), in clozd silab'lz. It iz dificult tui 
cep it cler from o, on wun s^d, and u, on de uder. 

u (stopt w) iz herd in (book, foot, jwfc, bull, would, stood)=buc, fut, put, 
but, wud, stud. It iz elso comun in el liropean langwejez, ecsept 
Swedif, hwar it iz replast b^ u. 

u (stopt ii) iz herd in {ger. hwtte, lwcke, kzmste; fr. hutte, stdfit)=hide, 
luce, ciinste ; hut, sufi. 

it (stopt u) iz de SwediJ (u). 

d (stopt 6) iz herd in {ger. bocke, stocke, nolle; fr. ]etme)=bdce, ftoce, 
hole; j6n. 

o (stopt o) iz a teoreticol sp for stopt Damf (e), if it be reali diferent 
from o. 

n (stopt e), a veri comun Inglif and Dug vuel, herd in («p, cut, vub, lull ; 
dut. d«n, zoster, vwllen, nut)=up, cut, rub, ltd ; dun, zuster, vulen, 
nut. R tras ov dis ssnd, under a nazorjzd form, iz fund in de Frencj 
{tin, 'ducu?i)=tni, o-cuii. ISTo uder Uropean larjgwej, we beleV, pozesez 
it ; but it iz comun in Rfa. 

§ 12- 

NilZAL Y^ELZ. 
3e configurajimz ov de uper cavitiz, in de cas ov de tre sets ov vselz 
hidertui descr£bd, hav ben sucj az not tui admit ov eni vjbrajun ov ds 
nazcd caviti, so dat da qr cwjt fre from hwot iz termd nazal twaij. In 
de cas ov de vocal nazcd licwidz, 'in, 'n, 'y, dar iz a distinct vjbra/un ov 
ds nazal caviti, hwiq ma be felt bj eni wun hui pronunsez dez sundz 
emfdticali. clis iz a vjbrajun ov de nazal caviti alon ; for de efect ov de 
sund reinanz unolterd, if de hand be plast bsfor de mut, eldo it iz instantli 
eject h\ clozhj de nostrilz. But dar iz a mod ov forsirj de bret trui de 
mst and noz simultaniusli, az, for egzqrnp'l, in de Irene; {an}=o?i. If 
de reder wil pronuns dis sund, and contimi it for a secund or tui, (hwicj 
iz cwjt posib'],) and diirin hiz atemt tui pronuns it, stop de oral and 



28 Nazal Vaelz. §12. 

nazal aperturz alternetli, li£ wil fjnd dat lie duz not cjec ds ssnd in sder 
cas, but elterz its camcter in bat casez. 3is ssnd iz, darfor, trrali an 
ori-nazal roel ; but az dar ctr no purli nazal vselz — d£ vocal licwidz beii) 
distirjgwift from v^elz, in m' clasificajun — we Jal, in compljans wid comun 
custum, designat ds ori-nazal bj, ds simpler term ov nazal vaelz. Ke ssnd 
ov oil iz a simp'l, pur vsel ssud, hwiq ma be continiid indefinitli, wid^t 
elterajun. It iz, darfor, perfectli distinct from ds silab'lz on er og, hwiq 
contan a stopt oral v^el, and qr consecwentli ov ecssdiijli brsf durajun, 
but hwen prolond, fel intra, ds vocal licwidz, 'n, 'y. ctsz perfect silab'lz, 
on, oij, (§ 23, nr. 1,) consist ov trs parts — a vsel, a vocal s^nd herd 
duriij a transifunal configurajun, and a licwid. 3e imperfect silab'l on, 
(§ 23, nr. 3,) consists ov wun part onli — a simp'l, continues, unqanjd 
vsel ssnd, herd trra an dbsolutli ficst configurajun. But dis configurajun 
ma bs considerd az compsnd, hwen compard wid d£ configurajunz ov &z 
oral vselz, bscez ds later onli permit ds vocal bret tin pas trui d£ mst, 
but ds former permit it tra pq,s trm bot mst and noz. Morover, it iz 
fond, dat d£ efect ov nazaliti ma bs produst upon zq ov ds oral vselz 
elredi discust, b\ variiij ds configurajun in suq a maner az tra als ov ds 
nazal caviti concurin wid ds oral, in mddifjii) ds vocal bret. It iz for 
dis rsz'n, dat we reprszent d£ efect ov a nazal vsel, b^ subjoniij d£ sjn n 
tui d£ oral vsel; d£ compsnd spi on, must bs considerd az simp'l az o 
itself; for n haz no valu hwotever hwen stem din alon ; it onli bEcumz 
significant hwen it foloz a vsel sp, and its significans iz den confjnd tm 
qanjiij ds m.£uin ov dat vsel sjn, in a dsterminet, invariab'l maner. 

3e nazal vselz ma bs loij or br£f, and ma bs olso sudenli eject or stopt 
bj, an hiatus, but we hav not sucssded in stopiij dem bj d£ suden asumjun 
ov a nil configurajun. Hweder dis arjzez from ds natur ov &z vselz, er 
from d£ fact ov dar bsirj stranj and foren tui sr Iijglij erganz ov spsq, it 
wiad not b£ £zi tra sa ; and az Frenqmen demselvz hav d£ gratest dificulti 
in seperatiij d£ stopt from d£ br£f vselz, it wiad b£ elmost imposib'l tra 
dsqv asistans from dem, on dis pout We Jal darfor asum, dat dar qr 
no stopt nazal v^elz. 

But if we compar d£ Portugsz wid d£ Frenq nazalz, we Jal b£ led tra a 
clasificajun ov nazal vselz hwiq barz a strjciij analoji tra dat ov Ion and 
stopt amiiij oral vselz ; inazmucj az d£ efect on ds sr, eldo dat ov a per- 
fectli continuus s^nd in bot casez, ssmz tra pont tra a log oral vyel 
in wun cas, and a stopt oral vsel in ds uder. We tine dis diferens ma 
bs atributed tra d£ relativ proporjun in hwiq ds oral and nazal cavitiz 
combjn, in ds producjun ov dE nazal v^elz ; consEvin, dat in doz casez 
hwar ds Ion oral vsel iz aparentli ds substratum ov ds nazal vsel, ds oral 



§ 12. Anuswqra. 29 

euviti liaz tte most efect ; and dat, in de uder casez, hwar we or aparentli 
rsferd tui &i stopt oral vsel, etc nazal caviti plaz dz gratest part, and dus, 
az it wer, stops d£ oral vse\. But hwotever ma bs &z ecsplanajun ov d£ 
diferens, it iz veri mojet ; and, az it barz suq an evident rdajun tui &z 
Ion and stopt vselz, we Jal mac us ov dis sercumstans, tui denot wun bj, 
a Ion oral vsel sjn, prsficst tui ds sjn ov nazaliti, az en, celiij it, fer 
distincfun, dz bred nazal vsel ; and dz uder, bj, a stopt oral vyel s£n, 
preficst tin dz sjn ov nazaliti, az on, celiij it a slender nazal vsel. It 
ssmz dat in Indian langwejez, bot clqsez ov reelz ab^nd. els sjn non 
az ani.mcqra, (meniij qfter-stmd, from anu, after, and sicqra, s^nd,) in 
de Sanscrit cdfabet, s£mz tui liav had prssjsli d£ sam significajun az we 
hav atribiited tui sy n. ( 7 ) cIe sjn n ma b£ cold dz spi ov nazaliti, or, on 
ac^nt ov its frscwent ocurens in d£ transcripjun ov Frenc; wurdz, d£ 
Freng en. 

7. Bop {Sanscrit Gramer, 2nd Jerman ed., p. 11) sez, dat de anuswqra iz "reali an 
obsciir nazal qfter-s^nd, probabli siiniler tui ds obsciir Freng n at de end ov a silab'l;" 
but in sr opinyun, dis Freng n (wc n) iz not an ajfter-s^nd at el, but merli reprezents a 
nazal rnodificajun ov de s^nd ov de presedirj reel. It iz not, b^ever, at el improbab'l 
dat de Sanscrit gramarianz ma bav agred wid Bop, in consevirj it tui be an after-s^nd. 
It iz remqrcab'l, tui, dat neder anusioqra (n) ner wisarga (n) q,r treted az leterz, but 
az egzilyeri sjnz, er substit^ts fer leterz; dus, anusioqra iz reprezented bj plasirj a 
dot over de reel (er vocal jzd consonant), and wisarga bj subjernin a sjn l|c a colun. 
£L secund ferm (a dot over a cresent, elso plast over de reel er voccdjzd consonant) fer 
anuswqra, iz celd anunqsica (from nqsicq, noz), and dis nam, in conjuncjun wid de 
ferrner, semz tui pe-nt st its menin veri satisfdcturili. 3e abiiv vii ov de subject iz con- 
fermd bj de opinyunz ov IrjgliJ rjterz on dis cwestyun, tac'n in conecfun wid de non 
dificultiz hwig Irjglifmen fel, in aprejiatirj de efect n, and de veri inefijent acint hwig 
da giv ov it. bwen tecirj ov de Freng langwej, fer bwig dar obzervafunz can be ezili 
corected bj persunal ecsperiens. Colbrac sez it iz sanded ljc n, and colz it " an 
abreviajun ov de nazal consonant at de end ov a silab'l." Ferster sez it iz pronsnst 
az n in <£plmth) ; Cari and Yats transcrjb it bj {ng), a not unusual, but veri felti maner 
ov reprezentin de efect ov de Freng n, in Irjglif wurcs, a turoli Inglif mispronunsiajun. 
He efect n iz " dif erentli reprezented in (liferent langwejez. In PoliJ', a semiserc'l iz dren 
under a leter, az {z,\) = an, on ; in Portugez, a mqrc celd a tilda iz dren over de leter, 
oz (fy = qn; in Freng, de simp'l leter {n} iz uzd, de efe'ct ov de licwid n bein repre- 
zented bj {nn, ne, nne), az (^innocent, cabane, etrenne) = znoson, caban, etren. cEe notajun 
n iz ddt adopted bj Bop, in biz Comparativ Gramer, fer de Sanscrit anuswqra ; probabli 
tui indicat dat de s^rnd baz sum conecjun wid n, and iz reprezented bj a superpozd dot 
in de Sanscrit alfabet. 3e grat conveniens ov dis simboljzajun recomendz it fer jeneral 
adopjirn. B. similer ecspedient iz adopted in rjtin Hinduistane wid de 'Arabic er Neske 
caracter ; de sjn fer de comun n in dis stjl ov ritin bein elredi surm^nted wi& wun dot, 
a secund dot iz aded, tui indicat de efe'ct ov anuswqra. 



30 Frenq Nazal Vselz. §12. 

cle Freng nazctlz qr best non ; da qr el slender, and ma be reprezented 

az foloz : — 

ah, az herd in (/aim, vain, Rheims, sein, impot, index, appendice, Men, 
vient)=fah, van, Rahz, sail, ahpo, ahdecs, apahdts, Man, man. In dis 
nazal vsel, ociirz de onli tras ov de Inglif oral a we hav ben ab'l tui 
disciiver in foren laijgwejez. Az de Jermanz jenerali confqz sv a wid e, 
(prommsin % had a, hat on mi hed, az if it wer rit'n, ai het a het on mat 
het f) so da confqz an wid en ; hens, in el Jerman wurcs, dis nazal vsel 
iz referd tui de oral e insted ov a; and ev'n de aciit Rap haz fel'n 
intui dis erar, eldo he recognjzd de Inglif a az a pecqlier ssnd. Az 
we her Ljglijinen perpetrat sue, monstrositiz ov Frenq pronunsiajun az 
sip* lur femdy dur Say Kermdy, la, magazay dur vay fay soy soy fay, 
(sur le chemin de Saint Germain, les magazins de vin fin sont sans fin), 
insted ov sail) sur le fern an de San Karmah, la magazah de van fan son 
son fan ; so de Jermanz tec ov boy vey, oy cm de mey, fer boh van, 
nil cm de mail, er uh cm d'man. Bot dez pronunsiajunz qr veri bad 
raistaes. Xeder an ner ay qr tolerab'l tui a Frenq er, do an ma be les 
disagreab'l dan ay. 

oh iz herd in (amble, angle, empan, enfant, vend, vent, en, an)=ohble, 
ohgle, (ohbfil, ohgfil, conversafunali,) ohpoh, ohfoh, von, voh, oh, oh. 
cEis iz de most comun vsel, perhaps, in de Frenq laijgwej, and givz 
de caracter tui its ton. It iz de most desjded recognifun ov de 
oral o, az distinct from o, dat iz tui be fsnd in Irene, ; fer in elmost 
el uder casez hwar o iz prommst, o iz elso herd at tjmz. cTe 
Frenq demselvz refer dis ssnd tm a, and so dui de Jermanz. We 
belev dat dis haz ariz'n from an anzjeti tui seperat de ssnd from o. 
In de heteric (er unfonetic) alfabet, dar woz no menz ov duiii) dis; 
and az a iz not veri fqr of o, it woz de safest substitqt. Jermanz 
qz ay fer oh ; Irjglijmen sa oy. 

oh iz herd in (ombre, affront, saison, aplomb)=ohbre (ohbhr conversafunali), 
afroh, sdzoh, aploh. Iuglifmen jenerali mac de veri bad mistac ov 
confiizin oh wid oh, and nz oy er on fer bot : dis arjzez from de absens 
ov de vsel o in IijgliJ. Jermanz hui eel oh, ay, jenerali eel oh, oy er 
oy, acerdin az de stopt v?rel o, er o, iz de comun wun in dar pqrt ov 
Jermani. 

uh iz herd in (parfmn, chacun, a jeun)=pq?fuh {parfuh, and of'n 
pq.cqf/ih,)facuh, a 31111. It iz de onli distinct recognifun ov de Inglif 
stopt vsel u, in Frenq. It iz siijgqler dat de Frenq laijgwej das 
recogn^zez tui veri pecqlier Inglif vselz, a, u, (ov hwiq de fermer iz 



§ 13,nr.l. Freng Nazal Faeh—Diftogz and Triftoyz. 31 

not fsnd in eni uder Uropean laijgwej, and de later onli in de Dug,) 

under a nazal ferm. cle IiJgliJ uz ny for wn ; de Jermanz, not bavin 

u, sa o#. 

Ov de bred nazal vselz we qr imab'l tm furnij a veri clsr ocsnt, az we 
hav had but veri lit'l opurtuniti ov herin dem, and den onli from de mst ov 
a Spanyerd. It semz tui us dat de Portugez (ao) iz jenercdi promsnst en ; 
hwjl {in, im)=en, (aa)=qn, (o)=o)i, and perhaps {um)=.eh. 5is iz a 
subject recwjrin furder investigajun. 



§ 13. 

DIFIOTJZ AND TRIFIOWZ. 

1. Clasijicafun. 

<Ie edib'l efect ov ds transijun from vsel tui vsel, haz ben elredi ecspland 
(§ 5). If de durajun ov de ferst vsel and ov ds transifunal szmd, be bot 
veri mug dimmift, so dat de secund vsel, az it wer, stops Jert de ferst, at 
ds sam tjm dat it gijdz intui it, ds efect ov ds tui vselz cumz tiu de er az a 
sing'l bet, ov ab^t de erdineri durajun ov a sing'l Ion vsel ; and de rezult 
iz termd a perfect diftoy. For de perfecjun ov a difton, darfor, it iz onli 
neseseri dat de ferst v^el Jwd be Jert ; in practis, de secund vsel iz jen- 
erali Jert, but it ma be proloijd widst destreriij de difton gal efect hwig 
ar^zez from de cwic inijal transijun. 3ar iz, hsever, a spejiez ov difton, 
hwiq oz its efect tiu a cwic ijnal transijun, in hwic, de ferst vsel iz Ion, 
and de secund veri bref ; dez ma be celd imperfect diftoyz. Gramarianz 
hav improperli termd de difton z ov dis clqs, triftonz, on de strict teori ov 
relativ lents ov vsel s^ndz hwig da jenercdi advocat; dus, 1 Ion = 2 Jert; 
a difton = 2 Jert, and darfor =1 Ion ; hens, if we had a Ion and a Jert, 
= 3 Jert, de rezult woz celd a trifton : but suq calculajunz hav no proper 
fonetic menin. We reprezent a perfect difton bj de concurens ov tui stopt 
vsel sjnz, az ai, and an im-perfect difton, bj subjernin a stopt vsel sjn tiu 
a Ion wun, dus, ai ; but hwen it iz neseseri, tui prevent ambiguiti, de secund 
vsel iz distingwift az Ion, bref, er stopt, er de terminajun ov de difton 
indicated bj a parentesis, dus, ai)t, in wun silab'l, az distinct from ait, in 
tui ; er de marc ov divi5im ov silab'lz iz uzd in de later cas, dus, a— it. 

<Ie stres ma be lad on eder vsel in de difton : hwen it iz lad on de ferst 
element, ds difton iz sed tui be proper ; hwen on de secund, de diftoij iz 
celd im-proper. It duz not aper dat de diftoijgal caracter can be prezervd, 
az distinct from de disilabic efect, unles de acsented element iz nerer tui 
e (in de trjanguler seem, p. 23) dan de unacsented element, er iz at lest 



32 Proper and Homojenius Uper Liftoyz. § 13, nv. 2. 

az nsr tin e az dat element. cTs proper diftorj ma fei intm tin silab'lz, bj 
undqli leijtnii) its elementeri ssndz. cEe improper diftoij iz, ov cars, 
ljab'l tm d£ sam dejeuerafun, but it iz elso l^abl tin lmz &z vsel caracter 
ov its ferst element, so dat m, for egzqmp'l, ma fol intm ya. 

We ma furder consider a diftorj az homojenius, hwen bot ov its 
elements belorj tm d£ sam (uper, loer, or mid'l) seriez ov vselz ; and 
heterojenius, hwen lis iz not dz cas. 

cTe aprgjiajun ov de elements ov diftonz, recwjrz a veri acqt and practist 
£r, on acmit ov d£ veri evanesent caracter ov at lest wun ov d£ elements ; 
and ortoepists qr consecwentli les agrM on dis mater, dan on most uderz. 
Ind£pendentli ov several Dug and Wei J" diffeoijz, (hwic, w£ hav herd tui 
seldum tm ventqr eni opinyun ab^t,) and d£ diftorjz in hwicj d£ ferst 
element iz nazal, (hwic; qr sertenli consgvab'l, and qr sed tm ocnr in 
Portugez,) w£ tire w£ hav recogn^zd d£ egzistens ov d£ foloin 

2. Proper Diftonz. 

Uper, (or havin d£ fpal vsel ov d£ uper s£ri£Z.) 

Homojenius, ai, qi ; ai, qi : ae ; ai, ai ; ei, ei ; ai, ai. 

Heterojenius, 1) oi, oi, oi ; oi, oi ; ui, mi ; 
2) ui, ui ; oi ; ui, iii. 
Loer, (or havin d£ fjnal vsel ov d£ loer s£risz.) 

Homojenius, on. ; on, ow. 

Heterojenius, an, qia; ao ; an; en, an; iu, iia, £ia. 
Mid'l, (er havir) d£ fjnal \se\ ov d£ mid'l seriez.) 

Heterojenius, aii. 
We prosed tm egzdmin d£Z in detal. 

Plomojenms Uper Diftonz. 

ai qi qr variajunz ov d£ Jerman diftorjz, rit'n (ei, ey, ai, ay,) and sumt^mz 
pronsnst wun wa, and sumtjmz d£ uder, widst aparentli eni definit 
rral. 2£ imperfect form qi iz fond in d£ Frenc;, in (faience)=f axons, 
hwar it formz a fols trifton (nr. 5) wid ds fdloir) nazal, on; qi iz &z 
proper ssnd ov d£ Italyan (ai) in (\aido) = lqido- ; it fr£cwentli ociirz 
in dat larjgwej, az pqrt ov a trin er fols triftoi) ; dus, (guai, aiuto) 
■==guqi, qmito-. 

ai qi qr d£ TrjgliJ formz ov d£ sam diftoi), d£ fjnal element bdr) duler dan 
in Italyan. 3is iz d£ ssnd hwig Inglifmen giv tm dz Gr£c diftorj, 
alfa iota, az distinct from d£ diftoi) eps%lon iota. It iz elso herd in d£ 
pronunsiajun ov d£ wurd (aye), mmin ever er yes, hwiq, in older rjterz, 
woz repr£zented b\ (I), and woz darfor, perhaps, pron^nst az {. 



§ 13, nr. 2. Homajmius and Heter.qjenim L'per Diftoyz. 33 

ae yl a veri bred ferm ov de lqst diftoij, hwiq semz tui liav egzisted in 
Latin, and tui hav ben de pronansiajun ov de Latin (se}, az, liwen dis 
sjn iz rezdlvd intui tin, fer de sac ov de meter, it iz elwaz replast b[ 

ai yl de comun s^nd ov de IngliJ j, hwiq iz pecujier fer its ecsedhj delicesi. 
Fu forenerz, na, fu provinjal specerz, pronsns dis difton eorectli. A 
rjter in de 'Edinburo Kevii, (vol. 6, p. 362,) woz so strac wid de diferens 
betwen ai and ai, dat he dctuali considerd ai tui be a simp'l vsel. Veri 
meni ertoepists consider it tiu be compsnded ov ?< and i, and rjt wz*. 
We suspect dat dis iz elso du tui a dezfr tui seperat de ssnd from ai. 
Til de qter woz in Jermani, lie never had an opurtimiti ov herirj de 
diftoij ui pronsnst b^ wun tui hmm it woz natural, and den he at wuns 
recognjzd de distincfun betwen id and ai. Az de Ysel a iz peciilierH 
IngliJ, so iz de trui difton ai, hwiq iz jenen 
intm i, (§ 29, nr. 11.) 

ai iz onli de lqst diftorj proldijd, and iz ocfeunali herd in slo specii 
hwen a wurd endhj in ai iz dwelt on. 

ei iz herd in de Portugez (peiieito}=jpe?fe";tQ-. 

ei iz sed tui be wun ov de Scoq pronunsiaji 
hav not herd it from a Scoqman yet, eldo we 
comiinicajunz ab^t it. cle Scoq aparentli pronsns ai insted ov ai. 
§ 29, nr. 11.) 

ai iz an imperfect ferm ov ei, and iz not uncdmun in Italy an, az (Dei, 
m.iei)=Dai, miai. 

ai iz a peciilierli IngliJ mispronunsiajun ov a, hwen proldijd at de end ov 
wurdz, er befor a licwid; 3a sai ha mai, iz a veri U3ual mod ov spec,. 
ctts substitujun ov ai fer a, iz muq felt b\ de forener, in an Iijglijmanz 
pronunsiajun ov foren langwejez. Sum sa ae- insted ov ai. 

Heterojenins Uper Biff op z. 

oi, de Jerman {en), 'yl muq br^ter dan de IngliJ oi, ojl herd in (oyster) = 
oister, and jenerali befor a hwisperd er mut consonant. <Ie Jerman 
(eu) yl, hsever, variusli pronsnst oi, ui, na, ev'n an, (if we qr tui belev 
ertoepists,) in diferent parts ov de cuntri, hwjl it frecwentli dejenerats 
intra ai. (Se § 33, nr. 2.) 

oi, se oi. 

oi iz de U3iial ferm ov de IijgliJ diftoij o, hwen dwelt on, az at de end 
ov a wurd, er befor a licwid ; dus, (boy, boi\)=boi, boil. In fonotipi, 
it iz not custumeri tui distingwij de tui casez oi and ei, bot ov hwiq 
qr reprezented bj de shjg'l sjn ©. 

4 




34 Loer Diftoijz. § 13, nr. 2. 

an qi qr not IngliJ diftoijz; de later ma be herd in de Italy an {suoi)= 

suol, hwar it fermz pqrt ov a triftorj. 
ui ml cir herd in Jerman (pfui)=pfm, an ecsclamajun, and Frenc; 

{Louis)=Ltul, if inded dis wurd iz not rqder a disilab'l=Zm£. <Ie tin 

fermz ma bs contrasted in de Frenc, {oui, oui)=ui, me. 
nl, se ai and ol. 

ui wiad be de IngliJ form ov tit, and ma bs uzd bj snm specerz, for «*. 
ol, se o?. efts diftoi) iz elso uzd in Frenc; {ceil, deui\)=dl%y, ddihy, er 

oil), cloilj. 
hi ill cir de tin fermz ov de Frenq {ui), herd in Qui, \uit)—lm, Ml; at lest 

we sem tin her dis distincfun, but it iz not notist bj Frenq ertoepists. 

Homojemus Loer Diftopz. 

ou yl a ferm hwiq sum ertoepists asp tui de IngliJ" #, we suspect, qefli 

becez it woz frecvventli rit'n {ou, ow) in heterotipi. <Je diftoi), hwen 

uterd, (Ave hav never herd it uzd in conversajun,) haz a most disagreabli 

hcuj and bred s^nd. 
ou iz a ferm ov de diftoi) y, herd in pqrts ov Holand, Jermani, Denmcirc, 

Sweden, and Walz : its efect iz sumtiij ljc a ticli spoc'n a, az distingwift 

from a bred ssnd ov dis diftoi). 
ou iz herd not unfrecwentli in IrjgliJ, hwen a Qnal o, er o befor a licwid, 

iz dwelt upon, az nou, sou, fou. efts defect iz similer tui de us ov ai 

fer a. 

Heterojenius Loer Diftopz. 

au qu qr de bred foren ssndz hwiq U3Uali tac de plas ov sr fjn n ; de 

Jermanz qr fond ov au ; in Italyan and Frenq, and sumtjmz in Dug, 

we met wid qu. 
ao iz a stil breder ssnd, aqzin, hsever, from brednin de secund and not 

de ferst element. We hav never herd it uzd. 
au. iz de trui IngliJ a in {now, house) =m, has, and it barz ab^t de sam 

rezemblans tui au, az ai duz tui ai ; — se ai. 
eu iz a veri dificult diftoi) tui pron^ns, wid^t letin it fel intui tui silab'lz. 

cEe Italy anz, hsever, mac us ov dis difton, hwiq de modern Grecs hav 

converted intui ev, ev er ef. 
au iz anuder ferm ov eu. 
iu, i'u, eu ; dis proper difton must be distingwijt from de im-prdper difton, 

iu, iu : de later iz veri comun in IngliJ ; de fermer, we belev, iz not 

herd from eni earful IngliJ specerz. It wmd sem not tui be uncdmun 



§ 13, nr. 3. MicTl and. Improper Diftor/z. 35 

in America, hwar {few) iz sed tui be prommst rnor \\c feu ex fern, 
dan fm=fi. Bot m and in, compozd az da ax, ov dz elements hwic, 
fenn de ecstremz ov dz uper and loer vsel seiiez, qr anomalus ferma- 
Junz, and prodqs veri imperfect diftdijgal efects. 

Mid' I Heterojenius Diftoyz. 

ah, dz onli diftoij ov dis ssrisz, haz rqder a teoretical dan a practical 
egzistens ; it semz tui liav bsn cond h\ snm Jerman gramarianz, tm 
ac^nt for ds ecstrerdineri ertografi (eu) fer ds ssnd oi, ui, er 61, hwiq 
da liav set tm ecsplan b\ asiimirj dz (e) tm bs dz sam az in (ei), dat iz, 
tm=«, and (?<) tm bs a nier contracjun in rjtin, fer (u)=h. We hav 
not ben ab'l tm detect dis diftoij ckrli in spsq. 

3. Improper Diftoyz. 

We ns supoz dat de ferst ov de tin comb|nd vselz, iz furder from e, in 
its on pqrticqler ssrisz, dan dz secund. Practical], dz ferst vsel iz elwaz 
wnn ov dz eestran v^elz, i er u, and dz secnnd iz eni nder hwotever, 
loij, brsf, stopt, oral, er nazal ; onli it iz, ov cors, neseseri dat de secund 
msel Jud bs diferent from dz ferst, er it can not diftdnjjz wid it. Proper 
diftoijz qr stab'l, dat iz, da hav not mug tendensi tm merj intra enitig els ; 
but im-proper diftoijz beirj un-stab'l, hav a grat tendensi tui merj intra 
silab'lz, ov hwic; ds ferst element iz a continuant. cIe configurajunz 
recwjrd fer i, u qr so veri similer tm doz asqmd fer y, w, dat, in meni 
najunz, ds improper diftoijz qr seldum herd inijali ; if sum uder consonant 
prEssd, den it b£cumz mor szi tm ssnd d£ vsel dan tm combjn ds tui 
consonants. It must be born in nijnd, dat dz silab'lz yq, wq, fer egzcunp'l, 
qr diferent from iq, ua, er from yta, wua, wid hwic; da qr ljab'1 tm bs 
confended. We hav herd ds Jerman afermativ (ja) pron^nst yq, yiq, 
tiyiq, tiyq, acerdin tm ds mmd ov de spEcer, but never Iq. 3s Frenq wurd 
(oie) iz properli uq, yet Jermanz qr apt tm eel it vuq, and Iijglijmen, wq er 
we. cEsz improper diftoijz qr veri comun in Italyan, but elwaz ociir qfter 
a consonant, ecsept in ds wurdz (uomo, uovo), and a veri fq uderz bsgmin 
wid u ; in nun bEginiij wid i. cCe leterz, g, j never ocur in Italyan bsfor 
q, widbt d£ inserjun ov i; dus, giasciano-, jiq=(ciascuno, gia). Acerdin 
tm sum ertoepists, improper diftoijz comensin wid u, qr herd in (dwarf 
dwell), hwiq da wwd darfor x\t duerf duel; but we tiijc dis eronius, and 
rjt diverf dwel. If eni wun wil compar ds Frenq duq (doit) wid ds 
IijgliJ dwe?f we tiijc dat hs wil perssv ds diferens. It iz a comun erur, tin 
supoz dat sue; improper diftonz, comensin wid i and u, qr ds sam az 
silab'lz bsginirj wid y and w. cEus, in ds WelJ laijgwej, wun sjn iz qzd 



36 Improper and Ctvasi Diftoyz. § 13, nr. 3. 

fer bot u and w, but we hav rez'n tin dst de egzistens ov a jenuin w in 
Welf. <Ie Frenq, hui qr constantli uzirj improper w-diftonz, elwaz fjnd 
de gratest dificulti in prommsin w ; sr z#£ iz tm dem az grat a stum- 
blirj-bloc, az dar ^£ (om) iz tm us. It iz sertenli dificult, at tynz, tin 
distiijgwij" de wec'nd leter, ljc lj, nj, hwen presediij a vsel, from de cores- 
pondirj unwec 'nd leter, prsssdin an improper diftoij ; fer, az de wecnin ov 
a leter consists in flatnin, de tun and razirj it tin de palet, at de sam tjm 
dat de uder configurajunz qr asqrnd, de onli diferens consists in de simul- 
taneiti ov dis efurt fer wecnin leterz, and its sucsefun, in de cas ov a foloirj 
i; hens, bwen de sucsejun iz veri rapid, de distil) cfun iz elmost inapre- 
Jiab'l. Per dis rez'n, we supoz, it iz custumeri, in PoliJ, tui drop de marc 
ov wecnirj, over a consonant, and substitut an (i) befor a foloirj vsel. 
H similer plan iz adopted in Rujan, hwar eq ii3ual improper difton iz 
accomodated wid a distirjct sjn } and hwar dar iz elso a sjn fer wecnirj. 
3is Kufan sp ov wecnirj iz onli uzd hwen no v^el foloz ; and de improper 
diftorjgal sjnz qr emplgd in el uder casez. 

In de IrjgiiJ" fonetic alfabet, we empler wun improper diftorj sjn, %; but 
on arant ov de grat dificulti in distirjgwijirj dcuretli betwen de ssndz, 
(ha), {im); y(hu), ym ; (tm-), (im-); y(tm-), ym-, and determinirj wid sertenti 
hwic; ov dez 4 descripjrmz ov ssnd iz uzd in eni giv'n cas, we prdcticali 
al* el 8 casez tui be reprezented b| de sam sp, i[, indiferentli ; dus, 
$heauty, presz^me ; yew, youth ; accurate,) qr rit'n b%ti, prezym; %, yt; ac%- 
ret ; eldo dar strict pronunsiajunz ma, perhaps, be properli reprezented bj 
b(im)ti, pn-z(im)m, y(ha), ymt, ac(im-)ret, hwar we hav uzd de parentesis 
tin indicat dat im, im, ets., onli ferm wun silab'l, dat iz, reali diftonjiz. 
We hav uder improper diftorjz in Inglif, but nun ov so mug impertans. 

4. Cw&si Diftoyz. 

Eni wun ov de vselz ma be mad, h\ a veri ezi transifun, tui fel intui 
de indistinct murmur, h\ simpli letirj de vsel confignrajun drop intui de 
natural pozijun. In dis cas, we jal reprezent de secund element h\ de 
mqrc ov murmur ( ' ), in preferens tin uzirj de orijinal v^el caracter e, on 
acsnt ov de Jertnes and indistirjctnes ov de ton. We eel de rezults cwasi 
diftoyz. Ssl qr qefli herd in provinjal spec], az " bo't saidz utie rod, dmn 
tye'rd," fer bot 8%dz ov tie rod, dun tie yqrd. But da ma be herd befor de 
gutural jq, ev'n in pol|t Irjglif uterans ov de sst ov Ingland ; er, rqder, e 3 
ma be herd insted ov edq er er. Az ( ' ) iz ov de sam natur az a gutural 
vsel, it iz, ov cors, omited after de gutural vselz q, e, hw^l ( ' ), er e alon, 
iz of'n substituted fer " } uq, 'uq," er er, ur. 3ez qr el felts, ov pronun- 
siajun, and darfor qr disrsgqrded in fonetic printin. If a vsel foloz, de 



§14. Triftoyz — Hioisperd Fuelz. 37 

r instantli bscmnz trild. In consecwens ov dis natural IngliJ" efurt, an r 
iz veri of n inserted bj Lundunerz qfter a, q, e, hwen a vsel foloz ; dus, " ds 
lor ov &z land, Jemimar An, Savor Ivinz." 3is haz giv'n rjz tin &£ ^dea, 
dat d£ Lundunerz proirsnst le, Sara, az fo;-, Sarer, hwic, iz not de cas. 
3ar iz a diferens bstwsn pron^nsin lord az led, and pronsnsin led az fore?. 
cEe former iz de erur ov de cocni, and not de later ; he never puts in an r 
miles a vsel foloz ; in fact, it iz tin. dificult for him tui pron^ns, in eni 
ader casez. 

5. Triftoyz. 

If % or u be preficst tm a proper diftorj, ds rezult iz a proper trifton ; 
dus, mtat, vmoi (miei, vuoi) in Italy an, qr proper triftonz, ec; formirj wun 
silab'l onli. In dez casez, ds mid'l vsel formz an im-proper difton wid 
de pre-S£din, and a proper difton. wid d£ suc-s£dii). If, hsever, w£ tac a 
grmp ov tr£ vselz, sue, dat d£ mid'l vsel formz a proper difton, wid d£ 
ferst, and an im-proper diftog wid d£ terd, ds efect ov a sirjg'l silab'l can 
b£ no longer prodiist; dus, roial, loial= (royal, loyal), (in IngliJ" fonotipi, 
real, foal,) ecj consist ov tm distinct silab'lz. Hens, da dm not reali form 
triftorjz, eldo da ma, for conveniens, b£ termed fels triftonz. We ma in 
ds sam maner ad a fort vsel on tm a proper triftoij, hwic; Jal form an 
im-proper difton wid its lqst element, az in rutiiom (royaume) but de efect 
iz ©lso dat ov tm silab'lz. 

§ 14. 
HWISPERD V^TELZ. 

Az we hav olredi ecspland, trm liwisper consists in ds Emifun ov edib'l 
bret, widst ds vjbrajun ov d£ vocal ligaments. clar iz a diferens bet wen 
specin in an " under-ton," and in a " liwisper." In d£ ferst cas, d£ vocal 
ligaments qr in fud acjun ; but lit'l fors ban uzd in d£ emijun ov ssnd, d£ 
ton iz pyqno, but d£ ssnd uterd iz du tm vocal bret. In liwisper, dar iz 
no vocal bret at ol ; and yet we qr ab'l tm distingwif vselz. 3e Tsel 
configqrajunz, wer dsf^nd tm b£ sue, az wer favurab'l tm d£ discriminajun 
ov vers, rqder dan dat ov hwisper, (§ 4.) ; but, in d£ ecstrem vselz ov ds 
uper and loer seriez, e, m, ds pqrts ov ds mst aproq so nsr tm wun anuder 
dat da becum favurab'l tm d£ discriminajun ov hwisper, and d£ flat, dul, 
hwisper ssnd, corespdndin tm d£ configqrajun for e, iz veri mqrcedli 
diferent from Eder ov ds uderz. Tre distinct hwisperz ma dus be prodiist 
in d£ configqrajunz corespdndin tm ds distinctly and orijinal vselz e, e, ui; 
and £v'n d£ intermEdyet vsel configqrajunz wil giv r^z tm hwisperz, hwic, 



38 Hwisperd Vmlz—Soft Breiiy. §14. 

ma be to'lerabli wel distil) gwijt b\ atentiv lisnerz. clez hwisperz, hwig tac 
de plas ov vselz, hwen we spec in a hwisper, ma be celd, h\ a sumliwot 
bold perverfun ov wurdz, liwispevd welz. cFar real number ma be considerd 
in el respects de sam ctz de trui spoc'n vselz ; and we ma ev'n consider 
de cas ov micst vselz, hwic, begin wid a hwisper and end in de vos, herd 
trm de sam configurajun, (§ 15, nr. 2.) 

In eonecfun wid dis subject, it ma be incwjrd, hx hwisperd and spoc'n 
leterz qr distingwijt from wun amider, in hwisperim Az it haz ben Jon, 
dat de distiijcfun in cwestyun, dependz, in erdineri casez, entjrli on de 
sucsejun ov vers and hwisper, it foloz dat sue, distincfunz qr teoreticali 
imposib'l. 3a or, darfor, replast h\ uderz, hwicj serv, in sum sort, tax 
indicat dar egzistens. clar iz a distil) cfun in de modz ov emitin bret, 
hwicj ma be celd bloiij, and bredirj ; de blon bret iz suden and cold, de 
bredd bret iz slo and worm. It wiad sem dat a hwisperd ss iz distiijgwijt 
from a hwisperd zs, in a maner qnserhj tui dis diferens ; hwy, fer de sac 
ov grater securiti, de his ov de s iz mad veri prominent, and de hwisper 
ov zs iz scarsli perseptib'l. B£ dis menz, a sufijent distincfun iz mad 
betwen de tui casez, tui remuiv el ambigiiiti, hwen de lisner iz veri ner tui 
de specer ; and de natur ov hwisper precluidz it from bein herd, ecsept in 
sum rar casez, tm a erat distans. 



38 BReaiTJZ. 

After a vsel configurajun has ben asiimd, and de larhjcs prepard fer de 
emijun ov a vsel ssnd, it ma be comenst in veri diferent modz, hwicj qr 
celd bredirj z, and hwiq qnser, mor er les dcqretli, tin de disthjejunz ov 
spoc'n and hwisperd continuants. 

1. Ss Soft Brsily. 

Hwen de ferst ssnd herd, iz dat ov de vocal bret, ijuiiij in a evqet, deliberet 
maner, de vsel iz sed tui be uterd wid a soft brsdbj, simboljzd, hwen demd 
neseseri, h\ x. cfis iz de U3Ual mod ov eminjiatin a vsel, hwen it comensez 
a silabl, in de Semitic larjgwejez, in rjtirj hwiq a sjn fer it iz invariabli 
uzd at de beginin ov silab'lz. From dis custum, perhaps, de Grecs borod 
dar us ov a mqrc, tiu distiijgwij dis cas from dat ov de aspiret, er de ruf 
bredirj, (nr. 3). Hwen a continuant, licwid, er ecsplodent, presedz de vsel, 
dis efect iz modifjd, and de trui, soft bredhj, behj no longer recognjzab'l, 
no sjn fer it iz necled. In de Sanscrit, and in de Uropean larjgwejez, it 
haz not ben considerd neseseri tin more de soft bredirj, az it iz asiimd, dat 



§15, nr. 3. Aspire i and Ruf Brediij. 39 

zq vsel hwiq beginz a silcib'l haz dis soft brediij, unles de contreri be 
ecsprest. We darfor onli emplo- a mq,rc fer bracin de silab'lz ; dus, 
al-cur-duu (ds Coran), iz cw:jt az intelijib'l az xalcurxdnu cud be, 
eldo ds Arabz considerd it neseseri tin nz a ferm corespdndiij, in sum 
respects, tiu dis uz ov x. But alcurdnu, in hwiq r iz cdsd tin bs medial, 
havin an inijal efect on a, az wel az a fpal efect on u, wud conva a veri 
felz idsa ov ds trui pronunsiajun ov dis wurd. Hwen it iz neseseri tui 
mac dis distincjun veri mqrct, ds mod ov comensment celd ds brae iz 
emplerd, (se nr. 7). 

2. Se Hwisperd Brediy, er Aspiret properli so cold. 

3.Z vsel, hwen enunfiated wid a soft bredirj, corespdndz prssjsli tin ds 
spoc'n continuant ; but hwen it iz prsseded b^ a hwisper, trm de sam 
ficst configurajun, de rEziilt corespdndz tin de micst continuant (§6, nr. 4.) 
In dis cas, we sa dat it iz aspirated ; and we ecspres ds l'EZiilt ov dspiratin 
e, fer egzqmp'l, b^ rjtig fie. Hweder ds pur aspiret iz ever herd, we can not 
pretend tiu sa ; it iz sertenli most U3uali, if not elwaz, converted intra 
ds si, (nr. 4). cTe term aspiret iz, hsever, comunli uzd fer ds ruf brEdirj 
(nr. 3), from hvviq it iz properli cw^t disiniilar. 5e aspirated vsel iz smited 
wid a soft, Ezi, brsdiij; and ds simbul xtie wud be perfectli intelijib'l : but 
we prefer rjtin e, fie, insted ov xe, xfie. Az de efects ov an aspirated Tsel, 
and ov a micst cod sonant, qr perfectli analogus, we et tui reprezent de 
efect ov an aspirated Tsel, b\ prsficsiij ds sjn fer a hwisperd vsel tui dat 
ov a spoc'n Tsel. 3Ce hwisperd v^el e wud b£ properli reprszented bj Tie, 
on ds sam prinsip'l az %l reprszents ds hwisperd I, and darfor flee wiad be de 
proper reprszentativ ov de aspirated e. Az, hsever, dar iz seldum 00031111 
tiu hav a pcirticuler men'c fer de hwisperd v^rel, (de fact ov hwisperin bein 
indicated in wurdz at lent, az it afects el de leterz in a wurd, and not de 
vselz merli,) we abrsviat d£ aspirated e intra fie, and hwen neseseri rep- 
rEzent d£ hwisperd vsel h\ preficsin fi ; dus, fie. 

3. Se Ruf B redly. 

3Lis iz confiizd, b\ most ertoepists, wid de aspiret, er wid de s[ (in. 4.) Its 
rsal natur consists in a ruf, suden, jercir) Emijuu ov brefc, vocal er un- vocal, 
and we reprszent it b\ prEiicsin fi tui dt \isel s^n, dus, he. It iz cler, dat 
ds conibinajun bfie iz imposib'l, fer b canot b£ spoc'n if no v^el foloz it, 
becez it iz onli ds subsecwent v^el, or vocal bret, hwic, cezez b tra b£ 
spoc'n. Ntf, we no dat sue, a combinajun az bfie is veri coinun in de 
Sanscrit laijgwej. hwar bfi, dfi, gfi, ferm leterz ov de ctlfabet, az wel az 
ph, tli, cfi, and car iz elwaz tae'n. b\ Sanscrit gramarianz, and rjterz on 



40 Si — Pulmonic Brediy — Pulmonic Si. § 15, nr. 3. 

Sanscrit pronunsiajun, tin gqrd de reder agenst tacii) dez simbulz tui be 
enitii) but b + h, d+h, g + h, jp+fc, t + 7i, c + li. But, widst travelirj so 
fqr, we liav onli tui obzerv de feij brag, hwig consists, in a grat me3ur, 
in a forsib'l emijun ov de vselz, dat iz, in de introducjun ov de ruf bredin 
qfter el consonants, az brhudker for brutier. Ns, az it iz imposib'l tin 
pronsns br%u& wid de hwisper %, (for de natural reziilt wud be pfirfitid,) 
dis simp'l egzqmp'l Jiad hav ben enuf tui led de fonetijan tui a corect vu 
ov de ruf bredirj. 

4. Se Ruf Hwisper 'd Breiirj er Si. 

clis iz a comun form ov de ruf bredii), and it consists in emitirj a micst 
vsel (er vsel preseded b\ de hwisperd bredii)) wid a suden jerc er wid 
v^olens, a reziilt dat ma be reprezented h\ litie. It iz from de prevalens 
ov dis ferm ov de ruf bredii), we prszum, dat de confn3un betwen d£ ruf 
brediij and de aspiret orijinali tiac plas — a confi^un hwic, haz ben prob- 
abli mug egmented h\ de Irenes ov de wurdz aspiret (bredd), and asperet 
(ruf'nd). 61do it iz ov teoretical impertans tui distirjgwif de tre casez, 
he, he, litis, it iz prdcticali unneseseri, and in comun fonetic IijgliJ spelirj, 
el tre casez qr reprezented b\ he, in de sam wa az we uz hwi fer %wi, its 
proper reprezentativ (§ 29, nr. 7). It iz dis ferm liti, hsever, hwic, woz 
most probabli prevalent in de Arjglo-Sacsun and old Jerman larjgwejez, 
hwar we f jnd h interqanjd wid k, de hwisperd farirjgal continuant. Inded, 
it iz hqrdli consevab'l, dat h, hwen not befor a vsel, J\ad hav ben proninst 
in eni uder wa dan az a stron hwisper trm de pozijun fer e, hwig iz az ner 
tui q, az y iz tui e. It iz darfor U3Ual tui consider y, h, w, az de tre 
consonants derjvd from de vselz e, e, (er q), m ; but dis iz onli trm tui 
de ecstent, dat tiy, k, tiw, qr de tre hwisperd continuants hmz configqrajunz 
most nerli aproq (not, qr dcqretli de sam az) doz ov de tre vselz, e, e, m. 

5. Se Strov) Ruf or Pulmonic Breotiy. 

clis diferz from de comun ruf bredii) cjeili in intensiti. In de comun, 
and ev 'n in de jerct enunfiajun ov vselz, dar iz no veri perseptib'l egzerfun 
ov de lurjz ; but in de pulmonic bredii), dar iz a violent efurt, hwic; semz 
tm Jac de qest : we reprezent dis h\ rjtii) Tie. cle ssnd iz veri comun in 
'Arabic. 

6. Se Stroy Ruf Hwisperd Breiiy or Pulmonic S{. 

clis bredii) barz de sam relajun tui de comun si, az li duz tui h ; de menirj 
ov Title wil darfor be obvius. It iz probabli az comun in conversajunal 
'Arabic, az htie iz in Ir)gliJ". 



§ 15, nr. 9. . Brae — Hiatus — Comprefun. " 41 

7. Se Brae. 

In de soft bredirj, de vsel enmz elmost imperseptibli on de er, ljc de 
mernin ljt, hwar it iz dificult tui deter min de bsnderiz ov n|t and da. 
But if de vsel comens, az it wer, wid a clen ej, az hwen de Juterz ov a 
dqrc'nd rram or op'nd at inidda, de efect iz veri diferent, and ma be celd 
de 5rac; we reprezent it h[ preficsirj a colun, dus, :s ; it iz de 'Arabic 
hamza, in hwiq langwej its efect iz veri evident, espejali in de casez ov 
wun vsel foloiij anuder, az sq.-ala. cle wurd xalcurxdnu, sjted in nr. 1, 
iz properli spelt in 'Arabic :xalcur:xdnu, in liwkj .-x Jbz dat de vsel iz tui 
be begun wid a brae, but in a cw^et maner. Qldo :7is, (begun wid a brae, 
but in a jercirj maner,) :hfie, ets. qr el intelijib'l, it iz not U3ual tui qt de 
marc hamza in 'Arabic, ecsept in conecfun wid de soft bredirj, de jerc beirj, 
perhaps, cousiderd sufijent tra marc a divi3un ov itself. 3e brae iz un- 
U3iial in IijgliJ, but it iz not unfrecwent in Jerman : inded, hwen de rjter 
ferst went tui Jermani, de frecwent us ov de brae, hwiq givz a joti ssnd 
tui de laijgwej, woz wim ov de ferst tirjz dat atrdcted hiz atenfun, az 
niqrcirj de diferens ov de IngliJ and Jerman ton. 

8. Ss Hiatus. 

3is iz a spejiez ov egzdjerated brae ; dar iz not onli a clen ej, but an 
evident efurt tui produs wun : de wurd semz tra be ecspected befor it arjvz ; 
dar iz a preperajun and a pez befor de wurd cumz fort. clis iz veri con- 
spicuus on meni oca3unz in de sst ov Ingland, hwen de jerc iz omited. clus, 
if we reprezent de hiatus b£ preficsirj ( •• ) tra a v^el, az "<?, we ma her a 
Lunduner sa, "on "iz hhone, s neve so e ••ys lie dis sr "as, neve" (on hiz 
onur, he never se a hxs ljc dis her h^s, never), cle cocni, hwen he duz 
put in a ruf bredirj, puts plenti ov it, az in lihone ; and hwen he levz it 
st in an acsented silab'l, (he elwaz omits it in an un-acsented silab'l, but 
den de soft brediij servz hiz turn best,) he tacs car tra mac hiz omijunz 
conspicuus bj an elaboret hiatus. In 'Arabic, dis hiatus iz substituted 
fer de veri dificult consonant c in Siria, abst Alepo and Damascus. R 
nativ ov Alepo, ov hram we resevd sum lesunz in 'Arabic pronunsiajun, 
declard, dat it woz onli de Cristyanz hra uzd de c, but dat el trra beleverz 
sed :xal"ur:xdn, and not :xalcur:xdn. 

9. 3s Comprefun. 

3is iz, perhaps, not properli wun ov de brediijz, az de efect duz not 
depend upon de rapiditi, er jercirj, er sudennes ov de brefc. But it iz 



42 Comprefun — Final Bn&iijz. ■ \ 15, nr. 9. 

sertenli a mod ov Eniinjiatin vselz, and iz h\ de Arabz considerd az 
closli al|d tin de hamza, er brae. It consists in a serten acjun ov ds 
windpjp and de pqrts contanin ds lariijcs, hwiq prodqsez in d£ spscerz on 
trot &e fdiij ov a comprefun ov de ports, and rezults in a bktirj smijun ov 
ds vsel ssndz ; we reprezent it b^ an inverted c, dus o. 3e Jsps blet m|t 
be veri wel reprezented bj ododo er ododo. <L& 'Arabic nam for dis leter iz 
oqin. From its gutural natur, it iz neseserili closli related tin dq ; and in 
d£ Hxbrui langwej, it wud ssm dat bot ssndz wer reprezented h\ de sam sjn, 
hwic; iz suintjmz entjrli omited in de Grsc transcripjun ov ds Septuajint, 
and smntjmz rsplast b\ (jama, hwic, ds modern Grscs ms promms az jq ; 
hwjl in 'Arabic, ds leter rqqin iz onli distingwift from oqin, b\ a diacritical 
pernt. cTe 'Arabic marc for hamza iz d£ sam az dat for oqin, wid its tal 
cut fort. 

10. Final Breckiyz. 

In de prsssdir) paragrafs, we hav considerd ds brsdiij onli az a mod ov 
comenshj d£ vselz, but meni ov dem qr posib'l az terminajunz tin a vsel 
s^nd. cEus, 

xex wud reprszent ds vsel e, begun and ended cwjetli. 

Tiefi, d£ vsel e, prESEded and folod b\ a hwisper herd trra ds sam 

configurajun. 
xslih, d£ vsel e, folod bj a jerct hwisper or sj, from ds sam configurajun. 
£:, a v^el cknli broc'n of. 
s", a vsel sudenli broc'n of, in sue, a maner az tm kd d£ lisner tni 

ecspect dat ds spscer intended tui continu it. It iz in dis maner 

onli, dat ds stopt vselz can b£ pron^nst, hwen no consonant foloz ; 

dus, i" , az distinct from i- 

Most ov d£z sjnz, hsever, qr reader ov teoretical dan practical impertans; 
hens, in practical fonetic spelirj, de soft bredin iz never mqret ; ti, h, h% qr 
sunc intra h ; h, lifi, intra h, and ev'n veri frecwentli intra h. cle brae, 
hiatus, and comprefun, qr oltrageder omited bj, Inglifinen, and seldum 
mqret in 'Ai'abic wurdz hwen Anglis^zd ; dus we rjt Arab for oarab, (hwicj 
iz qzd, in d£ laijgwej ov de psp'l, for dat porfun ov ds Arabz hwic, inhabits 
sitiz, doz dat liv in tents and in d£ dezert bsiij stjld badwe, sr bedwinz.) 
But it iz neseseri in a trstis on fonetics tin consider el ds non modz ov 
comensin er endin vselz, distinct from d£ inijed and fjnal efects ov non- 
Tsel configurajunz ; and d£ grat confu3un cmd indistinctnes hwic, prevalz 
in most ecsplanajunz ov d£ leter h, (az if it alon wer capab'l ov figurin 
el d'£ bredirjz wid an aprog tra deqresi, er az if dar wer onli wun brsdin,) 
renderz ds prezeni analisis el de mar important. 



§16, ur. 1. Labial Continents. 43 



§ 16. 

CONTINUANTS. 

Hwen d£ apertur triu hwiq d£ un-vocal bret haz tui pqs, iz muc; diminijt, 
ds bret bEciimz a veri distinct hwisper, hwiq ma be continud fer eni lent 
ov t^m ; hens we eel ds rezultin ssnd, a Contmyant. 3e onli msnz we 
hciv ov diminifin &£ apertur qr, tin briij ds lips veri nsrli in contact, er tui 
raz d£ tni) ii£r tui ds palet. Hens, d£ sehez ov continuants must corespond 
wid a ssriez ov configurajunz bEginiij wid aprocsimajunz ov d£ pqrts ov ds 
m^t ner d£ lips, and prossdin aldn d£ palet tin d£ farincs, er fleji bag at 
d£ bac ov d£ inst ; so dat da wil not folo d£ order ov d£ vsel seal. We 
Jal divjd dem intra fjv gruips — labial, dental, palatal, post-palatal, and 
fariijgal. Sq continuant iz capab'l ov egzistin in bot a hwisperd and 
spoc'n ferm ; but it b\ no msnz foloz dat bot fermz qr fond in d£ sam 
leujgwej. On d£ contreri, it of'n hap'nz dat d£ spoc'n ferm iz veri 
familyer, hwjl d£ hwisperd ferm iz scarsli non, and iz darfor fend dificult 
tui pron^ns. Fer dis rez'n, we prsferd givin a jeneral acsnt ov ds rdajunz 
ov d£ spoc'n and hwisperd fermz, befor enterin upon ds d£talz ov c1e 
continuants, licwidz, and ecsplodents. We qr ns enab'ld tui consider 
bot hwisperd and spoc'n fermz simultaniusli, and adiis suq egzqmp'lz az 
we ma juj most familyer tui vr rsderz. 3e raurmurd and micst continuants 
n£d scarsli ever bs considerd. 

1. Labial Continiiants. 

W. Let d£ stev ejez ov de lips bs bret tuigeder, d£ lips bdg rsnded, 
and a smel oval apertur left in ds mid'l ; den let ds foloin vsel bs comenst 
in dis pozifun ov d£ lips, and d£ rszult iz d£ spoc'n w, az herd in IrjgliJ 
(we, way, q>mhn, wax, too, tcoo,}=to€, tea,, cioqm, wer, wo, icvi. cEis spoc'n 
continuant, w, iz, az far az we no, strictli pECulier tui d£ IngiiJ, amui) 
Uropsan laijgwejez, (oldo fond in 'Arabic :) in Irene; and Italyan, it iz 
replast h\ d£ brsf u, hwiq fermz a proper er irn-proper diftoij wid ds foloin 
vsel. Sum rjterz on fonetics, espejali doz hiu qr not Irjglif, hav imdjind, 
dat Ev'n in dE IrjgliJ langwej, dar iz no proper continuant w, but dat 
hwot iz jenerali so considerd bj IngiiJ ertoepists, iz, in fact, onli d£ brsf 
u-, az in uder langwejez. cLe siijg'l wurdz, tcui, wud (=tvoo, wood) nijt 
hav servd tui upset dis aserjun. cTar iz a modif jin inijal efect ov w on 
m and u, in dEz wurdz, hwiq cud not bs prodiist if bref u- wer substituted 
fer to. IndEd, urn, uud wiacl bE indistingwijabi from m, wd, on ds won 
hand, or u-tcc, u-ud, on i\z uder; and u-m, u-ud qr wurdz ov tui silabiz, 



44 Labial Coutiniiants . § 16, nr. 1. 

and darfor perfectli distinct from de monosilabic fermz, wui, wud. But 
uder considerajunz wil elso Jo de trra continuant natur ov w. In de ferst 
plas, it ma be hwisperd, de rezult bein reprezented h\ hw, a ssnd veri 
comun in IngliJ, az in (wheel, whale, zvhieh, when)=htDsl, hwal, hwig, hwen, 
(in hwiq wurdz it iz de custum, in practical f emetic speliij, tiu nz hw for 
hw, becez h iz on el ocagunz practicali replast h\ h, in r:jtirj ;) and dis 
ssnd, hw, iz cw^t distil) ct from hu, hu, or hhu, az ma be aprejiated b^ 
doz lira qr ab'l tra pron^ns hwi, hui, hui, hhui. Agen, w ma be murmnrd ; 
and de s^nd \o, dat iz, de vocal bret uterd trra de configirrajun w, iz a 
totali distinct ssnd from, m, hwards, if dar wer eni trrat in ds supozijun 
dat w woz onli bref u-, de ssnd et tra bs de sam. 3e reder wil persev dat 
de tun liaz tra be loerd and retracted, in pqsin from 'w tra m. 3e ssnd 
'w iz, hsever, dificult tra prodqs ; and eni wun hui macs de trjal must be 
wel acustumd tra fonetic ecsperiments, er he wil most probabli fal. In 
de terd plas, de leter w ma dbsolutli stop a vsel, widst diftonj^zin wid it, 
hwiq cud not be de cas if w wer a vsel ; de ssndz aw, iw, ow, qr perfectli 
prommsab'l wid a distinct stopt v^el : and de rjter haz had amp'l opur- 
tuniti ov heriij de wurd vewq (for veri) constantli pron^nst, wid a trra 
stopt e befor a trra IrjgliJ w. 

'V. If de lips be bret intra de pozijun fer w, and de contact at de ej 
be slac'nd, hwjl de iner surfesez qr bret closer trageder and flat'nd, de 
efect on de foloin vsel wil be considerabli modify!, and wil aproq dat ov 
b er v so nerli, dat it wil be at tjmz indistingwifab'l from wun ov dez 
leterz, tra an unaciistumcl er. <Iis rezult, in its spoc'n ferm, iz de Jermanz 
(wie, weh, wo, tv\md)=ve, va, vo, -lund. We prezqm dis tra hav ben de 
continuant hwig woz fermerli uzd in IngliJ, and we suspect dat w woz a 
cros betwen de Sacsun v and de Frenq u ; it haz, h^ever, ns becum a veri 
distinct leter, and iz not tra be contended wid eder ov dez. 3e leter hv, 
er hwisperd v, iz consevab'l, but iz not uzd, ecsept, perhaps, bj sum 
American Indianz. 

^. If de mist be aranjd in a pozijun hwig barz ab^t de sam relajun 
tra de pozijun proper tra it, dat de pozijun fer w duz tra dat fer m, it iz 
posib'l tra produs a terd continuant ov dis spejiez, hwig we ma reprezent 
\>\ oi, hwen spoc'n, and hoi, hwen hwisperd. It iz a ssnd of 'n uterd b\ 
Iijglifmen, in prommsin Freng, az oul fer ml (huile), fer hwig hiiil ma be 
oca3unali herd, ev'n in Erqns. cEis IngliJ erur iz presjsli similer tra de 
us ov we fer de Freng us (oui). cTe tre leterz, w, v, oi or related, az bein 
contacts ov de ster ejez, mid'l, and iner ejez ov de lips, nzin dez ecsprejunz 
wid a lit'l latitud. But in el ov dez tre leterz, de smel apertur fer de bret 
tra cum trra, iz fermd b£ de lips onli, widtft de ad ov de tet. 



§ 16, nr. 2. Dental Continuants. 45 

F, V. If de under lip be bret agenst de uper ro ov tet, it wil not 
ferm a complst cjec tui ds bret, az dis wil bs ab'l tun escap bstwen ds lip 
and de tet ; but in duihj so, it iz neseserili forst up agenst de uper lip. 
Hwen ds bret iz unvocal, ds efect iz ds wel non hwisperd Iijglif / in 
{/eel, veef)=fel, ref; and hwen ds bret iz vocal, dz efect iz ds spoc'n 
Inglif v, in {#eal, leave)=vel, lev. In ds Jerman langwej, / iz veri comun, 
but v iz unnon, bein replast bj v. We belev dat el tie fermz, f, v, v, qr 
fond in Dug, ds Inglif treo bein /, v, w. cEoz hui qr "under-hun," er 
huiz under-jez project, and qr dus capab'l ov apljii) ds uper lip tui de 
under ro ov tet, in a similer maner tui dat in hwig de under lip iz bret 
agenst ds uper tet, fer de comun /, wil be ab'l toi prodqs anuder /, de 
efect ov hwiq mjt be veri diferent, but it wnd be dificult fer uderz tui 
imitat. F, V qr not properli labial continuants, az da ferm ds transifun 
tui ds necst serisz, and qr, in fact, on ds bsnderi ljn bstwen ds labial and 
dental, er betwen ds pur labial and ds lingwal continuants. 

2. Dental Continuants . 

1, 5. R ssrisz ov hisez ma bs fermd bj inserthj ds tuij bstwen ds tst, 
er plasin it agenst ds bac ov ds frunt ro ov tst, at diferent hjts, er wid 
ds uper er under sj,d ov ds tun agenst ds tst. Nun ov dsz hisez wil difer 
veri considerabli from ds rest. cLus, do Dr. Rap considerz ds Spanif z 
tui bs fermd b\ plasin ds tun bstwsn ds tst, and ds Inglif t bj plasin ds 
tun agenst ds tst, ws qr ab'l tui perssv so lit'l diferens- bstwen dsz tui 
hisez, dat ws hav fond it ds best ruil fer instructin a Jerman in ds pro- 
nunsiajun ov ds Inglif tin, tui sa, "Plas ur tun bstwsn qr tst, and tq tui 
sa sin." In Inglif, it iz fsnd most convenient tui plas ds pont ov ds tun 
agenst ds bac ov ds uper ro ov tst, bstwsn ds gumz and ds pernt ov ds 
tst, hw^l a pqrt ov ds under surfes ov ds tun rests on ds bac ov ds loer 
ro ov tst, and ds lips qr sljtli op'nd. If ds bret be unvocal, ds reziilt iz 
de hwisperd continuant t ; if vocal, it iz de spoc'n continuant $. clez 
ssndz qr frecwentli supozd tui be pecqlierli Inglif, but da qr* fqr from 
bein so. 3e leter f, az herd in Irjglif {^in, do^, At/iens)=tin, dut, Atenz, 
iz ds Spanif z t and de SpaniJ c befor (e, i) ; it iz de modern Grec teta, and 
de felandic tern. 3e leter iz elso fsnd in de Semitic alfabets, bot Hebrm 
and 'Arabic ; but ds Perfanz and Turcs, and meni Arabz, can not pro- 
nsns it. 3s leter ssmz tui hav egzisted in Gotic, do el uder Jerman 
dialects but ds Inglif, hav lost it. In Anglo-Sacsun, ds fermz p fer t, and 
$ fer d, egzisted. In Wel J, t iz ecsprest b\ (th), and £ \>\ (dd). 3e leter 
tf, in de IijgliJ (then, brea^e, breaking) =cten, breM, brediy, iz not elwaz 
pronrast pqrli. It iz elwaz micst hwen fyicd, $t bein substituted fer $. 



46 Palatal, Post Palatal, and Fariygal Continuants. § 16, nr. 2. 

From dis sercumstans, perhaps, its egzistens in Spanif iz not so jenerali 
recognjzd, for ds Spanyerdz never mics dar f jnal $, but pron^ns it pur ; 
and hens, we q,r sumtjmz told dat ds ijnal SpaniJ (d) iz not pron^nst at 
©1. (Ss § 6, nr. 4, p. 11.) In Danif, ds filial and medial {d) iz jenerali 
promrast az $; ds corespondirj leter S egzists in felandic, az wel az in 
Anglo-Sacsun. (Is modern Grscs pronsns dar fort leter, hwic; we eel 
delta, and da eel cke'ltq-, in dis maner. Distinct fermz fer ot or fsnd in 
ds Hsbrra and 'Arabic alf abets. Yet meni Arabz sa z fer ck, and el 
Peijanz and Turcs comit dis mistac ; ner iz sder t er & fond in ds Indian 
dialects. 

3. Palatal Conlimiants. 

In ds last grrap, ds tip ov ds tun woz ficst, but in el ds foloirj it wil be frB. 

S, Z. Let ds tur) be rsnded, ds tip bret nsr ds tst, ds top ov ds arc, ov 
ds tun. bsirj veri nsr ds mid'l ov ds palet, and its s^dz prest fermli agenst 
ds s:jdz ov ds uper ro ov tst. On uterirj un vocal bret trra dis configurajun, 
ws obtan ds hwisperd s, and wid vocal bret, ds spoc'n z. 3is iz wun ov 
ds most fi'scwent hisez ; yet ds spoc'n z iz seldum cept pur, ecsept hwen 
msdial. In Jermani, ds inifal micst leter sz, az in szs, szo {sieh, so}, 
and in Irj gland, &e f jnal micst leter zs, in liizs, bszs, buzs {Ms, bees, buzz), 
iz mor comun, eldo ws prdcticali r^t z in bot casez. 

S], Zj. Plas ds tur) in ds s-pozijun, and den raz ds bac part tordz ds 
pozijun fer y er s. 3s rszult wil bs, dat dar iz a fslirj ov sum ssnd 
aprocnj tin a hwisperd tiy herd at ds sam tyn az s, and ov a vsel z- 
herd wid z ; but dis rszult wud bs veri inddecwetli reprszented bj r^tin 
shy er zi, hwiq ecspres sucsejun, and not simultansiti ov uterans. Az ds 
rslajun ov dis ssnd tui s iz veri intelijib'l, and az it corespondz tra a 
number ov similer rslajunz, ws giv it ds nam ov wsc'nd s, and reprezent 
it h\ s folod h\ j, hwic, ws eel ds sjn ov wscniy. <Ie msnirj ov sj, zj, or 
ns obvius. <Ie ssnd sj ocurz in Polif, hwar it iz reprszented h\ s'. 

4. Post-Palatal Continuants. 

In dsz ds bac part ov ds palet, er ds soft palet, cumz intra pla. 

X, X. Let ds turj bs plast in ds pozifun ov s, and den let ds bac part 
bs loerd, and bent dsn so az tin bs nsrli concav tra ds palet, insted ov 
convecs, az it woz fer s, hvql ds tun iz eltaigeder sumhwot dren bac. 
3s tun wil its ferm a curv ov contreri flecjur ( ^~\_, ), ds bac part bsirj 
concav, and ds frunt part convecs, tra ds palet. 5s rszult, hwen hwisperd, 
iz/, az mfs,fa,z, trqf, (she, chaise, tras/^), and hwen spoc'n, iz 5, az in 
3srqf, ple^ur, vijirn, (giraffe, pleasure, vision), a s^rnd ov veri frscwent 
ocurens in ds Prenc, laijgwej. 



§ 16, nr. 5. Fariygal Contin%anU. -1? 

5. Fariygal Contin%ants. 

clsz hav elso bsn celd guturalz ; in Eder cas, ds nam iz onli giv'n bscez 
ds pqrjal contact tacs plas, and ds " ginc" iz fermd veri mug at ds bac 
ov ds palet, nsr ds trot, er ner de farincs. clar qr tre continuants in dis 
gruip related tra eg uder az ds vselz e, a, q. 5e pozifunz ov dez con- 
tinuants ma be ol dsrjvd from doz corespdndiij tui dsz vselz. 

Y. 3e tun iz plast veri nerli in ds pozijun for e, but iz bret closer tui 
ds palet, in order dat de apertur ma be stil furder dimmijt, and de hwisper 
dus becum mor distinct. cle spoc'n form ov dis continuant iz de IngliJ 
y, in (yz, yea, yawn)=ye, ya, yen. <Ie hwisperd form, tiy, iz olso fond in 
IngliJ, but under a disg|z, dus, (Iiew, 7iuman)=7iywt, Tiyimman, or, az we 
rjt prdcticali, h% hyman. <Ie ssnd iz veri comun in de Freng kajgwej ov 
de prezent da ; but it iz jenerali considerd az an abiis, or an improper 
substitujun for 1) or tilj ; dus, (fiZ/e, ail, pam7, parbouiZflr) qr prdcticali 
pronynst /£%, (fifty, paraitiy, pqrbuihyer, but teoreticali filje, qilj,parailj, 
pqrbvuljer. 8der fifty or filje iz rjt, but fe, fel, felye, feye, qr ol roij. 
(Se § 32, nr. 2.) 

Az w woz considerd ds sain az u, so y iz of'n considerd de sam az i. 
cle Jermanz and IngliJ, hsever, hui uz y az a distinct continuant, fel dat 
dis iz not ds cas. <Is rsz'nz qr ; ferst, ds wurd ye, on hwig we ma qrgu 
az on win, in nr. 1. Necst, d£ hwisperd efect, ftye, hwig iz cwjt diferent 
from fts. Agen, 'y can bs cept distinct from s, eldo 'y iz sv'n mor dificult 
tui promms dan '«?. We tine, tui, dat we can stop a vsel wid y az wel 
az wid w. 

K, Q. If ds tun. iz plast veri nsrli in ds pozijun for <?, but iz bret 
sumhwot nerer ds palet, and iz rqder retracted, we Lav a continuant not 
fsnd in IngliJ : it iz, hwen hwisperd, ds k herd in ds Jerman ih,freh, oik, 
milk, durh y manic, (ich, keck, euch, mile ft, daxch, mane ft), and hwen spoc'n, 
it iz ds a herd in Jerman coni-qe, re-qeruy (koni^e, re^ierung.) In Jermani, 
hyever, it iz veri comun tm confuz q wid k. In Dug, q iz elwaz rsplast 

K, Q. 5e tun beirj stil mor retracted, and bret nsrli intra ds pozijun 
fer q, ws hav d£ hwisperd leter k, and ds spoc'n q, hwig, hwen dar iz a 
dificulti in adin ds dot, qr reprezented bj uzir) k, q in itahc, or k, q in 
roman, acerdin. az ds wurd in hwig da ocur iz printed in ronton er italic 
respectivli. We hsr k in Jerman (acft, huck, ai\cft)=qk, buik, auk. It iz 
ds ssnd asumd b^ ds Jerman cli, qfter gutural er labial vselz. cle ssnd 
q iz ds Dug g, and ds Kufan qlqqolj. It iz wun ov ds ssndz ov de terd 
leter ov d£ Iisbrra alfabet, qsmel. 



48 Strop Continuants — Lip and Sid-Tupd Licwidz. § 16, m\ 6. 

6. Strop Contin%ants. 

In de continuants jnst descrjbd, de brefc ma be ejected wid mor er les 
fors ; we belev dat dis iz de sol grsnd ov distil) cjun bet wen de 'Arabic 
?,? and sr s,0. We reprezent strog leterz bj under-dotirj, er printirj in a 
diferent tjp, italic er roman, az de cas ma be, (§ 34.) In Eujan, dar 
iz a mqrc ov strerjtnii), uzd veri frecwentli at de end ov wurdz ; but it iz 
rqder tra be considerd az a sp ov de absens ov de mqrc ov wecnin, az eg 
Eujan final consonant ma be wec'nd, er pronsnst in ddt pecqlier maner 
hwiq we hav reprezented h\ apendir) a j, in de cas ov s;, (nr. 3.) 

§ 17. 

ORAL LICWIDZ. 

cCar iz no s^nd wid^t vjbrajun er osilajun, and no vocal bret widst 
osilajun ov de vocal ligaments ; neverdeles, we ma distirjgwij" a clqs ov 
s?mdz in hwic, dar iz an evident tremulusnes er vjbrajun in de uper 
pqrt er opnii) ov de erganz ov speq, ov sum membren er flecsib'l porjun 
ov de mst, ets., hwiq ljz abiiv de koines. In dis cas, de rezult iz celd a 
Licwid. We div^d de licwidz intui grraps corespondin tui de pqrts put 
intui v^brajun. 

1. Labial er Lip Licwidz. 

Hwen de lips qr put intra eni wun ov de pozijunz ov de labial continu- 
ants, w, v, at, v, de rezults wil produs de spoc'n licwidz Mo t dv, u,cn, .w, 
and de hwisperd licwidz dfrw, Mv, jftai, df, hwar .i iz uzd az de sjn ov 
tremur. Nun ov dez qr recognjzd az elements ov spoc'n ssndz, in eni 
langwej, so fqr az we qr awar ; but de trild, murmur 'jv iz uzd b[ Jerman 
cocjmen tui stop dar hersez, qnserin tra de IngliJ wooo ! 

2. Lateri-Lipgwal er Sid-Tupd Licwidz. 

Per dez de tip ov de tui) iz ficst, and de sjdz, bein left fre, neseserili 
vjbrat sljtli az de bret iz forst pqst dem. 3e licwidz ov dis grrap difer 
acerdin tra de pont ov de palet agenst hwic, de tip ov de tui) iz plast. 

L. 5e dental licwid iz fermd bj plasin de tip ov de tun fermli agenst 
de bac ov de uper ro ov tet, er az h| up az de gumz. cCe rezult iz de 
PoliJ £ wid a bqr, hwic; we reprezent h\ I, hwen spoc'n, and hi hwen hwis- 
perd. Az de bac ov de tui) iz neseserili veri deprest fer dis leter, it iz not 
posib'l tra promms it befor de pur s ; but on atemtin tra sa Is, de rezult 
wil be eder li er Is. 



§ 17, m\ 3. Lateri-L'ujgical and Pirijcti-Liggwal Licwidz. 49 

L. cCe tip ov &e tun restiij agenst ddt pqrt ov d£ palet tui hwiq it iz 
nerest in pronsnsin d£ leter s, ds rszultiij spoc'n leter iz de wel non IngliJ 
I, az in (Zeave, e£/, doubling) = lev, el, ditbliy, hwiq veri redili and veri 
frecwentli b£ciimz vocal, az in {appfc, doub/e, litt/e, midd/e, cackfc, goggle, 
snaff/e, hustle)=ap i l i dub'l, lit' I, mid'l, cacl, gog'l, snafl, bits' I. <l£ leter 
iz, hffever, veri carlesli pron^nst h\ Inglijmen, and sumt^mz aproqez I, 
and at uder t^raz I] veri nsrli, acerdiij az de tun iz dsprest er razd, fer ds 
foloirj vsel. cEs hwisperd ferm %l, iz unnon in Inglif, do veri comun 
in WelJ, az in (Llangollen) =Mang6Men, a ssnd perfectli diferent from 
tlangotlen, wid hwiq IngliJ spEcerz U3uali confiiz it. In conversajunal 
Frenq, M qzurps d£ plas ov le, in suq wurdz az (ahle, possible), hwiq qr 
a veri tuq-ston fer IngliJ and Jermanz, hra, unab'l tui caq ds Frenq abtil, 
posibtil, er ds stil mor delicet abV, posibV ov ds earful specer, content 
demselvz wid dar vocal qUl, poseVl, a S3nd az £zi tui dem az it iz dificult 
tui a Frenqman. 

Lj. Let de tun b£ bret intra d£ trra pozijun fer I, and den let its bac 
pqrt b£ razd tordz d£ palet, nErli intra d£ f-pozifun, so dat d£ tun iz dis- 
pozd nsrli in &e proper maner fer pron^nsirj d£ vocal 'Z and &e vsel e 
simultaniusli, az fqr az suq a fet iz posib'l, (in d£ sam wa az d£ m*t woz 
dispozd fer pronsnsin m and e simultaniusli, hwen it prodiist it,) d£ rsziilt 
wil b£ sumtin pqrtacin bot ov d£ natur ov I and y, but wil at &z sam tjm 
b£ diferent from d£ s£cwens ly. W£ repr£zent it b[ lj, hwen spoc'n, and 
%lj hwen hwisperd. clis iz &e trra form ov d£ Frenq (11 mouille)=lj muiljsb 
er muiMja, hwiq, hsever, iz of'n mispron^nst er conversajunali pronsnst 
muihya,, (§ 16, nr. 5,Y.) <Iis ssnd iz elso veri comun in Italy cm, Spanif, 
and PoliJ, in el hwiq langwejez it iz elwaz cept pur, and never confiizd 
wid %y, az in Frenq. 

3. Pitycti-Liygwal er Tip-Tuijd Licioidz. 

clis grrap and d£ necst qr distingwijt from d£ prsssdiij, in havin &e sjdz 
ov d£ tun ficst, insted ov kvin dem in a condijun tra b£ vibrated. 3ar 
qr tr£ fermz ov d£z licwidz, d£ ferst ov hwiq corespondz wid d£ secund 
ov d£ lq,st grrap. 

R. 3.E tun asumz prgsjsli d£ sam pozijun az fer s, but &e tip iz ms 
trild. 3£ r£zult, hwen spoc'n, iz d£ comun inijal and m£dial IijgliJ r, 
in (row, merry, spirit) =ro, meri, spirit; but it iz diferent from d£ fjnal 
IngliJ r, er d£ mEdial r after Ion vselz, in (are, beer, Mary) ; d£ trra ssndz 
qr cLli, be.u, Md.u-ri, and bddrj tra d£ necst grrap (§29, nr. 9.) cTe hwis- 
perd ferm ov dis leter iz %r, comun in WelJ, hwar it iz repr£zented bj (rh), 
and in conversajunal Frenq, az (tendre)=fo??r/^r, fer toiidr , poeticali and 

5 



50 Puycti-Liygwal and Radisi-Liygwal Licioidz. § 17, nr. 3. 

muzicali, toiidre. cEe rslajun ov * and r, az hsr ecspland, iz ov veri grat 
etimolojical impertans. It wil bs fond, dat fir, ds trui hwisperd tip-tund 
r, iz scarsli tui be distiggwijt from s itself ; dar iz onli a lit'l rip'l ov de 
hwisper, hwiq metres de disthjcfun, cQs ssmz tui acsnt for hwot apsrz at 
ferst a veri remqjcab'l fmomenun, namli, dat s iz frscwentii qanjd intra 
r, in pqsiij from wun larjgwej tra aniider. — Ss dis subject veri copiusli 
flustrated and investigated, in Pots Rtemoloqife Forfuyen {Etymologische 
Forsclmngen), vol. 1,, pp. 130—138. 

Ej . 3is barz ds sam rda fun tra r, az sy tra s ; a descripjun sufijent f er 
de fonetijan. Egzqmp'lz ov rj, in actual us, can not be furnijt. 

xS, jX. 3s post-palatal df, d$, bar de sam rdajun tra /, 3, az fir, r dra 
tra s, z. We bslev dat dis iz ds trra acsnt ov dis singuler leter, hwiq iz 
repi'Ezented b^ ( rz ) in PoliJ, az (brzmi cfirzqszcz w trzcinie) = buyni 
kqonftff Uftssnie, (mmirj, "buz coc-qaferz in bul-rufez,") a proverbiali 
dificult sentens tra pronsns, £v'n for Polz. 3e tun iz bret intra ds pozifun 
fer /, and de tip iz trild durin. ds emifun ov unvocal bret, for df, and 
vocal bret, for d$. 3e efect on de er iz suintin, bstwsn /, 3 and fr, p\ 
Forenerz ma jenerali content demselvz wid /, 3. 

4. Radisi-Liygwal er Rmt-Tuyd Lictvidz. 

2ar ma bg txz trilz bsldrjir) tra dis grrap, and corespondiij respectivli tra 
y, k, k, az de uder trilz corespond tra s, f but we hav onli ben ab'l tra 
recogn^z tui, corespondirj tra k, k, and indsd dsz tui cu* frecwentli confuzd. 
If, hsever, we wer ab'l tra pron<rcis dsz radjsi-lingwal trilz wid grater ez, 
bsfor a vsel az wel az after wun, dis incomplEtnes mjt vanif. 

iK, jQ, .tK, jQ. cCe tug iz brot intra ds pozijunz k, k, and ds tip 
bsirj pernted dsnwerd and cept stedi, d£ nut iz al^d tra tremb'l. Most 
probabli d£ uvula tremb'lz elso ; and mug ov d£ efect ov dsz leterz hwen 
hqrjli pron^nst, ma bs du tra d£ acjun ov d£ uvula. cTe harj ssndz, 
htfever, hwiq qr veri comun in Frenq and Arabic, qr so foren tra dg IngliJ 
erganz ov spsq, dat, oldo we hav bestod muq atenjun upon dem, we hav 
not bsn ab'l tra produs dem tra sr on satisfacjun, and hav consecwentli 
b£n cwjt unab'l tra anal^z dem. We reprszent ds ssndz, hsever, bj prs- 
ficsii) .1, dus, dk dq, dk, dq .• d£ lqst par wil be herd bEfor or qfter labial 
and gutural vselz, and ds ferst par bEfor and qfter uder vselz. Az ds 
IngliJ fjnal r iz in fact wun ov d£z dq, dq, pron^nst veri jentli, we wil 
furder distingwij" it intra dd, dr, qzirj dd for d£ soft efect ov dq, and dr for 
d£ soft efect ov dq ; dd ma bs darfor cold palatal, and dr gutural, for d£ 
sac ov distir) cfun. 3e form dq wil ms b£ ds trra 'Arabic dqqin, hwiq iz 
repi'Ezented in ds Neske caracter bj plasin, a dot over ds sjn for oqm. It 



§ 17, nr. 4. Radiu-Liijgwal Licwidz. 51 

iz elso veri nsrli de ruf Frenq gutural r, wuns celd dz provohsal dr, but 
ms in ful us at Paris. cIe Arabz dml dis rEzemblans ; da her no r in 
^<jrm, becez da asojiat r wid ds tip ov ds tun onli. It iz U3ual tui reprezent 
ds 'Arabic leter in cwestyim h\ {gh), supozd tin reprszent q, but wictst 
eni tril. 3is, we prEziim, arjzez from ds grat dificulti hwic; Iijglifmen, and 
in fact, most Uropeanz, f£nd in uterirj ds trni dq. In a modern wurd, 
hsever, {razzia), hwic; de Frenc; liav introdust from Aijsria, and hwic; da 
pronsns d'qqziq, ds old mod ov reprszentirj ds uqqm b[ {gh), haz ydded 
tin de practis ov ds Irene, erganz ov spgq. 3e 'Arabic wurd fer {razzia) 
iz d'qqzq, " a destructiv werlje incur Jim fer de sac ov plunder." cIe us ov 
q, fer de 'Arabic .^, bj persunz hui qr unab'l tin ecsecut ds tril, iz similer 
tui d£ us ov/, 5, fer ds PoliJ .{/*, rj, recomended at d£ end ov nr. 3. 

3e soft ssnd .fr iz ds trui pronunsiajun ov de modem Grsc {gamma), 
hwic, iz celd dramq-. cIe tr£ leterz, £e&z, ^««a«, delta, az w£ usuali eel 
dem, qr mad in modern Grsc tui reprszent tr£ continuants, v, dr, d, 
insted ov dz tr£ ecsplodents b, g, d, tui hwic; w£ hav bm in de habit ov 
considerirj dem scwivalent. Bsfor palatal vselz, d£ modern GrEC gama 
iz pron^nst ljc y, and bEior gutural consonants az ij. 

In Inglif, bot ju and dr qr veri comnn. Egzqmp'lz ov dd qr furnijt in 
(ear, mare, b'e)=sdd, mddd, a'u.i, practicali rit'n er, mar, {r, acerdirj tui 
ruilz hErqfter ecspland (§ 29, nr. 9.) Egzqmp'lz ov .cr, qr (mar, cord, more, 
moor, our)=mq.(r, ce.crd, modr, mmdr, audr. <Iez leterz qr never uzd at 
ds b£ginin ov a silab'l ; hens, hwen m£dial, and pr£S£ded b^ wun ov doz 
Ion vselz and diftorjz hwiq r£cw|r de ruit-turjd r after dem at d£ cloz ov 
a silab'l, ds combinajunz dd-r, .(r-r aper, az in (fair, fairing, fear, fearing, 
bore, boring) =fddd, fddd-riy, fa id, fadd-riy, bo.ir, bodr-riy. <Iis iz a grat 
p£culiariti ov 3T larjgwej, and d£ combinajunz dd-r, dr-r qr veri diferent 
from d£ efect ov m£dial r. 

cLe most fr£cwent ferm under hwic; dz ruit-turjd dd, dr ociir in IrjgliJ, iz 
dat ov a vocal licwid. Supozirj dat we repixzent d£z vocal licwidz bj 
'dd, 'dr, hwen brsf, and h\ "dd, "dr, hwen Ion, (a mod ov simboljzajun 
hwiq ma b£ pursitd fer el uder vocalz, hwen neseseri,) we Jal fjiid dat ds 
Iijglif wurdz (sabre, ochre, better; refer, serve, twirl, serf, fir: — honor, 
labour; jewrney, occur, surf, fit?') qr properli proirsnst sab'dd, oc'dd, bet'dd ; 
ref'dd, s"ddv, tw"ddl, s"ddf,f"dd: — on'dr, hb\ir; f'drni, oc'dr, s"drf, 
f"dr, eldo it iz onli veri earful spscerz hui mac dis distiijcfun; and onli 
a veri smel minoriti ov doz hui dm mac it at el, csp up dz distirjefun in 
unacsented silab'lz, fer el unacsented silab'lz qr stranjli slurd over in sr 
larjgwej. In practis, we reprszent dsz indistinct murmurirj ssndz (ov 
hwic; "dd iz f^ner and mor palatal dan "dr, diferirj from it nsrli az e from 
u) b\ rjtirj er, nr, fer rsz'nz hErqfter asjnd, (§ 29, nr. 9.) 



52 Nazal Licwidz. §18. 

§ 18. 
Nazal Licwidz. 

In dez, de bret iz forst trra de noz, eldo pqrt ov it aparentli pqsez intui 
de nrst, hwiq iz aranjd in an ecsplodent ferm (§ 19), and eldo dis con- 
figurajun ov de mst oferz a perfect c;ec tm de furder progres ov de bret, 
de transit ov ds bret trui so muc; ov de oral caviti az it iz alsd tm enter, 
semz tm prodqs a sljt v^brajun in ds oral caviti az wel az de nazal. cCis 
tremur iz mor perseptib'l in ds spoc'n, dan in ds hwisperd, ferm ov dez 
licwidz ; but wun rez'n hwj, we ma not be ab'l tm detect de tremur so 
redili in ds later, iz, dat da qr perfectli feren tm de IijgiiJ idium. 3ar 
qr fjv qndz ov nazal licwidz, namd acerdirj tm de pent at hwic, de oral 
caviti iz clozd. 

M. In de labial licwidz, de inst iz clozd, az for b. <Ie spoc'n ferm 
ov dis licwid iz veri comun in de IrjgliJ wurdz (me, may, deem, aim, schemer) 
=ms, ma, dtm, am, scemer, and de vocal 'm iz f<md in (rhythm, spasm), 
and ineni sucj wurdz = n'f'm, spaz'm, ets. 3e liwisperd km iz fsnd in de 
conversajunal prommsiajun ov de Irene; fyial (-isme) az in (rheumatism?) 
=rdmathhm; mor carfuli, rdmatizm'. We had tet dat de inijal mh in 
Welf had dis ssnd, bnt we understand dat it iz nerer tm 'mh 3 dus (mha) 
wwd be pron^nst 'mliq rader dan timq. 

N. 3fis dental licwid diferz from « az d from c?, er Z from £, de tip ov 
de tun beirj plast at de bac ov de gumz, and prest fermli agenst dem. 
cfis semz tm be de Sanscrit serebral n, er n pronsnst in de bran, dat iz, 
wid a dep obscqr ssnd, az if it cam from de bran itself. Hweder de 
fennz %n fer de liwisperd, and 'n fer de vocal, ever ocur, iz veri dstfwl. 

N. Per dis palatal licwid, de tip ov de tun iz bret agenst de palet, 
sumhwot ner de gumz, and a porfun ov de turj iz prest agenst de palet, az 
fer d. 3e spoc'n ferm ov dis leter iz de comun IrjgliJ n in (way, no, own, 
shinmg)=na, no, on, finiy. <Ie vocal 'n iz elso veri comun, az in (open, 
hm&en, reason, hasin, couldn't) = op'n, burd'n, rez'n, bas'n, cud'nt. We 
qr infermd dat de WelJ (nh) iz proirsnst y nh, and not %n. 

Nj. clis iz elso a palatal nazal, and barz de sam relajun tm n dat */ 
duz tm s. <Ie ssnd iz veri dificult tm an Iijglijrnan, but veri comun in 
Ereng, Italyan, and SpaniJ. <Ie tun iz ferst plast in de pozifun cores- 
pondin tm n, and den de bac pqrt ov it iz razd up, so dat nerli hqlf de 
tun preses upon de palet. It iz best imitated b^ atemtin tm pronsns ny 
in de sam silub'l, dus, nyq, hwiq qnserz veri wel fer el cases hwar nj pre- 
sedz a vsel; but hwar it ociirz fjnal, dis iz not sufijent. Egzqmp'lz 
qr Frenc, (montage, Boulo^we, Colore, m.ontagnard^=.montanj, Bulonj, 



§ 19. Nazal Licwidz — Ecsplodents. -"> ; J 

Colon), mohtanjctr, respectivli. It iz not unfrecwent tui her Bulotuij, 
but earful spscerz prefer Bulonf. R nojun prsvalz amiiij sum Freng 
spscerz dat dis nj iz d£ sam az sr #, hwen modif jd b£ a subsecwent palatal 
vsel; dus, we hav bsn told h\ a Irene; ladi, dat (singing) iz pronynst 
sinjiy, insted ov siyiy. It iz sertenli trui dat d£ acjun ov &z i on de # 
tendz tui giv ds 2? sumtirj ov dis efect, nj ; and if i bs uzd insted ov i (and 
a Frenq persun ndturali and involunterili sez 1 for i) siyiy wil be fsnd tui 
aprocsimat stil mor nsrli tui stnjiy. Stil, de tiu simbulz «; and y reprs- 
zent esenjali (liferent pozifunz ov ds vocal erganz, h^ever muq da ma be 
influienst h\ ds acjun of subsecwent vselz. 

N. It wud sem dat dar Jud be a post-palatal n corespondhj tui de 
post-pcdatal /. Acerdiij tiu Sanscrit loz ov ufoni, dis, and not sr n, Jud 
be ds proper fenn ov dar serebral n, becez de prezens ov/ cozez de palatal 
n tui siijc intui ds serebral n. We darfor admit it az a tsoretical leter, 
eldo we or ^rselvz incapab'l ov distirjgwijirj it from n. 

Jfi. S.E farirjgal y yl related tui c in ds sam wa az n yl tui d. It iz 
comun az a f^nal and mEdial leter in Ixj glij", az in (sing, singer, sung, 
song, sung}=siy, siyer, say, soy, sup, but iz onli uzd after de stopt v^elz 
i, a, o, u, in sr larjgwej. It iz elso fsnd qfter e and u in Jerman, but never 
q,fter a lorj vsel in sder larjgwej. It iz sed tin be inijal in ds laijgwej ov 
Nu Zeland, and uderz ov dat clqs ; but it is dificult tui asertan dis, az 
most rjterz consider inifal gn tui bs ds sam az inifed y. We hav herd y 
uzd inijal in Jermani, in ds comun Gstrian wui'd (gnaden), hwiq ds 
pezantri disfigur intui ydd'n er yon. It iz inifal in WelJ. We hav 
never herd d£ hwisperd fly, or de vocal 'y, eldo bot oj £zib consEvab'l. 

J6}. It wud ssm dat dar Jud b£ a wsc'nd variajun ov y, corespondii) tui 
cj, and we darfor admit it fEoreticali, and consEV dat siyiy, hwen pron^nst 
wid ds Frenq vsel siyiy, ma aprocsimat veri n£iii tui siypy, and dus stqc 
a Frenqmanz ei* az sinjiy. In a sistematic aranjment ov simbulz, yj wil 
cum bfifor y. 

§19. 

ECSPLODENTS. 

If eni confignrajun ov ds oral or nazal cavitiz b£ asumd ov suq a cpd 
az entjrh" tui qec d£ pasej ov vocal er un-vocal bret, and we prspar tiu 
uter sum hwisper er un-vocal s^md duriu d£ tjm dat dis pozijun iz held, 
ds s^iid wil ijra, az sum az d£ pozijun iz rsldcst, wid a dsgrs ov ecsplo3un ; 
for dis rEz'n, suq configurajunz hav bsn celd Ecsplodents. <Ia mjt, wid 
perhaps £cwal er grater justis hav bm namd oponents, intersepterz, ecsclmd- 
ents, ets., bscez da opoz, intersept, er ecscluid d£ pasej ov de bret er ssnd. 



54 Labial and Dental Ecsplodents. § 19, nr. 1. 

In § 8, we div|ded ds ecsplodents intra several gruips, but it iz onli de 
myt ecsplodents hwiq properli dezerv de nam, de spoc'n ecsplodents beirj 
reali an imperfect vaqeti ov spoc'n continuants, but so nsrli related tm 
de mut ecsplodents, dat it wiad be az unneseseri az inconvenient tui 
clasifj dem apart. In foren larjgwejez, de spoc'n ecsplodents sera tui 
aprocsimat stil mor nsrli tui ds corespondhj spoc'n continuants; dus, 
msdial b iz confuzd wid v in Jermani ; and a Spanyerd can never lern de 
diferens betwen b and v. Agen, de DaniJ d felz ndtivrali intra d, and de 
Jerman g intra q. 

1. Labial Ecsplodents. 

P, B. 3e lips ai' sudenli and fermli comprest for ds mut jo herd in 
IijgliJ (pea, beaj9, h.appy)=pE, hs^, hajri ; ds p^er ov hwiq, az ecspland 
in § 8, dependz upon its inijal efect on de foloin, er f^nal efect on de pre- 
ssdin vsel, and consists holli in ds ssnd herd duriij d£ c;anj ov pozifun. 
If a hwisper be interpozd for ds sac ov mor clsrli distingwijin de cas ov 
de mut p from ds spoc'n b, dus, pn~e, dis in no respect elterz ds trra 
caracter ov p, (eldo we hav tet it convEnient tra distirjgwij dis cas bj d£ 
nam ov post-hwisperin,) ds inijal efect ov p bsirj ns herd on d& hwisper 
insted ov d£ vers. Hwen, hsever, dar iz no hwisper, but ds comprejun 
ov d£ lips iz so fqr rsldcst az tra als de vers tra b£ herd b£for ds seperajun 
ov d£ lips, we hav ds cas ov de spoc'n ecsplodent b, az herd in (bee, habe, 
robbei)=bs, bah, rober. It duz not ssm posib'l tra form mor dan wun 
labial ecsplodent ; for cIe efect on ds £r iz de sam, hweder d£ lips b£ plast 
in d£ pozifun for w er for v. 

2. Dental Ecsplodents. 

T, I). 3e tip ov ds tur) ban brot agenst dz bac ov d£ uper gumz t^tli, 
fermz t, and lrasli, fermz d, hwiq qr rslated tra ds foloiij t, d, az I tra I. 
Irjglijmen hav of'n rEmolrct a ticnes in d£ pronunsiajun ov t, d amun 
forenerz ; dis arjzez from dar advqnsiij de tun tui fqr ferwerd. But d£ 
trra d iz so dificult tra pronsns, dat its acuret Enunjiajun iz considerd a 
mqrc ov orientaliz'm.( 8 ) We tine dat dis iz d£ sam az d£ Sanscrit sere- 
bral d • — but se nr. 4. 



8. "<Ie Arabz la d^n de trra pronunsiajun ov d, hwie, da consider tra be de most 
dificult ov el, az a most serten metre and caracteristic ov de nativ Arab ; hwicj servz tra 
ecsplan de sairj ov Mubammad, bra celz bimself is most elocwent ov ctoz ctatpronms d, 
dat iz, ov de trra indijenus Arabz dat spec corectli and wel." — (Oberleitner, Fundamenta 
Lingua Arabica, p. 16. Vienna, 1822.) 



§ 19, nr. 4. Palatal and Pad-Palatal Ecsplodents. 55 

3. Palatal Ecsplodents. 

T, D. Let de tip ov de tun be prest agenst de mid'l ov de palet at de 
pemt corespondin tra. de pozifun fer /, but dm not alb' de s^dz tui vjbrat ; 
if de prejur iz ferm, cts rszult iz t ; if 1ms, and de foloin vsel be imedyetli 
comenst, er de presedin vsel be continqd, de rezult wil be d; ddarfor onli 
diferz from I in not admitin ov a v^brajun ov de sjdz ov de tuij. Egzqmp'lz 
ov t qr (tea, ea^, meeting) =te, et, metiy. 

Tj, Dj. If hw^l de tip ov de tuij rsmanz in do pozijunz fer t, d, d£ bac 
pqrt be dren up tordz de palet in a scwar ferm, az fer Ij, sj, de reziilts ma 
be ecsprest b\ tj, dj, liwig qr comun leterz in de Bohemian laijgwej. In 
de fjnal silab'l (-tare) in IngliJ", hwiq iz so variusli pronsnst, we tine dat 
meni persunz uter tj ; dus, natjUr, hwjl uderz sa nat-ymr, nat-y\ir, and 
veri meni sa nag\ir, intm hwicj natfur ndtqrali dejenerats, insoinucj dat 
ds leter corespondii) tra tj iz of'n prommst g in Bohemian. cle leter tj iz 
not a perfect ecsplodent ; de pozij'un asiimd h\ de bac part ov de tun alsz 
ov a sljt escap ov hwisper, and hens t] nerli rszemb'lz tfiy, de cjef diferens 
bein, dat in tj de pozijunz fer t and y qr asqmd simultaniusli, and in itry 
consecqtivH. Ns veri fq IngliJ wiad distirjgwij tfiy from tf, eldo fer %y 
de tun iz razd, and fer / it iz deprest, and hens de histori ov de varius 
pronunsiajunz ov (-lure) wil stand dus : -^mr, -tjmr, -tflynxv, -tfmr, hwjl 
unacsented tur, pron^nst at best m.ir, fel intra \ir bj a veri ezi tran- 
sijun. 

4. Pod-Palatal Ecsplodents. 

T, D. If de tun iz considerabli retracted, and its pemt bret agenst de 
palet at sum distans behjnd de pemt corespondin tra t, de bac pqrt ov de 
tun felin veri nerli intra de pozifun fer/; er, if de tun be inverted, so dat 
de under part tug de palet in dis pemt, a dep ssnd ov t } d ma be prodqst, 
hwiq we siniboljz h\ t, d. We qr not ab'l tra cac; eni diferens in efect 
betwen t d, and t, d, but we admit bot leterz, becez hwen de Hindra 
emplod de modern 'Arabic er Neske alfabet tra rjt hiz micst Hindrastqne 
langwej, he rezervd de leterz corespondin tra t, d fer 'Arabic wurdz, and 
introdqst nq vaqetiz fer de Sanscrit t, a]. Hweder dis aroz from a 
fonetical er gramatical felin, we qr unab'l tra desjd ; but az de Sanscrit 
serebralz qr, b\ de lez ov qfoni, related tra de post-palatal /, we tine it 
ma be posib'l dat dar iz a real fonetical diferens, aqzin from t 3 d c bein 
post-palatal, insted ov dental. 



56 Fariygal JEcsplodents. § 19, nr. 5 



5. Farbjgal Ecsplodents. 

Ov dsz dar qr tre, corespondin tin ds trs faringcd continuants, y, Jc, k, 
and tin ds trs vselz, <?, a, q. 

Cj, Gj. 3s tmj iz bret intai ds pozifun fer c, g, and den razd nsrli intm 
ds pozijun fer y. 3s mult iz ds simultanius pronunsiajun ov c and y, 
hwic; we reprszent bj cj hwar hwisperd, and gj hwen spoc'n. 3s leter cj, 
ljc //, iz not propeiii an ecsplodent ; it iz rsali a continuant, bnt must bs 
clcist amun ds ecsplodents on acsnt ov its nsr rslajun tin c. In ds Erenq 
kmgwej, hwenever c iz Mod b\ a palatal er post-palatal vsel, it felz intm 
cj, dus, (<^elque, ^ete, ^eue) or pronsnst cjelc\ qtif, cjo. 3s trm 'old 
pronunsiajun ov ds Ii)gliJ wurdz (^ind, card, garden) woz cjind, gjqrd, 
gyqrd'n ; but it iz ms considerd beter tui pronsns ds pur c, g in dsz wurdz, 
hwjl doz hui wif tui giv ds uder s^nd, egzajerat it, and sa cs(nd er csyind, 
er at best cypid, mind, hwiq qr onli aprocsimajunz tui ds tnu cj. We 
prszitm dat cj, gj wer ds orijinal ssndz ov doz Sanscrit leterz n^ celd g, j, 
ssndz intui liwiq cj, gj szili dsjenerat.( 9 ) It iz probab'l dat in ds Latin 
langwej, c, g had dsz ssndz bsfor palatal and post-palatal vselz, and 
dat dis iz ds cez ov ds Italyan substitujun g, j on ds wun hand, and ds 
Frenq s, j on ds uder. 

C, G. 3s contact fer ds comun c, g iz mad bstwsn ds mid'l ov d£ tuij 
and ds bac pqi't ov ds soft pcdet, ds tun bsirj mor dsprest dan fer cj, gj. 
Egzqmp'lz, (cat, tack, bearer ; got, tu^, h\ggQ?)=cat, tac, bec'M er becer ; 
got, tug, big\u er biger. 



9. Ws grand dis bslef on ds sercurnstans dat de seriez ov leterz tin hwiq doz 
conmnli celd g j belorj, iz plast, in ds Sanscrit alfabet, bstwsn c and t, and dat ds nazal 
nj, ds pronunsiajun ov bwiq baz bsn prszervd, iz clqsiijd wid dem. 3s post-pozijun 
ov el proper continuants tui ds end ov ds Sanscrit alfabet, confermz us in dis vq,. 3s 
derivajun ov tf from cj, iz szi, and wel non. Acerdin tin sv vq,, den, ds leterz ov ds 
Sanscrit alfabet jiad properli bs : 

a a, l s, la ui ; '.xr "Jtt ; '1 "1 ; ai qi, au qu ; n, b ; 

c cb, g gb, rj ; c] cjh, gj gjh, nj ; t +b, d, dh, n ; t tb, d dh, n ; p pb, b bb, m ; 
y r 1 v ; k J s bb. 
Acerdii) tm most Sanscrit gramarianz, a = a ; 'Jr "jr = ri re ; '1 "1 = In Irs ; ai qi = a % ; 
aiaqu = o s; cj gj = £ j S k = sum palatal sibilant, ab^t hwiq arants qr veri mistsrius ; 
ds misteri, h^ever, ma bs clsrd up bj rsmemberii) dat dsz ac^nts qr supljd h\ Irjglijmen, 
tm bmm ds s^nd k, az in ds Jerman m'ddken = {mMchen), iz an unpron^nsab'l sibilant ; 
el agrs dat it iz a palatal his, hwiq iz ds nsrest jeneral descripjun ov ^r Jc. In ds uder 
casez in bwig ds rjter diferz from gramarianz, bs tines dat bs iz fiali born st b| de lez 
ov ds i]fonic qanjez ov leterz in Sanscrit, and elso bj ^Bopp's Vocalismzis.} 



§21 Consonants — Fonetic J If abet. 57 

C, G. If de tmj be retracted tui de utmost, and de contact be mad az 
fqj bac az posib'l, a dep tic efect iz prodiist, corespdndin tui de 'Arabic 
c er c4/"- 3Qs leter iz of'n confiizd in 'Arabic wid de spoc'n g, and wid 
de hiatus (••); (se § 15, nr. 8). cle leter iz fynd in Hebrui, and egzfsts 
in anjent Grec. It iz supozd tui be de sam az de Latin a. 3e leter g yl 
onli teoretical; we no no instans ov its ocurens. 

§ 20. 
CONSONANTS. 

<Ie elements hwic; we liav clast under de namz ov Continuants, Licwidz, 
and Ecsplodents, q,r elso cold b\ de comun nam ov Consonants, a term 
hwic; iz sumtjmz mad tui comprehend de bredirj. 3e term consonant iz 
derjvd from de Latin (sonans cum)=sonanz cum, " ssndirj wid," and iz 
sed tui be giv'n tui dez leterz becez da hav no ssnd ov dar on, but sand 
wid vselz — a definijun hwiq redz veri ljc a bial, and can onli be renderd 
intui sens bj supozirj it tiu men, dat eldo da hav no ssnd ov dar on, da 
serv tui modify de ssnd ov de vselz tui hwic; da qr atdcjt ; but ev'n wid 
dis ecsplanajun, de definijun cud onli aplj tui de mut ecsplodents and tui 
de spoc'n consonants ; for de hwisperd continuants and licwidz, de mur- 
mui'd continuants and ecsplodents, de vocal Kcwidz, and de post-hwisperd 
ecsplodents, bav most desjdedli ssndz ov dar on. <Ie wurd, h^ever, do 
unbapili cpz'n, az fqr az its etimoloji iz consernd, iz veri convenient, az 
cldsifjii) de tre grmps ov continuants, licwidz, and ecsplodents, and dus 
enabliij us tui div|d de hoi seriez ov fonetical elements intui v^elz, brediijz, 
and consonants ; de tui later behj scarsli ever considerd, ecsept az tendiij 
tui modify de ferst bj menz ov inijal and f^nal efects. Tm avod de con- 
fil3un hwicj de nam consonant woz Ljcli tui prodiis, we hav hidertui refrand 
from uzirj it, but we Jal ns emplo it freli az a cldsificaturi term, acerdiu 
tui de abuv definijun. 

§ 21. 

38 FONETIC ALFABET. 

cle Fenifianz, from hmm de formz ov sr prezent leterz wer liltimetli 
derjvd, gav namz tui de simbulz hwiq da uzd in rjtii), and acsidentali 
comenst dar seriez ov simbulz wid tui, hwiq da cold qlef (ocs), bait (Ik>~s).( 10 ) 
Ov dez wurdz, de Grecs (acerdiu tui de IijgliJ pronunsiajun ov de old Grec 
leterz) mad olfa beta, from hwiq woz der|vd isv wui'd alfabet, for de nam 

10. cle namz ov el de Fsnijiaii leterz, and dar rnenirjz, ma be sen in de Vis for Fanietie 
Speliy, paj 13. 



Se Fonetic Alfabet Conse'c?{tivli 



§ 21, nr. 1, 



ov cte ssriez ov leterz wid hwiq d£ larjgwej woz rit'n. Az dis wurd alfabet, 
unl|c d'd tjt'l a-bs-se, hwiq iz elso in us fer d£ old Roman alfabet, naz 
S£st tui hav eni evident conecfun wid ds namz ov de simbulz demselvz, 
it haz bsn apljd tui eni colecjun ov simbnlz hwarwit tui rjt a langwej. 
We Jal darfor col a sistematic aranjment ov ds simbulz propozd in de 
pr£S£dirj secfunz, d£ Fonetic Alfabet, dplicab'l, az fqj az it goz, tin d£ 
qtirj ov ol kajgwejez, and rscwirii), most probabli, but veri fu adijunz tui 
mac it dplicab'l tui eni laijgwej hwotever. 

cCe sistematic aranjment ov d£ alfabet ma b£ ov tui qndz, consecvtw 
and tab%ler. 3e consecutiv aranjment iz neseseri fer referens ; d£ tdbiiler 
displaz d£ inter-rslajunz ov d£ several elements in d£ clsrest maner. We 
prosed tm giv bot ai'anjments, and we aval orselvz ov d£ conseciitiv form 
tra furnij referensez tm d£ ecsplanajunz giv'n ov &z pserz ov d£ simbulz 
in d£ pr£Scdirj secjunz. Several fermz ov hwisperd, micst, and murmurd 
consonants, ho~ever, wil b£ fond, hwic, hav not bsn pqrticulerli ecspland, 
d£ jeneral ecsplanajun in § § 6 — 8 t>£irj considerd sufijent, az meni, er 
ind£d most, ov d£z fermz, qr purli teoretical. 

1. 3e Fonetic Alfabet conse'cyl ivli ar&njd. 
I. V~$ELZ. § 9, p. 15. 



1. LOW OEAL VJTELZ. § 10, p. 16. 




Loer Seriez. 


Uper Seriez. § 40, nr. 1, p. 17. 


Gutural 


1) brsf, a- e- er a- o- 


Palatal e i § 10, nr. 2, p. 17. 




2) stopt, a o 


Post-palatal a a § 10, nr. 2, p. 18. 


Post-labial 


1) brsf, o- q- er o- o- 


Gutural a q § 10, nr. 2, p. 18. 




2) stopt, 6 o 


Loer Seriez. § 10, nr. 1, p. 17. 
Gutural a e § 10, nr. 3, p. 19. 


Labial 


1) brsf o. vol- er p- u- 

2) stopt, o u 


Post-hbial offl § 10, nr. 3, p. 20. 




Mid'l Seriez. 


Labial 9 m § 10, nr. 3, p. 20. 


Labi-palatal 


1) brsf, ii- u- er ii- n- 


Midi Seriez. § 10, nr. 1, p. 17. 
Labi-palatal ii u § 10, nr. 4, p. 20. 


2) stopt, u n 
Post UU-palatal 1) brsf, 6- o- er 6- p- 


Post UU-palatal op § 10, nr. 4, p. 21. 
Gutural 8f orijinal e § 10, nrr. 1 and 4. 

2. Z0ET OEAL V3"ELZ. § 11, p. 24. 


Gutural 


xj sta/jr, o p 

1) brsf, e- er u- 

2) slept, u 


Uper Seriez. 


3. NHZAL V3E1LZ. § 12, p. 27. 


Palatal 1) brsf, e- i- er i- i- 

2) stopt, l i 
Post-palatal 1) brsf, a- a- er e- e- 

2) stopt, e e 


Eni mm ov tte lorj er stopt oral vselz folod b j 
Az sjn n, iz tizd tui reprezent a nazal Tsel, dte 
for comunest fermz beirj cte 

Frene, Nazal Vselz, p. 30. 


Gutural 1) brsf a- q- er a- a- 


Loy 


an on on un 


2) stopt, a a 


Brsf 


an on on un 



§ 21, nr. 1. Se Fonetic Alfabet Conseciitivli Arknjd. 



59 



4. DIF10TJZ. §13, p. 31. 



Proper. § 13, nr. 2. p. 32. 



JJper ; homojsnius ai cli, ai qi, ae, cli ai, 

ei ei, ai ai 
. . heterojsnius 1) oi oi ei, oi oi, ui uu 
2) ui ui, oi, ui, ui 
Loer ; homojsnius ou, on ou 

. . heterojsnius au ou, ao, au, eu au, 
iu ill 811 
Mid' I; heterojsnius au 

Improper Diftorjz. § 13, nr. 3, p. 35. 

Eni eombinajun ov tui vselz in hwic, Se ferst 
element iz eSer i er u, href and unacsented. 



Cwari Diftonz. § 13, nr. 4, p. 36. 

Eni eombinajun ov hwic, Se secund element 
iz a murmurd continuant er vocal licwid, er Se 
orijinal unacsented murmur. 

6. TEIFIOWZ. § 13, nr. 5, p. 37. 

Trui. — Combinajunz ov tre vyelz, in hwie, Se 
secund vs el fermz an improper dif tog wiS 
Se ferst, and a proper diftog wiS Se terd. 

Fels. — Combinajunz ov tre vselz, in hwic, Se 
secund vsel fermz a proper diftog wiS 
Se ferst, and an im-proper diftog wiS Se 
terd; Se rezultbeig tui silab'lz. 

6. HWISPERD VTELZ. § 14, p. 37. 
Eer Sez no pqrtieuler cufabetical sjn iz em- 
plod, beyond Se jeueral statment Sat Se hoi 
wurd iz tui be hwisperd. In eni pqrtieuler cas 
we ma uz f> preficst tui Se vsel sjn. 







II. BRSSITfZ. § 15, p. 38. 




Soft BrsSin 
Aspiret 
Ruf Breiin 

Si 

Puhnonic Brsiii 


X 

h 
h 

hh 
h 


§ 15, nr. 1, p. 38. 
§ 15, nr. 2, p. 39. 
§ 15, nr. 3, p. 39. 
§ 15, nr. 4, p. 40. 
§ 15, nr. 5, p. 40. 


Pulmonic si 
Brae 
Hiatus 
Comprefun 


hh § 15, nr. 6, p. 40. 
(:) § 15, nr. 7, p. 41. 
(-) § 15, nr. 8, p. 41. 
o § 15, nr. 9, p. 41. 



III. CONSONANTS. § 20, p. 57. 



1. CONTINUANTS. 


§ 16, p. 43. 


Post-Palatal. § 16, nr. 4, p. 46. 




Labial. 


§ 16, nr. 


1, p. 43. 


Spoc'n 


3 




Spoc'n 


w V 


AY V 


Hwisperd 


J 




Hwisperd 


ftw hv hw f 


Micst; inifal 


h 




Micst ; inifal 


nww nvv Ilmay fv 


. . final 


3l 




. . final 


wnw vnv ayIlay vf 


Murmurd 


'3 




Murmurd 


'w 'v 


'ay 'v 


Faringal. 


§ 16, nr. 5, p 47. 




Dental. 


§ 16, nr. 


2, p. 45. 


Spoc'n 


y q q 




Spoc'n 
Hwisperd 
Micst; inifal 
. . final 


d 

t 
td 

dfc 




Hwisperd 
Micst; inifal 
. . final 
Murmurd 


ny k k 
nyy kq kq 
yny qk qk 

'y 'q 'q 




Murmurd 


'd 




2. (DEAL LICWIDZ. § 17, p. 48. 




Palatal. 


§ 16, nr. 


3, p. 46. 


Labial. 


§ 17, nr. 1, p. 48. 




Spoc'n 


Z Z] 




Spoc'n 


JW J.V JAY 


JV 


Hwisperd 


S S) 




Hwisperd 


.lliW JUV JUAY 


.If 


Micst; inifal 


SZ S]ZJ 




Micst; inifal 


JnWJW Jhv.TV .inAY.TAY 


af.iv 


. . final 


ZS Z]SJ 




. . final 


Jwinw ivJnv .iauu.yy 


•IV.lf 


Murmurd 


'z 'z] 




Murmurd 


'.l\V '.IV '.LYY 


'xv 



60 



cLe Fonetic Alfabet Comeciitivli Aranjd. 



§2],nr. 1. 



Lateri-liijgwal er Sjd-turjd. 


Vocal; loy, hqrd ".iq "jq 


§ 17, m\ 2, p. 48. 


. . so/2 "ii "ir 


Spoc'n 1 1] 


. . ye»rif, hqrd '.iq 'Jq 


Hwisperd hi hi] 


. . so/£ \u \ir 


Micst ; mi/#/ hll hljlj 




. . j?*«J lhl hhlj 


3. NilZAL LICWIDZ. § 18, p. 52. 


Foea? '1 'lj 




Purjcti-lirjgwal er Tip-turjd. 


Spoc'n m ; n, n nj, n ; 


§ 17, nr. 3, p. 49. 
Spoc'n r rj 
Hwisperd hr hrj 
Micst; inifal hrr hrjrj 
. . final rhr rjhrj 
Vocal 'r 'rj 


9J 5 
Hwisperd hm ; hn, hn hirj, hn ; 

hij] hg 
Micst; inifal hmm; him, hnn hninj, him; 

Mm *W 
. . final mhm; nhn, nhn njhnj, nhn; 


Radjsi-lirjgwcd er Rtat-tmjd. 


Foea:/ m; 'n, 'n 'nj, 'n; 
'»1 '*) 


§ 17, nr. 4, p. 50. 


Spoc'n; hard Jq .iq 


. . soft .x.x Jr 
Hwisperd; hard .ik .ik 


4. ECSPLODENTS. § 19, p. 53. 


. . soft h.u hJr 


Spoc'n b ; d, d d], d ; gj g g 


Micst; inifal, hqrd .ik.tq xk.iq 


Hwisperd p; t, t t], t; cj c c 


. . soft h.uxi hir.xr 


Micst; inifal pb; td, td t]dj, td; c]g] eg eg 


. . final, hqrd .xq.tk Jqik 


. . final bp; dt, dt djtj, dj; gjcj gc gc 


. . soft xih.ii JrhJr 


Murmurd 'b ; 'd, 'd 'di, 'd; 'gj 5 g '§ 



2. Ecstent ov is Fonetic Alfabet. 

clar qr darfor 17 vselz, ec, ov hwiq ma bs lor), brsf, er stopt, and eq 
lorj and stopt vsel ma giv rjz tin a lorj and brsf nazal ; so dat eg v^el ma 
aper under 7 fermz, dus, o, e-, o, en, en, on, on, givirj az a total, 119 vselz 
kwicj q,r tEoreticali admisib'l, and it iz probab'l dat meni mor egzist. 

clar qr 9 brEdirjz. 

clar ar 4 labial, 1 dental, 2 palatal, 1 post-palatal, and 3 farirjgal, — 
total, 1 1 continuants, ec, ov hwiq ma apsr in 5 fermz, dus, z, s, sz, zs, 'z, 
giviij 55 distil) gwifab'l continuants. 

clar qr 4 labial, 2 lateri-liijgwal er s|d-turjd, 2 purjcti-lirjgwal er tip- 
turjd, 4 radisi-lhjgwal er rmt-tuijd, — total, 1 2 oral licwidz, eg, ov liwic; 
ma elso apsr under 5 fermz, dus, I, til, Ml, l%l, 7, givirj 60 oral licwidz. 

clar q,r 6 nazal licwidz, sq ov liwiq apErirj under 5 fermz, we hav 30 
nazal licwidz. 

clar qr 8 ecsplodents, givirj 40 diferent fermz. 

If, darfor, we rec'n up el ds fermz hwig we liav considerd in ds con- 
stracfun ov dis alfabet, we hav d£ foloirj rEziilt : 



§ 22, 



Tabiiler Fcmetic Alfahet. 



61 



Yselz, 119; bredhjz, 9; consonants, [continucaits, 55; oral licwidz, 
60; nazal licwidz, 30; ecsplodents, 40; total,] 185; givirj a total ov 
313 elements. 

In aranjii) dis mcis tdbulerli, in order tin Jo de inter-rdajun ov de 
elements, it wil be best tui giv but wun form for eg vsel and consonant, 
levin de uder sics v#el and for consonant formz tin de memori, or tui be 
supl^d b\ de consecutivli aranjd alfabet just detald. cle sirjg'l form we 
jal select iz de toy vael and de spoon consonant. 

3. Tabyler Fonetic 

I. WELZ. 





Uper Ssriez. 


Mid'l Serisz. 


Leer Serisz. 


Lor) . . 


Palatal, 
e i a a 


Gut 
a q 


ural. 

a e 


Labial. 
6 o o m 


Labi-Palatal, 
ii u op 


Gutural. 
e 



II. BE83ITJZ. 

Soft, Hwisper, Aspiret, Sj, Pulmonic, Pulmonic Sj, 
x n h Ml \ \\ 

III. CONSONANTS. 



Brae, Hjatus, Comprejun. 
(0 (••) o 



1. Continuants 

2. Oral Licwidz : 

Labial 

Lateri-lirjgwal er Sjd-turjd 

Purjcti-lirjgwal er Tip-tnrjd 

Radjsi-lirjgwal er *^ hqrd . 

Ruvt-tnrjd . ) soft . 

3. Nazal Licwidz .... 

4. Ecsplodents 



Labial. 
W V Ai 



Dental. 
4 



Palatal. 


Post 
Palatal. 


Fariggal. 


Z Z) 


3 


y q q 


1 1] 


• ■ 




r rj 


• T 3 


■Tq Jq 
.u xr 



ri nj 
d dj 



gj g g 



§ 22- 

TRANSIT UN FROM WUN CONSONANT POZIEUN TUJ ANU3ER. 

Hwen wun ov de consonants liaz a smid ov its on, hweder hwisperd 
er nmrmurd, it iz treted presjsli L;c a vtfel, and ol de casez ov § § 6 — 8 
apl£. cle cas, hsever, iz interestin, in hwic; cte secund consonant iz a 
hwisperd continuant, and de ferst a mat ecsplodent, az in pf, ps, pf, 
ts } tf, cs, cf. R spefiez ov consonantal difton iz den fermd b\ so clos a 
uniun, dat in meni langwejez it iz considerd advjzab'l tm reprszent de 



62 Transifun from Consonant ha Consonant. §22 

rezult bj a sing'l sjii, Sis ma ociir alon er wid a vsel fdloin. We find 
pf veri frecwentli in modern EL| Jerman, hwar it replasez de Lo Jerman 
and Inglif inifal p, az pfund, pfefer= Inglif pmd, peper. In Grec, ps woz ■ 
ecsprest h\ de shjg'l leter ps%. Pf iz f snd in de IngliJ ecsclamajun ^/a, eldo 
sum fjnd de jt? tui dificult tui pron^ns. 2<s iz veri comnn in Jerman 
and in Italyan, in hwiq laijgwejez it iz reprezented b| (z), and in Polif, 
liwar it iz simboljzd h\ (c). Tf iz reprezented h\ a sing'l caracter in 
Italyan, Rufan, Per/an, Turcif, and Hinduistcme, and (if de modern pro- 
nunsiajun iz corect, hwiq we dst) in Sanscrit, (se supra, paj 56, not 9.) 
And hwen a vsel foloz, hwiq renderz it posib'l tui spec a 5, de combinajun 
dj, az in d$a {jay), iz uterab'l, and iz ecsprest b\ a sing'l sjn in Italyan. 
<Ie combinajunz tf, dj qj so frecwent in IngliJ az tui be ecsprest bj de 
simp'l sjnz g, j in de IngliJ fonetic alfabet. Cs iz supljd wad a sing'l 
leter in Grec, and c^in Sanscrit. <Ie secund element ov suq consonantal 
diftonz ma elso be ecsplodent, and de ferst continuant, az in st, (an order 
tui cep salens). 

Hwen de tui consonants hwiq sucsed eq uder can not be pronynst widst 
a vsel, vocal, or murmur, dat iz, hwen wun or bot qr spoc'n, it iz a rail, 
widst ecsepjun, dat 

No ecsplodent or unvocal bret ma, interven bdwsn is mel 
and is spoc'n consonant ; 

for unles a murmur be alsd tui wurc trui tui de spoc'n consonant, ddt 
consonant can not be pronsnst at el. We ma inded murmur it, but den 
we creat a nu silab'l, and we supoz in de prezent casez, dat no nu silab'l 
iz tui be feamd (se § 23). cCus, wifd can not be pronsnst, becez ov de 
unvocal hwisper ov/betwen de vsel i and de spoc'n d, and eni atemt tui 
pron^ns it wild led tm tui silab'lz, az wifd, wifd\ er tui a qanj in wun 
ov de leterz, az icift, wi^d ; in practis, wift iz de ferm qoz'n az a contracjun 
ov wifed. 9n de uder hand, midfiz perfectli prouynsab'l, but it iz most 
probab'l dat de IngliJ specer wwl prefer mid^ er mid$f, in wun ov hwiq 
waz (most frecwentli in de later) he prommsez hiz wurd {midge}. Agen, 
botl can not be pronsnst, becez ov de interpozifun ov de imrt ecsplodent 
t betwen de v^el and de spoc'n licwid 1. 8v'n if t wer tm be qanjd intm 
d, it wild be fond dificult if not imposib'l tm pronsns bodl in wun silab'l, 
probabli becez de tip ov de tug reman z in de sam plas fer d and I, and de 
efurt ov alshj de s^dz ov de tun tm v^brat fer I cezez de efect ov a nu 
silab'l ; on de uder hand, Jwdz, in hwiq de tip ov de tun iz relest in pqsirj 
from d tui z, iz ezi emif . In atemtiij tui pronsns botl, an Inglijman wud 
sa bofl, and Frenqmen bottil er botV . 



§ 22. Inijal Consonantal Combinafunz. 63 

cTe grater number ov consonantal combinafunz in Iijglif consist in ds 
inserjun ov ds licwidz r and I bsfor a wsel and amider consonant. Serten 
ov dcz combinajunz qr sziest hwen inijal, and uderz hwen fjnal. Inifali 
we Qnd pla, bleCy cla, glqs, (but, az inijal combinajunz, we mor f rscwentli 
her tla, dlqs dan cla, glqs, eldo no spelhj-mqster or ©rtoepist sancfunz de 
custum, ecsept Dr. Dqrwin,) fli, (inijal vl, tl, il qr not fond in IngliJ,) 
sla. Zl, fl, 3I qr not fond in IngliJ ; rl duz not SEm posib'l ; ml, nl dm 
not ociir; perhaps yl iz not, posib'l. Agen, we Qnd jw*<b, <5ra, ^7, ^r/, 
era, gro.fr s, (vr inijal not fond in IngliJ,) fre, (#/•, fr, $r 3 ets. not fond 
in IngliJ.) Az fjnalz, we fjnd hcyp, bqr£, hqrt, cqrd, bqrc, dwerf, stqrv, 
der£, hers, her^, erl, <$\xm, bqm. 

We dui not fjnd m, n in inijal combinajunz ov dis qnd in IngliJ, — 
smqxt, swert ar|z from ds prsficsin ov s, hwk), bsiij a hwisperd continuant, 
can bs elwaz prEficst az an indspendent ssnd tui eni combinajun — but 
m, n, y frscwentli ociir in f|nal combinajunz, and in d£Z casez m prssEdz 
labial, » palatal, and y fanngal consonants. If m Jud b£ rit'n befor a 
palatal, dar wil bs olwaz a fant ssnd ov p herd qfter it ; dus, end iz nsrli 
empt ; and if emt be pronsnst wid mug emfasis, empt iz nerli Juir tui rszult. 
Similerli, a fant s^nd ov t iz herd qfter n, and ov c qfter y ; dus, p^s, 
jperafo qr scarsli distingwijab'l ; similer, streyt, streyct. Custum onli can 
d£s|d az tui liweder ds inserjun oyp, t, c in dsz casez iz intenjunal or not. 

Az a hwisperd continuant haz a ssnd ov its on, it can bs proninst 
bEfor or qfter eni consonantal combinajun : ds continuant s jenerali plaz 
dis universal pqrt in IijgliJ ; but in Jerman/ iz just az frECwent ; and in 
PoliJ a vqst varjeti ov similer combinajunz qr tui be' fond. 

Tui ecsplodents bsfor a v^el can not bs pronsnst ; dus, ptoma ma be 
rit'n, az in Grsc, but can not bs pronsnst. clar iz no ssnd hwotever bsfor 
ds t, hens ds pozijun^? haz no msnz ov niacin itself edib'l. It iz, darfor, 
neseseri tui rEsert tui wun ov ds fdloirj contrjvanses : — tui post-hwisper p, 
az pfitovia ; tui insert a murmur, pHoma ; or tui prefies a murmur, az 
'ptonia. cle dificulti hwiq we hi in dsz casez, iz felt bj Arabz and He- 
brmz, ev'n in ds simplest casez, az in inijal combinajunz ov tui consonants, 
ov hwiq d£ secund iz a licwid; dus, d£ Arab sez 'fraycu iei'frayc, and ds 
HEbrui, Urafet for brafet . Tn IngliJ, hwen a dificult inijal combinajun iz 
propcozd, rjc ptoma, we cut &z not, h\ omitin d£ ferst consonant, and sa 
toma simpli; dus, tqrmigan, tizan {= ptarmigan, ptisan). Hwen, lrsever, 
de combinajun ocurz final, az in apt, we simpli post-hwisper d£ lqst leter ; 
dus, aptti, miles a wurd bEginhj wid a vsel foloz imsdyetli, in hwiq cas de 
f^nal consonant iz mad aprEjiab'l b^ egzertin an inijal efect upon ds 
fdloin vsel. 



64 Perfect and Pliu-Perfect Silab'lz. § 23. 

§ 23. 
SILAB'LZ. 

<Ie wurd silab'l signifjz in Grec $e act ov taciy tmgeier er colectip, or de 
tiyz tac'n tmgeier er colected. R silab'l iz darfor a colecfun, and Jiad 
properli consist ov several parts, hwic, qr so closli conected az tin hav de 
aperans ov wun undivided hoi. <Ie fonetic silab'l iz darfor a colecfun ov 
several fonetic elements, produsin de efect ov a shjg'l bet on de er. 

1. Perfect Silab'lz. 

At lest wun vocal element in combinajun wid at lest wun vocal or. 
un-VQcal element, so dat at kst wun transifunal efect ma be herd in de 
pasej from wun configqrafun tui amider, iz neseseri tui constitut a perfect 
silab'l. 3ar ma be several transifunal efects, (that is, the vocal ele- 
ment ma be comb|nd wid several un-vocal elements,) widst incresin de 
number ov perfect silab'lz ; dus, pe, et, ets, strets, rem, scrsmzs, wet, twelfts, 
aj el perfect silab'lz. In et dar iz wun vocal element, s, tuigeder wid de 
f jnal efect ov t ; hwjl in sts, t haz elwaz an ini/al efect on de his ov de s, 
and dis his is superdded, but az it is turoli unvocal, it duz not prodqs 
de efect ov a nu bet upon de er, and hens de number ov silab'lz iz not 
merest. In scrsmzs we hav de vsel s fermin de cor ov de silab'l, on hwic, 
de spoc'n licwid r acts inijali, hwjl c acts inijali on r, and fjnali on s ; 
m acts f jnali on e, z on m, and s is a mer hwisper intui hwic, z dejenerats 
for de 8Z ov de specer (se § 6, nr. 4, p. 11), and yet el dez combinajunz 
onli tend tui mac up wun perfect silab'l, becez dar iz onli wun vocal 
element. 

2. Plm-Perfect Silab'lz. 

When tui vocal elements qr conjond, az in a difton wid a transifunal 
efect ov wun upon de uder, de efect is stil dat ov wun silab'l. It 
is esenfal, darfor, dat wun ov de elements Jiad be a bref v^el. Eni 
number ov unvocal elements ma be aded befor or after dis difton wid^t 
incresin de number ov silab'lz. Az silab'lz ov dis cyid contan mor ov 
de vocal elements dan de silab'lz lqst considerd, da hav ben termd plui- 
perfect, er over-perfect ; dus, ai, ais, nais, prais, spaist, traunst (hwicj ar 
mor ufuali rit'n wid i & insted ov ai, am) ar el plui-perfect silab'lz. If, 
lrsever, bot vocal elements ar Ion, er if dar iz no perseptib'l transifunal 
efect in pqsin from wun tui amider, de rezultin efect iz dat ov mor dan 
wun silab'l, and we ar|v at — 



§ 23, nr. 4. Imperfect Silab'lz — leoretlcal Silabicafun. 65 

3. Imperfect SUab'lz. 

Hwig consist ov a shjg'l vocal element, witst eni superadijun ov an un- 
vocal element ; dus, in 8— olian, 8— on, a— srial, a— orta, a— anion, o— Q-ljt, 
jdEtf-, d£ italic leterz constitut hwot we term imperfect silab'lz, bscez, eldo 
da produs ds efect ov a sirjg'l bet on ds £r, sq consists ov a sing'l vocal 
element, miles, indsd, we recognjz ds soft brEdirj x az formiij a secund 
element, dus #fxolian, #fxon, ets. It iz olwaz posib'l tm seperat a plui- 
perfect silab'l intui tm imperfect silabl'z h[ destreriij d£ transifunal efect 
ov wun vsel upon d£ uder. In dis cas, ws plas a marc ov divi3tin bEtwsn 
ds vselz, berrj (-) if ds ferst vsel iz log, and (-) if it iz Jert. Sue, divi3unz 
ocur not unfrECwentli in Latin and Gr£c wurcs, in hwitj da err indicated bj 
plasirj tui dots over wun ov d£ vselz; dus, in Gi*ec (pro'iapse)=pro-'i-dp-se-, 
tm distirjgwij it from prot-dp-se ; agen, in Latin (musai)=miuzq—e, in tr£ 
silab'lz, tm distirjgwij d£ wurd from {musce), hwic; woz probabli prommst 
muizql, in tm silab'lz. efts mod ov mqrcirj d£ divi3un ov silab'lz iz not 
wonted in IijgliJ fonotipi, bscez, az ol d£ IrjgliJ diftoijz (ecsept qi) or 
reprEzented bj sirjg'l sjnz, (i, o, s, ?/,) it iz Enuf tm nz dz seperet sjnz, dus, 
ai, oi, au, ha, tm Jo, hwen neseseri, dat da dm not diftonjjz. 

4. Tsoretical Silabicafuu. 

Hwen several vocal elements qr uterd, dar ma b£ several silab'lz, cte 
limits ov hwig ma, be determine! — 

Ferst, bi &e ctbsens ov eni transifunal efect, £der in pq,sirj from wun vocal 
element tm aniider, (az in a—erial, hwar dar iz no transifunal efect b£- 
twm d£ a and dz e,) or in pqsiij from a vocal tin an un-vocal element (az 
be-mon, be-frend, hwar nEder m erf haz a fjnol efect on d£ prEssdirj e-) ; in 
d£z tui casez, d£ vsel hwic; endz d£ silab'l iz jenerali brsf, ds wui-d a—erial 
bsirj wun ov d£ fu casez in hwic; it iz log. Hwen d£ vsel iz br£f, d£ end 
ov d£ silab'l ma b£ nicrrct bj plasirj d£ hjfen or marc ov breviti qfter it ; 
hwen d£ vsel iz loij, a logger ljn iz u_zd. (Se § 11, p. 25.) 

Secundli, b% de sesafun of a final and de comeasment av an inifal efect 
ov wun element upon anuder. 3us, in stiij, hwar d£ t iz msdial, haviij a 
fjnal efect on dz e and an inijal efect on ds i, dz ferst silab'l ov dis ward 
endz wid a f jned efect ov dz t on e, and d£ secund silab'l bsginz wid its 
inijal efect on i. Az d£ leter t iz a mut ecsplodent, dis inijal efect ov t 
on i comensez at dz sam pent ov tjm at hwicj dz fjnal efect ov t on e sssez. 
If ds mEdial leter bE not a mut ecsplodent, dar wil bs an api'EJiab'l tjm 
bEtwm dz sesajun ov dz fjnal and dz comensment ov dz m£dial efect, and 



66 Theoretical and Practical Silabicafun. § 23, nr. 4. 

de pont hwar de silab'l divjdz must be lad in de mid'l ov ctis tjm. <Ius, 
in Mshj, de ferst silab'l endz and de secund bsginz in ds mid'l ov ds his 
ov ds * ; in szi, ds ferst silab'l endz in ds mid'l ov de murmur ov £ ; and 
in roial, de ferst silab'l endz in de mid'l ov ds vsel *. <Ie onli menz 
we hav ov distil) gwijirj de terminajun ov ds silab'l b\ a sjn in sue; casez 
<\y, — sder tui hav a diferent metre for ds fjnal and inijal efects ov a leter, 
and tui plas a hjfen betwsn dem, — er tra. dre de h:[fen over or under ds 
leter on hwiq ds silab'l divjdz. 3s objecjun tui ds former proses iz dub'l ; 
ferst, dat it wud bs ecssdinli trub'lsum tm liav dub'l sjnz for eq leter, wun 
corespondin tui ds f jnal and ds uder tui ds inijal efect ; and secundli, 
dat it wud bs dificult tm marc hwen a pez or sjlens woz tui bs mad 
bstwsn ds tui efects, and liwen not ; in uder wurdz, hwen ds leter woz 
medial, and hwen dub'l. Ws Jal darfor rjt hisiy, siiy, szi, roial, tm Jo 
dat de silab'l endz in ds mid'l ov ds leterz s, z, i. If we wer tui rjt Ms-iy, 
st-iy, sz-i, roi-al, ws Jiid luiz ds inijal efect ov t, s, z, i on de foloirj vsel ; 
and if we rot Jii-shj, s—tiy, s—zi, ro-ial, we Jiad in de ferst plas adopt a 
notajun hwiq wild mac de ferst vsel in hisiy brsf insted ov stopt, and 
hens giv rjz tm an eronius pronunsiajun ; and in de secund, luiz ds f jnal 
efect ov t on e, z on s, i on o. Hwjl, if ws wer tm rjt or sa st-tiy, kis-siy, 
ez~zi, roi-ial, we Jmd be introdiisin an efect ov dublin, hwiq iz not in de 
orijinal, and Jwd darfor comit a fonetical erur. Compar de wurdz un-non, 
sol-les, msn-nes, wid un-6n, (de ferst n, eldo ociirirj betwsn tm vselz, not beirj 
medial,) canwi, soles, mshiy. In de abiiv egzamp'lz we hav onli tac'n 
de cas ov a siijg'l consonant or vsel betwen tui vselz, but de sam prinsip'l 
holdz, hsever meni de interpozd consonants ma be. cCus, bus'l, facfun, 
man-fun or manfun, a-scrib, ascrjb, or ascrib, for eg ov dez tre divi5unz iz 
posib'l ; in ds ferst, a- iz a bref v^el, in de secund and terd it iz stopt. 
3e terd divigun iz de comunest in spec,. 

5. Practical Silabicafun. 

It iz prdcticali neseseri tm brae a wurd intra ports, in tsqir) tra red, 
and at de end ov a IJn in printin, hwen part ov de wurd iz left in wun 
ljn, and de rest carid on tra de necst. 3fe trra divi5un ov ds silab'l, az 
Jon in de last number, can be seldum apljd, namli, onli in doz casez 
hwar dar iz no transijunal efect ov wun leter on anuder, az in un-on, 
ad-vefns, bs-mon, rs-tkn, ets., and it bsciimz a cwestyun hweder we Jiid 
preserv bot efects ov a medial leter bj dublin it, (hwiq we in fact dm hwen 
silabjzirj, bscez ws introdus a pez betwen de tui efects, hwiq pez iz not 
felt in de proper consecutiv pronunsiajun ov de wurd,) er hweder we Jud 



§ 23, nr. 5. Ruth for Practical Silabicafun. 67 

retail ds proper number ov leterz in ds wurd, and sacrifjz wun ov ds 
efects ov ds leter. It wud bz injiidijus tui spel sue; a wurd az hisiy wid 
ss hwen divided intui silab'lz, dus, his-siy, and wid a snjg'l s on uder 
ocajunz, (eldo, in fact, we dui promms ss hwen silabiziy), bscez suq a 
prosEdirj mjt confiiz ds carles er ignorant, hui wud never no hwen ds 
wurd bad a dub'l er a sirjg'l consonant bstwm ds leterz. (Is best plan 
ssmz tui bs, tui sacrif jz ds inijal efect ov ds niEdial consonant upon ds 
fdloin vsel, bscez ds final efect iz mar strjcin dan de inijal efect, and 
bscez de consonant must bs tac'n wid a prssEdirj vsel hwen it iz a stopt 
vsel, tui distiijgwij it from a brsf wun ; and we dus get a rml dplicab'l 
tui el casez, hwiq ma bs stated dus : — 

Ferstli, Hicen onli wun consonant iz find bstwm kit vxelz, tie con- 
iz tut bs tac'n wick is ferst vxel hwen it liaz a, final efect 
it, and icid de secund vxel in uder casez. 



Az a jeneral rml, ds consonant haz dis filial efect on ds pressdin vsel 
hwen ddt vsel iz Ion er stopt, and not so hwen ds vsel iz brsf; dus, 
bsm-iy, dsl-er, as-id ; but be-mon, de-lit, a-sfd. We dus ss, k~$, in strict 
fonetic printirj, d£ hjfen hwiq marcs ds practical silabic divi3un, elso 
mqrcs ds breviti ov ds prsssdiij vsel ; hw^l a dub'l kjfen distlrjgwijez ds 
rar cas ov a prsssdirj lor) vsel, az in a—er-i-al, a—on-i-an. 

Secundli, Htoen several consonants cum bstwsn tw vselz, ol tioz Hat 
hav a final efect on de presediy vsel ma be, and at lest tcun ov tiem 
must be, tac'n wid it, Moil doz hwig qr left tut be tac'n tcid de 
secund xnel must be in el casez sug az dm er can egzert an inifal 
efect upon it. 

cEus ws div|d rend-iy, er ren-diy, ecs-pir er ec-spir, egz-est er eg-zest, 
con-script er cons-cript, in el ov hwig a dub'l divi3un iz posib'l. No suq 
divi3im iz posib'l in prest-crq ft, bscez pres-tcrqft, and daiioYpre—stcrqft, 
and similerli prestc-rqft can not bs prommst. In witf-crqft, we mjt 
divjd wit-fcrqft, but we Jiad not bs incl^nd tui dm so bscez it iz un-lnglij" 
tin comens a wurd, and darfor a silab'l, vti&fc, hwjl it iz veri comun tui 
end a silab'l wid tf=g ; agen, az ds wurd iz an evident compsnd, hwiq 
iz felt tui bs wun h\ ds spscer, hs wil tac car not tui let ds/hav an inijal 
efect on ds c, and dus hs wil naturali divjd loitf-crqft, and not wit-fcrqft. 
In practical Irjglif fonetic printirj, we uz ds abrsnajun g fer tf hwen dar 
iz a transifunol efect ov t on /, but not uderwjz. clus, ws rjt gip, and 
clug=tfip, clutf in ds fermer ov hwiq wurdz t iz onli inijal, hwjl in de 



68 



Egzqmp'lz ov Practical Silabicafim § 23, nr. 5. 



later it iz medial — a diferens twig iz veri muq felt in specin ; but we rjt 
dbutfip and not abngip, becez t iz onli final, and haz darfor no efect on 
&tf,—&z onli posib'l divigun ov de silab'lz bein teoreticali alut-fip, and 
prdcticali ab-ut-fip. Hwen dar iz a jenuin club'l consonant (er vsel) in 
a wurd, de divigun ov de silab'l olwaz folz betwen de tra leterz ov de sam 
nam, az sol-les, un-non, un-nat-yr-al, un-nes-es-er-i, o—o-l%t. 

In practical TijgliJ f emetic printin dar iz a dificulti in silabjzin hwar t 
alon ociirz betwen tra vselz, oiij tra de dub'l us ov de leter r bot fer uu 
(or ur) and r — de rral bein, dat r signify r hwen befor a vsel, and m or ur 
hwen not befor a vsel, acerdin az de presedin vsel iz palatal or gutural. 
And dis riul agen suferz an ecsepjun liwen r cumz betwen tm v^elz ov 
hwic; de ferst iz Ion, fer den r=uu-r or jlt-t (az ecspland at lent in § 29, 
nr. 9). 3us, de wurdz liwig we qt in practical Iijglif printin, sptrft, 
w?m'£, marid, sort, herd, curd ; vsr, car, par, puir, fir, pur ; vsriy, cariy, 
poriy, ptarer, firiy, p?/rer, err in fact pronsnst spirit, merit, marid, sofi, 
Ji"uud, c"urd '; vbm, cauu , pour, pmur, fiuu, pi[ur ; vsuu-riy, cduu-riy, pour-riy, 
pmur-r'uu, fiuu-riy, pyur-ruu. An Iijglijman haz de gratest dificulti in 
promsnsiij spir-, mer-, sor-, distiijct from speuu, meM, sour, and hens de 
divi3unz spir-it, mer-it, sor-i, do ov perfectli de sam natur, and az corect 
az Jil-et, pel-et, wol-et, qr veri dificult, and almost unintelijib'l tm him. 
cle divi3imz ve—riy, ca—riy, po—riy, pin— y i , er led tm an dbsolqtli eronius 
and veri disagreab'l pronunsiajun, herd in giad sos^eti in Scotland, we 
qr infermd, but il-bred er ignorant in Ingland. On de uder hand, ver-iy, 
car-iy, por-iy, pmr-er, laiz dar trild and most conspicuous r. 5is later 
dificulti m jt be avoded bj_ qtin vsrriy, carriy, porriy, piurrer, in hwiq eg 
r wud reprezent a diferent ssnd, acerdin tm rral. But dis simp'l remedi 
haz ben fond in practis wurs dan de dizez. At prezent, de sjens ov 
fonetics haz ben so lit'l cultivated, and de sistem ov spelin in comun us 
iz so perplecsin and so ttiroli unfonetic, dat de nesesiti fer r^tin tr in 
sue, wurdz iz not jenerali recognjzd. Hens it iz practical neseseri at 
prezent tm rjt vsriy, ets. wid wun r, and ov cors tm divjd qfter r ; dus, 
ver-iy, ets. Herqfter, perhaps, hwen de erz and fonetic felinz ov IngliJ"- 
men hav becum a lit'l Jqrp 'nd, it ma be fond convenient tm distnjgwij 
uu, ur, from r; and perhaps de simp'l simbul u m^t be qzd in wun cas and 
r in de uder ; and de tra. ssndz "uu, "ur, hwic; qr ns so jenerali confiizd, 
nrjt becum merjd intra wun, — hwic; mit be rit'n 'u. 5e egzemplificativ 
wurdz we hav cjoz'n wiad den be rit'n spirit, merit, marid, sort, liud, 
cud, vsu, cau, pou, putu, fiu (er fi'u), p%u, veuriy, cauriy, pouriy, pmuru, 
fiuriy (er fi-iriy), pyur'u^. At prezent, de public mjnd in Ingland iz not 
prepard fer dis dub'l simboljzajun ov r. 



§ 24, nr. 1. Etimolojical Silabicafun — Acsent, 69 

6. Etimolojical Silabicafun. 
R silab'l iz a insr colecjnn ov fonetic elements, acerdhj tin sr definij'nn 
in nr. 1 ; and we liav atemted tui defjn cts bsnderiz ov suq colecjnnz in dz 
prsssdin rancircs. Az, forever, de wnrd silab'l onli signify colecfun, it ma be 
tac'n fer eni colecjnn ov leterz, independentli ov ctar feruiiij a sing'l bd; 
on &z 8r hwen spoc'n, or indspendentli ov ctar bain iiterab'1. We must, 
darfor, distingwif fanatical from etimolojical silab'lz ; and we Jal preznm 
dat el silab'lz cir fonetic, unles eta q,r uderwjz distingwift. An atemt haz 
ben mad tui fors &z fonetical silab'lz intiu etimolojical silab'lz ; and in cts 
old st|l ov speliij, hwar fonetics wer ignord, etimoloji ssmd cts onli saf 
gjd tm de divi3un ov a wurd, hwen it woz neseseri tra brae it up intui 
pq,rts. But &z prinsip'l can not be carid st. els etimolojical divigun 
sumt^mz felz in cts mid'l ov a leter, er rctfter, bstwsn tui leterz, fer hwiq 
wun had ben afterwurdz substituted, az in mfun, fermerli, perhaps, 
nasiun ; cts etimolojical divi3un bein nas-iu-n, and && old divigun {na-ti-on}, 
hwicj berz at scud red en a, na ; te i, ti, nat{; o en, on, mfun! Ws tine 
it best tui uz dz wurd silab'l fer &z fonetic divigunz onli, and term de 
etimolojical divigunz divigunz, er grmps, and uz a nu s^n ov divigun fer 
dem, az cts coma fer dz smeler divigunz, and tui comaz fer cts grater 
divigunz, dus, foneticali, zo-ol-oj-i, def-i-nit ; etimolojicali, zo,o„loj,i; 
d.e„fin,it. In sum casez, ov cars, fonetical silab'lz, and etimolojical 
grmps, qr identical, az in compsnd wurdz, hwar dz compozijun iz stil 
felt V\ dz spscer, dat iz, in confus compsndz widin de laygwej, az eta ma hz 
celd ; ctus, lip-mat, roz-trs. 

§ 24. 

EMFASIS AND ACSENT. 

1. Natip' ov Acsent. — Primer i Acsetit. 

It iz veri frscwentli neseseri, in spsciij, tui giv impertuns er digniti tui 
sum silab'l er wurd abiiv ctoz liwiq pressd er folo it. 3is ma be efected 
b[ a grat var^eti ov diferent intonajunz, bj rapiditi er slones ov uterans, 
b\ rufnes er jent'lnes, h\ raziij dz vers tm a h^er picj er sirjein it tui a bas 
ton, bj hwisperin er spsciij Avid grat lsdnes, and so on.( n ) Ov el dsz 
planz, .dz most comun in 11311a] spec; iz Isd/ies ; eni silab'l er wurd liwit; 

11. cLe wurst mod, eldo iu grat repiit amiii) public spscerz, iz tiunpiij a taVL er 
sniachj wun hand upon aniidcr, dqrig &z uterans ov a wurd, hwarbj de s^sud ov de wurd 
itself iz jenerali overpserd, and its msuirj left tux cte imajinajun ov de lisuer. 



70 Acsent, Sub -Acsent, Absens ov Acsent. § 24, nr. 1. 

haz tui be beter herd dan &z uderz iz spoc'n hder, and iz ocagunali dwelt 
on logger, but iz, at eni rat, mad mor edib'l bj a perseptib'l intenfun 
on d£ pqrt ov ds spscer. 3is we ma prmv b^ lisniij tin a persun spEcirj, 
at suq a distons az not tra hsr clsrii el dat lis sez ; ds important silab'lz 
alon caq de £r, ds rest qr inedib'l. Confjniij srselvz for ds prezent tm ds 
cas hwar wnn silab'l in a wurd iz dus distingwijt, de efurt mad iz cold 
an acsent ; de marc ( ' ), b\ hwiq it iz indicated, iz cold ds acsent-mqrc ; 
ds spscer iz sed tin acsent, and ds rjter tm acsentyat ds silab'l. cEe marc 
( ' ) iz rit'n over d£ vsel in d£ silab'l, or at its cloz, servirj dus tra mqrc 
d£ silabic divi3un, az zo~6l-oj-i or zo-ol'oj-i. Sum fonetijanz distirjgwij 
d£ ful from d£ stopt vsel bj saim dat in d£ cas ov d£ stopt vsel d£ foloirj 
consonant iz acsented, and in casez ov d£ lot) vsel d£ vsel itself iz acsented. 
cEez wurdz dm not admit ov a strict interpretajun. It iz onli voccd bret 
hwicj can b£ acsented, — onli ddt fragment ov vos hwiq constitiits a silab'l, 
dat can b£ mor or les hrdli spoc'n. We liav, darfor, properli spEcin, 
n£der acsented vselz nor acsented consonants, but onli acsented silab'lz. 
3.E inijal and f jnal efects ov consonants qr sertenli pqrts ov d£ silab'lz, 
and tac up an aprsjiab'l tjm in uterans ; and in d£ cas ov a stopt vsel, d£z 
efects ov d£ consonants tac up mor tjm dan ds v^el itself. Perhaps, den, 
in dis later cas, (if, b\ a lacsiti ov ecsprejun, d£ fjnal efect ov a consonant 
wer cold d£ ssnd ov ds consonant,) we mjt sa dat d£ consonant woz 
acsented rqder dan d£ vsel ; but dis iz onli an incorect wa ov statiij an 
Jsolated cas. Hwen d£ vsei iz loi), d£ fjnal efect ov d£ consonant iz just 
az mug acsented az hwen d£ vsel iz stopt ; but ds proporjun ov d£ durajun 
ov ds fjnal efect tm dat ov d£ vsel ssnd brin les, dis sercumstans woz 
overluct. 3e inifal efect ov d£ consonant on d£ vsel haz never bsn tac'n 
intra considerajun, oldo it iz az mug a pqrt ov d£ silab'l just az iz ds iyral 
efect itself. Per d£z rEz'nz, it iz neseseri tm tec ov acsented silab'lz onli. 

2. Secunderi Acsent or Sub-Acsent, and Absens ov Acsent. 

B£s£dz ds c/f silab'l ov a wurd, or ddt on hwiq d£ prinsipol stres iz lad, 
meni gradajunz ma b£ obzervd amurj && uder silab'lz in wurdz ov mor 
dan tra silab'lz. c[e silab'l dat tesevz dfi qsf acsent iz sed tm bs jprimerili 
acsented, ds necst most important silab'l iz secunderili acsented, d£ necst 
terfierili, and so on. Hwen dar qr onli tra acsented silab'lz in a wurd, 
ds ferst iz sed tm hav de acsent, and d£ secund ds sub-acsent. cEe sub- 
acsent iz reprszented bj ds mqrc ( t ), dren bslo d£ Ljn, and, fer wont ov 
tjps, olwaz plast qfter ds sub-acsentecl silab'l. Fer d£ terfieri acsent, d£ 
mqrc iz dub'ld, dus, ( ;/ ), and so on. c[oz silab'lz hwic, qr pronsnst wid 
an Ev'n ton, (fermirj, az it wer, d£ plan ov speq, hwaron d£ acsented silab'lz 



§ 24, nr. 3. Sah -Aesent, Absem av Aesent — Emfasis. 71 

aqz, ]\c hilz ov varius altitqdz,) qr termd un-acsmted. It ma hap'n, 
darfor, dat no silab'l in a wurd i'esevz an aesent, bscez el qr pronsnst in 
d£ sam level ton. Suq wurdz ma ferm, so tui spsc, a hj tab'1-land, er a 
flat botum, az compard wid de jeneral level ov uder wurdz ; yet, az in 
aesent we onli consider de relativ impertans ov silab'lz in a siijg'l wurd, 
and not az compard wid uder wurdz, if no silab'l iz pqrticulerli distil) - 
gwijt from its f'eloz no aesent can be niqrct. 3is iz ds cas, teoreticali, 
wid everi wind in de Frenq laijgwej, in hwiq, darfor, no aesent can be 
inqret ; prdcticali, wun ov ds silab'lz iz jenerali. distirjgwijt h\ an aesent ; 
bnt de diferens bst wm ds acsented and un-ucsented silab'l in a Frenq 
wurd, iz not mor dan ddt bstwsn an acsented and sub-acsented silab'l 
in IijgliJ ; er, tm cari on ds ilustrajun we hav bsfor iizd, ds bqts tin hwiq ds 
Frenq acsented silab'lz rjz abdv ds level ov erdineri spsq, iz not mor dan 
ds diferens ov ds hjts tui hwiq diferentli acsented silab'lz rjz in IngliJ. 
cfc foloin qr egzqmp'lz ov ds varius spejisz ov acsented silab'lz in IijgliJ : 
pro-eras -ti-nkf-un, s" r -cum-nav ir i-gaf-im, a-men, de later ward bshj un- 
acsented, dat iz, bot silab'lz beiij pron^nst sv'nli. 

It iz sumtjmz convsnient tui sum up ds acsents ov a wurd indspendentli 
ov its s?md; in dis cas we ma rsprszent an unacsented silab'l h\ 0, and 
d£ acsented \>\ 1, sub-acsented b\ \, secund sub-acsented V\ i, and so 
on, dimimfiij wun-hqf £q tyn. cEus de acsented sistemz ov ds trs egzem- 
plificativ wurdz just giv'n, qr 0|-010, ^0^010, 00. Az in dez egzqmp'lz, 
ws Jal jenerali f jnd dat ds sub-acsented silab'lz qr seperated from sc uder 
and d£ acsented silab'lz b\ wun un-acsented silab'l. 3is iz not elwaz d£ 
cas, dus, ue's-es-er-i=l000 ; ^-lo-j)ro-je?i-i-tiv-nes=^001000 • dis-in-ter- 
est-ed-nes— 100000. . 

* 3. Emfasis. 

In £q set ov wurdz, az in sq set ov silab'lz, dar iz wun prsdominant. 
clis iz sed tui hav ds emfasis, and dar qr jenerali meni sub-emfatic er 
hjp-emfatic wurdz, ov hwiq ds gradajunz ma bs mqret in figqrz, but not 
wid eni deqresi. 3e u^ual mod ov mqrciij an emfatic wurd, iz tui print 
it in a diferent tjp 3 er, in rjthj, tui underscor it ; d£ dsgrEz ov emfasis ma bs 
printed dus: "qrt, qrt, Art, Art, art, qrt, Art, Art, art, zrt, Art, 
Art, ART, ART, ART, ART. Ear iz a serten set ov wurdz hwiq 
in erdineri rjtin rssev a capital leter h\ pi'EseripJun, eldo d£ custum diferz 
in diferent knjgwejez ; but if d£ capital leter b£ apljd tui a wurd hwiq 
duz not U3iiali rsssv it, ds elect on ds rsder iz dat ov a mqrc ov emfasis. 
Italics qr ds most comim mqrc. In ds cas ov monosilab'lz, it iz veri 
convEiiient tin plas an aesent mqrc over ds vsel, bj wa ov emfasis. els 



72 Emfasis — Cwontiti ov Vxdz. \ 24, nr. 23. 

divi3imz ov wurdz qr in sum respects qrbitreri ; da qr sertenli cwjt un- 
fonetic, for a hoi sentens rojt be printed of, widst eni divigun ov wurdz, 
and yet be cwjt intelijib'l, ev'n do de convenfunz ov de practical fonetic 
IrjgliJ alfabet be folod, insted ov niqrcirj everi Jad ov ssnd acerdiij tm sr 
complet alfabet ov § 21 ; dus : CumJddergudnaburSecol. GodliatbUstuwit- 
agudnkm : tmbeawelfkvurdmdniziegtftovfertiin ; buttmredandritcumzbinktiir. 
Wei, fenirfdvurse?*, hwi, gfvGodtdgcs, andmkcnobostovit ; andferiirredhjand- 
r(tiy, letddtajperJiweniariznonedovsugvdnitiz. Meni ov sr monosilabic 
wurdz ma be considerd in spec; az pqrts ov uder wurdz, dus, desun ovdemdn 
onli form tm oral wurdz in IrjgliJ, az {films hominis) dm in Latin, or 
{Mandens Son) in Dam'J, eldo da qr acsidentali rit'n in fjv Avurdz in 
IngliJ, — de sun ov is man. If we folo de ciistumeri divi3un ov wurdz 
in IngliJ, we ma, darfor, at eni tyn acsent a monosilabic wurd, tm Jo dat 
it iz an independent wurd, and not wun ov doz hwic; cud be jond tm 
uderz ; dus, in iamtmgo tiuhim andtuuitm, de natural divi3unz qr az her 
mad, and de acsent on tih hwen printed seperetli, — dus, i am tm go tm 
him and tm n tiu, — Joz dat de lqst tik iz a diferent pqrt ov spec; from de 
uder wurdz, dat it iz not a pqrt ov anuder wurd, but an independent 
wurd itself. 3is mod ov directin ds reder tm pronsns a wurd mor em- 
fdticcdi dan he mjt uderwjz hav ben incl|nd, and dus tm ad him in de 
imedyet colecfim ov de sens ov a pasej, iz az convenient az it iz foneticali 
corect. 

§ 25. 

CWONTITI. 

1 . Cwontiti ov Vxelz. 

It woz Jon in § 9, dat vselz and silab'lz qr in el casez ov veri bref 
dqrajun, lqstin at most for a smel fracjun ov a secund ov tjm. Stil, we 
wer ab'l tm discriminat tre aprejiabii diferent spejiez ov vselz, hwic; we 
cold loy, bref, and stopt, eldo it iz not posib'l tm asjn a strict rajio betwen 
de lents ov dez vselz. Az compard tm de Ion vsel, de bref and stopt 
vselz qr elwaz/e^; dat iz, in de sam wurd de Ion vsel wil be elwaz ov 
muq longer dqrajun dan de bref or stopt vselz. It iz neseseri tm obzerv 
de condijunz, " in de sam wurd" becez diferent wurdz qr proirsnst wid 
veri diferent degrez ov rapiditi, and de sam vsel hwiq iz Ion in wun wurd 
wud be bref in anuder, eldo it had de sam absolqt dqrajun. 91 con- 
siderajunz ov de lent ov vselz Jud darfor be confjnd tm a sing'l wurd, az 
uterd on a sing'l oca3im ; fer in de sam wurd, az uterd on diferent oca3imz, 
de gratest var^eti ov relativ proporjunz betwen de lents ov its vselz, ma 
be obzervd. 3e lent ov a vsel iz celd its cwontiti. 



§ 25, nr. 2. Cwontiti ov Silab'lz. 73 

2. Cwontiti ov Silab'lz. 

cle cwontiti ov a vsel must be veri carfuli distiijgwijt from dat ov de 
silab'l contaniij it. 3e Latin and Grec lez ov versificajun qr fsnded upon 
dp, relativ lents ov silab'lz in diferent wurdz, hwiq iz frecwentli diferent 
from dat ov de vselz da contan. It iz dificult, if not imposib'l, fer us, in 
IijgliJ, tiu form an ]dea ov de mod in hwiq wurdz cud hav ben pronsnst, 
so dat de proporjunz ov de lents ov silab'lz in diferent wurdz Jud hav 
ben a gjd tm dar ritmical combinajun, becez we en* entjrli gjded b\ de 
pozij'un ov de acsent in sr aprsjia/un ov rit'm, and qr so qst tiu coni- 
binajunz ov consonants hwic; a Latin er Grec wud liav fond dificult tui 
uter, az not tin hav it in sr pser tui asp a proper valq tui de lentniij 
propertiz ov consonants. We wil egzdmin a fq casez ov de sercumstansez 
hwic; determind de lent ov a silab'l tui a Latin er. 

Ferst, if a silab'l terminated wid a vsel or a siijg'l consonant, de silab'l 
woz considerd Ion or fort, acerdin az de v^el it contand woz Ion er Jert. 
Nzr, dar iz an absolqt diferens in de lent ov silab'lz, uder tinz behj de sam, 
acordiij tiu de consonant wid hwiq da com ens, but dis woz not tac'n 
intui de ac^nt. clus, de Latin silab'lz (tot, sat} wer bot considerd Jert, 
eldo de t|m recwizit fer ecsecqtiij de hwisper ov s macs it neseseri dat de 
absolqt dqrajun ov sat Jud be grater dan dat ov tot. But de Latin {flat) 
iz elso Jert, eldo dis silab'l must be longer in absolqt dqrajun dan sat, 
provided onli de his ov/be contfnqd fer de sam tjni az de his ov s; fer it 
must ecssd it bj de hoi tpn neseseri tm prodqs de efect ov de murmur ov I, 
and de inijal efect ov / on I. It iz, ov cors, posib'l tm pronsns flat in 
a Jerter spas ov tjm dan sat, becez de his ov / ma be muq hurid over, 
and dat ov s muq proldnd. It iz wun ov sr dificultiz in aprsjiatiij Latin 
cwontiti, tm no hs de Eomanz wer contented tm neglect de inijal con- 
sonant, in dar evalqajun ov de lent ov a silab'l. 

Secundli, hwen a vsel woz folod b^ tui consonants at de end ov a 
word, de silab'l contaniij it woz rec'nd Ion, hweder de vsel it contand wer 
loij er Jert. clus, (sex)=secs woz Ion. 

Terdli, de sam held gud in de mid'l ov a wurd, ecsept hwen tm con- 
sonants cam betwen tm vselz, and de secund consonant woz a licwid, az 
I, r ; in dis cas, if de vsel presediij de tui consonants wer Ion, de silab'l 
contaniij it woz loij, but if de vsel wer Jert, de silab'l contaniij it mjt be 
rec'nd Ion or Jert, at ple3iir. clus, we no dat de ferst silab'l ov (dtro) iz 
Ion, becez de ferst silab'l ov (titer), from hwic; it iz da-Jvd, woz loij ; 
but az de ferst silab'l ov (uiger) iz Jert, de ferst silab'l ov (nigro) mjt be 
E&er Ion er Jert, probabli becoz de specer mjt divjd (ui-gro) er {nig-ro) ; fer 



74 Cwontiti ov Silab'lz — Resent and Cwontiti. § 25, nr. 2. 

hwen wun silab'l ended wid a consonant, and de necst began wid wun, 
ev'n if ddt necst silab'l wer in aniider wurd, ds ferst silab'l woz log, 
hwotever wer de lent ov de vsel ; and de sam woz &e cas if wnn wurd 
ended wid a Jert vsel, and de necst wurd began wid tui consonants ov 
hwiq de secund woz not a licwid ; dus, de lqst silab'lz ov (facilis, forte), 
in (facilis descensus, forte scutum), wer rec'nd tui be lorj ; eldo if (facilis) 
bad ben Mod bj a vsel, and (forte) bj a sirjg'l consonant, er ttii con- 
sonants ov hwicj de secund woz I or r, de last silab'lz ov dez tui wurdz 
wiad Lav ben aexnted Jert. 

It iz curius tui obzerv de grat efect atribqted tui consonants foloin a 
vsel, in dez casez, and de lit'l vain atributed tui de inijal consonants; 
and yet it iz imposib'l, for egzqmp'l, tui supoz dat de ferst silab'l ov 
scdfi-netsci (=8krzynecki), cud be pronsnst in de sam lent ov tjm az i bj 
itself. It must be rememberd, lrdever, dat de Romanz had no consepjun 
ov de posibiliti ov hepin up so meni consonants befor a vsel, at de beginirj 
ov a silab'l. 

3. Rehfan ov Acsent and Cwontiti. 

cle pozijun ov de acsent, on a Grec er Latin wurd, woz elwaz mor er 
les determind h[ de cwontiti ov its final silab'lz. cle jeneral mil in Grec 
(from hwicj, hsever, dar wer so meni ecsepjunz, dat de later Grec gramarianz 
nu, no remedi but tui marc de pozijun ov de acsent on everi wurd) iz, dat 
hwen bot de last silab'lz qr Jert, de acsent ljz on de lqst but tui, and hwen 
de lq,st silab'l, er de lqst silab'l but wun, iz Ion, de acsent iz on de last 
but wun. cle Latin ruil, from hwic; we or told dar woz no ecsepjun, woz, 
dat hwen de last silab'l but wun woz Ion, de acsent la upon it, and hwen 
de lqst silab'l but wun woz Jert, de acsent la on de lqst but tui, disilab'lz 
bein in el casez acsented on de ferst. cle Latin rralz qr ov impertans tui 
Inglijmen, becez da determin de pozijun ov de IngliJ acsent upon a vaqeti 
ov wurdz hwic; qr der|vd directli from de Latin, and becez in el wurdz hwicj 
we hav tac'n from de Grec, we folo de Latin and not de Grec sistem ov 
acsentqajun. clez ruilz frecwentli claj : fer egzqmp'l, de foloin namz ov 
plasez in Itali, Sisili, and Gres, retan de Grec pozijun ov de acsent, in 
Italy an, — Q'tranto-, Trqpq-ns-, Po-sslippo-, La' panto-, (Otranto, Trapani, 
Posilippo, Lepanto,) tre ov hwicj an Inglijman, adoptin de Latin acsent, 
wild ndtqrali eel Q-trdnto-, Posi-lip-o-, Lepanto-. 

In IngliJ dar iz no perseptib'l relajun betwen acsent and cwontiti, fur- 
der dan dis, — a silab'l contanin a bref vsel iz never acsented, but a silab'l 
contanin a Ion vsel haz jenerali an acsent er sub-desent. cTar qr, hsever, 
so meni silab'lz contanin stopt vselz hwicj resev de acsent, dat de abiiv 
relajunz qr ov lit'l practical valq in determinin de pozijun ov de acsent. 



§25, nr. -1. Rlfm and Cwontiti. 7 5 

4. Rehfun ov Ritfm tw Acsent and Cwontiti. 

Eni sentens iz ritmical hwig consists ov pqrts barirj a determinet 
relajun tui wun anuder. Sentensez consistin ov de sain number ov wurdz, 
in hwic; de sam parts ov spec; ocupj de sam plasez in everi l|n er clez, qr 
ritmical. Pdraleliz'm ov jdeaz produsez a spejiez ov rit'm, az in de 
poetri ov de Hebruiz. But de most comun mod ov produsin a ritmiccd 
efect, iz bj menz ov cwontiti er acsent. We wil ilustrat dis bj de Latin 
hecsameter and de IijgliJ heroic megur. We hav elredi ficst upon a 
notajun for acsented silab'lz, independentli ov dar ssndz ; let us adopt 
a similer wun for de cwontiti ov silab'lz, and let " 2 " reprezent a log, 
and " 1 " a Jert silab'l. clez numberz ar qoz'n becez, in Latin and Grec 
versificajun, it iz asiimd dat wun loij silab'l iz ecwal in lent tin tin Jert 
silab'lz. H. Jert silab'l darfor beciimz de unit ov cwontiti, and ma be celd 
dizfert; and de Ion silab'l ma den be celd de loij. 

A Latin hecsameter consisted ov twenti-for Jerts, distributed intui 

gruips ov for Jerts in eg, but consistin ov tre silab'lz at most, and ov de 

ferm 211 er 22. Az a jenercd rail, de tui lq,st gruips must be subdivided 

dus, 211,22, eldo casez ocur in hwic; de ljn endz wid 211,22,22 ; so dat 

de teoretical hecsameter woz 

( 211,211,211,211, | 911 „a C 211,211,811,") 911 09 og 

{or 22, 22, 22, 22, f* 11 ^ 6r l &r 22, 22, 22, }*^* A >**\ 

hwar eni ov de uper ma be combpd wid eni ov de loer gruips. Muq ov 

de rit'm semz tui hav depended upon de maner in hwicj de gruips 211,22 

wer varid in erder, and distributed cumin diferent wurdz. cLus, it woz 

indispensib'l dat de terd er de fort gruip in a vers Jmd be div|ded cumin 

tui wurdz. If we uz a coma tui seperat gruips, and a Iqfen tui seperat 

wurdz, de acsent mqrc penitin st de pozifun ov de acsent, de ferst sev'n 

l|nz ov Yerjilz Sniid wil run dus : 

4*Arma vimmque cano, Trojse qui primus ab oris 2 / l-1.2 / l -l / ,2-2 / ,2-2-,2 / l-l-,2'2 

A Italiam fato profugus, Lavinia venit 211,2- 2',2- 11,2 - 2,211 -,2'2 

Litora ; niultum ille et terris jactatus et alto 211 -,2'( 12 ) - 2'-, 2 - 2',2 - 2,21 - 1 - ,2'2 

Vi snperiim, ssevse memorem Junonis ob iram; 2-11,2-2 / ,2-H,2-2,21-l-,2 / 2 

Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urban, 21 - l'-,2 - 2', 2 - 2', 2 - 2 - ,211 -,2'2 

Inferretque Deos Latio; genus unde Latinum 22,21-1 , ,2-11,2-11-,21-1,2 , 2 

Albanique patres, atque altse moenia Roma?.) 22,2l-l / ,2-2 / -,2 / 2-,2ll-,2 / 2 

12. Silab'lz endir) in m, er in a vsel bwcn ocurirj at de end ov a wurd, and presedirj 
a wind beginirj wid a v^el, in de sam vers, or not rec'nd anrurj de silab'lz ov a ljn ; da 
or, h^ever, elwaz pronsnst in Ingland, and ma bav ben pronsnst in Rom, if we ma juj 
bj de modern Italyan and SpaniJ poetri, in hwic de sam rral boldz gud for vselz, eldo 
not for in. In stil older Latin, de fjnal s woz disregarded. 



76 Bifm and Cwontiti. § 25, nr. 4. 

We hav mqrct d£ acsent anmn d£ numberz, bscez we hav red a veri in- 
jsnius atemt tin pruiv dat de Latin hecsameter woz regulated h\ acsent 
az wel az cwontiti, (Edinb. Revij, vol. 6, pp. 362 — 377,) eldo no recerd 
ov suq a fact haz cum dsn tui us. Az we Irjglij* rsd d£z \{x\ z, we entjrli 
neglect ds cwontiti, ecsept in so fqr az it dsterminz cIe plas ov de acsent ; 
and yet dar iz sumtin in ds swig ov ds vers, az red at scuil, hwig iz 
ritmical, eldo ds pres|s natm* ov ds rit'm ma he dificult tm pernt si. We 
egzibit d£ Etonian and a conjectural restorajun ov de old Latin pronun- 
siajun ov d£Z ljnz. 



Etonian Pronunsiafun. ( 13 ) 
'j&rma vjrumcwe cano, Troje cwj prjmus 

ab oris 
Ttdliam fato profugus, Lavinia venit 
Litora; multum lie et tens jactatus et 

dlto 
Vj siiperum, seve rnemorem Junonis ob 

jrom; 
Multa cwocwe et belo pdsus, dam conderet 

tirbem, 
Inferetcwe Deos Lafio ; jenus linde 

Latjnum 
Albanjcwe patrez, dtcwe dlte menia Rome. 



Conjecti{ral Prommsiafim. 
armq,- vi-runcve- ( H ) cano, Troyq,i eve 

prsmus ab ores 
l-tcdi-an fqto prdfugus, LcL-vemq- vanit 
leto-rq- ; midltun llle- et terres yactqtus et 

alto 
ve siape-run, sqivaji rnemo-reh. Yumonis ob 

eraii; 
midltq- cvocve- et bello passus, dun 

conderet lorben, 
inferretcve-, Da-os Lasio; yenus xande- 

Lq-tenun 
albqnecve-, patras, atcve- altqt momi-q- 
Romqi. 

cTe Inglif liEroic vers iz U3uali stated tui consist ov ten silab'lz ; it iz 
beter divided intui f^v groups, sq ov hwig tsoreticali consists ov tin silab'lz, 
ov hwiq d£ secund onli iz acsented. 3e tEoretical IngliJ vers iz darfor 
01,01,01,01,01 ; but dis normal form iz veri seldum fond. Prdcticali, 
meni ov d£ gruips qr cdtfd tm consist ov tre silab'lz, tm ov dem bdn un- 
acsented ; but in dsz casez d£ sikib'l imsdyetli prEssdiij iz u^ucili veri stroijli 
acsented. 3e number ov silab'lz ma darfor bE grater dan ten, hw^l ds 
acsents ma b£, and most jenerali qr, les dan fjv. It iz neseseri for an 
Iijglif vers ov dis descripjun, dat dar Jiad b£ an acsent, — at ds end ov 
d£ terd and fift grmp ; — or at d£ end ov ds secund and fort ; — and if £der 
ov d£Z recwizits qr compl^d wid, uder acsents ma b£ distributed elmost at 

13. We hav adopted de practical Irjglif fonetic alfabet, in egzibitirj de Ctonian pro- 
nunsiajun, and dus rjt urbent for "jrbem, ets.; but we uz de complet fonetic form, 
wictst eni convenjunz, in asjnirj de conjectural pronunsiajun, tui prevent eni mistacs or 
ambigqiti. 

14. clat de final m ov de Latinz woz onli tantamsnt tm a nazaljzirj ov de presedirj 
vsel, iz belevd bj meni rjterz, and semz born 3t bj de Freng and Portqgez langwejez. 
It iz onli bj dis vocaliti ov de f jnal silab'lz endirj in m, dat we can ac^nt for dar bein 
eljded in efect, befor previus vselz, hwen de meter recwjrd it. 



§ 25, nr. 4. Rifm and Accent. 77 

ple3iu\ 3.Z lqst grmp ma elso hav wun er tm unacsented silab'lz qfter 
its lqst acsent. Muq ov d£ buti ov a vers arjzez from ds proper dis- 
tribqjun ov dz natiircd grrapiij ov wurdz and dz pezez bstwm dem, and 
elso dz distribiijun ov ds grmps ov acsents amiuj dz grmps ov wurdz. 
cuts de secund er terd grmp must be divided in elmost even cas, er dz 
efect on de er wil not bs hqrmonius. 

We wil ilustrat dez remqrcs bj a fu ljnz from dz bsgiuiij ov Miltun, not 
distirjgwijnj sub-acsented silab'lz az suq, but recniij dem amurj ds acsented 
silab'lz, in erder tui simplify sr analisis, az fqr az dz rit'm iz consernd. 
3z grmpiij ov ds wurdz iz Jon bj hjfenz. 

Ov mdnz ferst disobediens, and de fruit 0-1-, 1-0,01,00-0-, 0-1- (1) 
Ov ddt ferbid'n tore, biuz mortal tast 0-i-,01,0-|-,0-l,0-l - (2) 

Bret det intra de wurld, and el sv wo f - 1 - ,00 - ,0 - 1 - ,0 - § - ,0 - 1 - (3) 

Wid Ids ov '8d"*n, til wun grater man 0-|-,0-l,0-0-,0-l,0-l- (4) 

Restor us, and regan de blisful set, 01 - ,0 - - ,01 - ,0 - 1,0 - 1 - (5) 

Sin, heVnli Muz, ddt, on de secret top 1-1,00-1-, |-0-,0-l,0-i- (6) 
Ov 'Qreb, er ov Sjnaj, didst rnspjr - 1,0 - - ,0 - 1,00 - | - ,01 - (7) 

Sat Jeperd, bra ferst tet de coz'n sed | - 1,0 - - ,1 - 1 - ,0 - 1,0 - 1 - (8) 

In de beginin, hx de hev'nz and ert 0-0- ,01,0-0 -,0-1,0 -0-1- (9) 

RozstovCaos. 'Or, if Zjun bil l-0-,0-l,0-£-,0-l,0-l- (10) 

Delft de, mor ; and Spoaz bruc dat floz 01 -,0 - 1 -,0 - 1,00 - 1 -,0 - 1 - (11) 
Fast bj de orac'lz ov God, j dens l-0-,0-l,00-,0-l,-|-l- (12) 

Invoc dj ad tui mj adventorus son; 01 -,0-1 -,0-0 -,01,00-1- (13) 

3at wid no mid'l £# inte'ndz tui sor 0-0-, 1-1,0-1-, 01 -,0-1- (14) 

Abuv de Roman nrsnt, hwg it pursiiz 0i-,0-01,00-l,-^-0-,01 - (15) 

lirjz unatemted yet, in proz er rjm. 1-0,01, 0-|-,0-l-, 0-1- (10) 

In d£z sicstm ljnz dar iz not wun wid a superfluous silab'l at ds end ov de 
]jn, but ljnz 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13, liav elev'n silab'lz, and ljn 15 liaz az 
meni az twelv silab'lz. cEar qr several grmps, darfor, ov mor dan tm silab'lz ; 
sum grmps ov tui, and wun (in de ferst ljn) ov trs, unacsented silab'lz. 
Sumtjmz a grmp liaz tin acsents, az in ljnz 6, S, 14. Ljnz 1, 3, 5, 7, 
8, 10, 15, 6 dar rit'm tm acsents at &z end ov ds terd and fift grmps; 
ljnz 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, tm acsents at d£ end ov d£ secund and fort 
grmps ; and bot caracteristics qr qnjted in ljnz 11, 14. Kz mod in hwiq 
dsz neseseri condijunz qr diversif jd, bj d£ introducfun ov uder and unecs- 
pected acsents, er bj ds omijun ov acsents, iz veri r£mqrcab'l, and Joz d£ 
qrt and ritmical felirj ov dz poet. So fqr from dz tsoretical standerd, 
01,01,01,01,01, bsiij ov constant rscurens, w£ onli fjnd wun ljn (d£ 
secund) in hwiq it iz strictli obzervd ; and £v'n den w£ hav tm asitm dat 
sub-acsents hav ds sam efect on ds sr az primeri acsents, hwiq iz fqr from 
bsin d£ cas. Ljn 11, in spjt ov d£ trs silab'lz in dz fort grmp, aproqez 
dz tEoretical standerd nerer dan eni uder vers. 



78 Pig — Cwoliti ov Ton. § 26, m\ 1. 

§26. 

uaER modz ov spee. 

l. Pig. 

Spoc'n ssndz ma bs uterd in elmost everi varjeti ov ds muziccd seal 
hwiq eni giv'n vers iz capab'l ov ecsecqtirj, eldo it iz seldum posib'l tin 
sustan a vsel ssnd wid perfect pqriti for a veri loij psriud ; and ds vselz 
o, m can not bs pronsnst on ds tv^er nots ov ds fsmal vers. In pronsnsirj 
de vsel seal s, a, q, e, o, w, it wil bs fsnd dat we involunterili mac e ds 
most treb'l and tu ds basest not. Mor egzdctli spschj, an elterafun in 
pig wil olwaz oca3un an elterajun in ds varel ssnd, becez it nssesitats 
elterafunz in ds apertqr ov ds msfc and in ds pozijun ov ds lariucs. But, 
az it wiad bs imposib'l tui discriminat dsz diferensez alfabeticali, we ma 
asqm dat ds vsel ssnd iz indspendent ov piq, and dat ds pig can onli bs 
mqret bj_ s^nz ljc muzical nots, or luisli ecsprest h\ suq frazez az " in a 
hi cs, wid a Jril vers, acqtli, psrsirjli," ets. 

2. Cwoliti ov Ton. 

Ws can jenerali distirjgwif liwot miizical instrument iz bsii) plad, az 
sum az ws lisr its ssnd, oil) tui ds diferent efects hwiq diferent instrui- 
ments prodqs on ds sr, sv'n hwen plan) nots ov prssjsli ds sam piq. cKs 
diferens ov efect iz sed tui bs dq tui ds cwoliti ov ton, in ds sam wa az 
ds versez ov diferent psp'l hav esenfali diferent caracterz ov ton, so dat 
ws jenerali no isv frendz bj ds ton ov dar versez, eldo ds wurdz hwiq da 
liter bs ds sam.( 15 ) 3a vsel ssndz qr darfor indspendent, or veri nsrli 
so, ov ds cwoliti ov ton ; da qr onli in so fqr conected wid it, dat bot ma 
dspend upon ds Jap ov ds internal cavitiz ov ds mst and noz. Ws hav 
no msn az yet ov egzdctli megurirj or indicatirj cwoliti ov ton sv'n in 
mqzical instrmments, and ws must darfor bs content wid vag analojiz 
and sirniliz in indicatirj ds ton in hwiq eni sentens iz spoc'n, az "in a 
fluiti vers, wid a clsr bel-ljc ton, wid a wjri ssnd, scrapi, hqrf, gratnj, 
smuid, rsnd, tic, tin, husci, gutural, nazal, twarji, monotonus, hevi, 
variab'l, ljvli," and so on. 

15. " Lorenzo. 3at iz de vers, 

0r j am mug dessvd, ov Perjia. 

" Perjia. He noz me, az ds bljnd man noz de ciacui, 
Bj ds bad vecs." 

Mergant ov Venis, act 5, sen 1. 



§ 26, nr. 4. Individual, Provinfal and Nafunal Acsent. 79 

3. Individual Acsent. 

Bssjdz &z habitual diferensez in piq and cwoliti ov ton obzervab'l in 
diferent individualz, ds sercumstans dat dar vocal erganz qr sumhwot 
diferent in sjz, Jap, and perhaps in cwoliti ov fiber, nssesitats sljt difer- 
ensez in de ssndz da liter. It iz hided probab'l, dat no tm individualz 
promms prEs^sli ds sam set ov vsel ssndz in prss^sli ds sam maner. Sue, 
vaqetiz ur veri perplecsirj tin de fonetijan hui wi/ez tui aprsfiat minitt 
Jadz ov ssnd. els most, den, dat he can dm iz, tm simboljz hiz on sen- 
sajunz. Leterz can at best onli indicat, and never turoli reprszent ; onli 
giv a hint ov ds trra ssnd, not a tmo nolej ov it. "If we endevur tm 
grqsp de hoi subject, and discriminat ds most delicet distiijcfnnz bj ficst 
simbnlz, we Jed overlod de alfabet, and prodits a ssrisz ov s^nz hwiq necter 
rsder ner rjter can emplo- widst ds gratest dificulti."( 16 ) 01do not atemtirj 
tm indicat everi Jad ov ssnd, we qr yet enabld tm arjv at a rsziilt sufijentli 
perfect for veri delicet fonetic investigajnnz (§ 21) ; sy aperatus iz fqr 
tm delicet, hsever, for comun Ijf ; and hens aqzez d£ nesesiti for doz 
practical considerajimz hwiq ur giv'n in ds secund part ov ctis esa. Indi- 
vidual acsent iz a tin w r E can never hop tm simboljz ; we can at most sa, 
uterd in Mr. So-and-Soz maner, ets. 

4. Provinfal and Nafunal Acsent. 

Indspendentli ov ds individual acsent, we fjnd dat hwen a number ov 
persunz liv in constant mutual intercors, da imperseptibli imitat wun an- 
uderz tonz and maner ov uterans, so dat dar st|l ov spscirj acwjrz a serten 
local culurin, (if we ma uz ds ecsprejun,) bj hwiq it iz distiijgwijt from 
dat ov a similer but seperet comuniti. Hens aqz local and provinjal 
pronunsiajunz, and, on a lqrj seal, nafunal acsent. cCoz hm hav had an 
opurtuniti ov bECumin acwanted wid ds st^l ov spEcin uzd in several 
comunitiz, and hav a cwic sr for diferensez ov pronunsiajun, can jenerali 
tel, after hsrin a fu wurdz, tm hwot comuniti d£ spscer bslonz, and 
designat hiz pronunsiajun az ds Irif, WelJ, Scoq, Yercjer, Cumberland, 
Lancajer," Hamjer, Sumersetjer, Cocni, American, ets., pronunsiajun ov 
Inglif. Hwen ds laijgwejez uzd bj diferent comunitiz qr in demselvz 
diferent, dis distincfun bscumz mor aparent ; for az it veri selduin hap'nz 
dat eni tm laijgwejez pozes prssjsli ds sam set ov fonetic elements, ds 
forener iz ugiicdi detected at wuns bj hiz inefectual atemts at pronsnsirj 

16. fW. Grimm; Deutsche Runen) = '\ . Grim; Doitfe Rw?ien, p. 20. 



80 Nafuml Acsent— Alfabetic Nokfwi. § 26, m\ 4. 

etc mi ssndz. cLez var|etiz ov provinfal and nafunal acsent, liwen da 
anient tra ds substitujun ov wun recognjzd element in d£ fonetic alfabet 
ov § 21, fer aniider, ma be veri szili simboljzd ; dus, we can redili distin- 
gwij &e forenerz dreld "yds sdr" from ds Lundun waterz rapid "yesM" 
er yeser. But in ds grat majoriti ov easez de diferens iz tui ijn fer sim- 
boljzajun, and must be left tui a Iras descripjun er a msr indicajun, az, 
" wid an foij brog, Scoq drel er rjzhj inflecfun, wid an American nazal 
twan,( 17 ) wid a Frenq acsent, wid a bred Jerman pronunsiajun ov ds vselz," 
and so on. cEoz lira hav studid a livirj foren langwej, must hav felt d8 
dificulti ov acwirir) a corect acsent, and ov not bsirj detected at wuns az 
Inglijmen from dar pronunsiajun, independentli ov dar mistacs in gramer. 
3e acsent duz not rj msrli in d£ pronunsiajun ov individual wurdz, but 
in ds pscurier mod ov intonatin hoi sentensez. R Frenqman, a Jerman, 
an Italy an, an Inglijman, wud red a sentens liavin pres^sli d£ sam msniij, 
in a totali diferent sucsejun ov tonz, setiij it, so tra spec, tra a diferent ar. 
clar iz hqrdli eni pqrt ov a foren langwej hwiq iz so dificult tra acwjr, 
and yet hqrdli eni part in hwiq falur iz mor l|cli tra ecsjt ridicul. Inglij- 
men demselvz or most unmersifial on dar on cuntrimen fer pecadiloz in 
spEcin wid a fels najunal acsent. 

§ 27. 
PRINSIP'LZ OV ALFABETIC NOTHZUN. 

1. Sjnz fer Simp' I Elements. 

3e vu hwiq we hav tac'n ov de elements ov spoc'n ssndz, servz tra Jo, 
dat if Ave itzoIv tra reprezent £q simp'l element bj a siijg'l s^n, we Jiad 
onli r£cw|r d£ fdloiij : 

Ferst ; wun fer sq configurajun ov d£ uper cavitiz : 

Secund ; wun tra indicat hwisper : 

lerd ; wun tra indicat vcs : 

Fort ; wun tra indicat dat d£ hwisper er vers iz tra b£ cept up az 

Ion az a giv'n configurajun iz rstand : 
Fift, Sicst, and Sev'nt ; tre tra Jo hweder de vers iz tra bs. loi), br£f, 
er stopt : 

17. £L corespondent in cte Ayglo-Sacsun American fonetic niizpaper fer 4 Mqrc,, 1848, 
sez : " Aly ms tui incwjr ov n er ur rederz, hweder dar iz, az j belev, an entjr seriez 
ov nazal vselz in Iyglif, ocurirj betwsn nazal consonants, az in {mean, mingle, mane, 
men, man, moan, among, moon." We can hardli consev ds cwestyun beirj put bj eni 
IrjgliJraan. 



5 :>"(. dt. :2. ' Sjnz for Simjfl, or for Comjplecs Elements. SI 

fltt ; wuu tm Jo d£ efect ov transijun jenerali : 

Njnt; wuu tin Jo d£ pscitfier efect ov transijun produsiij spoc'n 
consonants : 

Tent ; a simbul for £tj cjnd ov brectiij. 
3us, wan simbal fer £q configurajun ov &"£ nper cavitiz, and a number ov 
egzilieri simbnlz, wud be cwjt sufifent. But dis sconomi ov sjnz wud 
bs a grat wast ov labur in rjtirj and spas in printin, and wud ocagun 
grat and unneseseri dificulti tm cts rsder. Supoz fer egzqmp'l, we 
had tm reprszent d£ vsel s, we Jiad rscwjr wun s|n fer its configurajun, 
anuder fer etc vers, and a terd fer its dqrajun. Agen, supoz avs had tm 
reprszent ds efect hwiq we ny rjt in tre leterz sav, we Jud rajwjr no ]es 
dan njn simbnlz : — 1) configurajun fer s ; 2) hwisper fer 5 ; 3) transijun 
tm a ; 4) configurajun fer a; 5) vers fer a, ; 6) loij valu fer a ; 7) tran- 
sijun tm v ; S) configurajun fer v ; 9) spoc'n valu fer v. Sim a prosediij 
wuid b£ so insuportab'l, dat w£ can imdjin no najun "filozofic" emif tm 
adopt it. 

2. Sinzfer Complecs Elements. 

3.1 grat est breviti, and at d£ sam tjm intelijibiliti, iz atanab'l b\ an 
opozit cors ; namli, bj uzhj a shjg'l sjn tm ecspres severed combjnd 
elements, eldo d£ number ov diferent sjnz ns - rscwjrd wud b£ veri muq 
incr£st. cTe fdloin qr d£ clqsez ov sjnz hwiq we contemplat : — 

Ferst ; sjnz ecspresin simp'l configurajun z, az doz fer mut ecsplo- 

dents : 
Secund ; sjnz ecspresin a configurajun Avid a direcfun tm let dE vers 
b£ herd trui it, fer murmurd continuants, murmurd ecsplodents, 
vocal licwidz, and vselz Ion, brsf, and stopt : 
Tlerd; sjnz fer ecspresin a configurajun wid a hwisper herd trui it, 

fer hwisperd continuants and hwisperd licwidz : 
Fort; sjnz fer ecspresin spoc'n ecsplodents, spoc'n licwidz, and 

spoc'n continuants : 
Fift; a mqrc tm Jo hwen transijunal elects qr not tm tac plas, 
kvin d£ efects demselvz tm b£ indicated bj jucsta-pozijun. 
ConvEiiiens ma sumtjinz sujest, in pqrticqler practical casez, d£ ad- 
vqntej ov ecstendin dsz clqsez Avun step furder ; and adinitiij 

Sicsfc; simp'l sjnz tin repixzent combinajunz ov tm er mor ov de 
sjnz contand in d£ abuv clqsez ; az fer instans, fer ds diftorjz ai, 
oi, au, iu ; tf } (1$, ets. ; a mod ov prosEdin hwiq ave hav considerd 
qsful tm dis ecstent in fermin d£ practical IngliJ fonetic alfabet. 
Meni mor ov ds sam cjnd qr emplod in fonografic Jert hand. 



82 Spizfer Complecs Elements. § 27, nr. 2. 

cEe ferst fjv clcisez ov sjnz liav bsn emple-d in de construcjun ov sv 
fonetic alfabet, in § 21 ; eldo we hav ben obl|jd tin adopt de prinsip'l ov 
reprezentin simp'l elements in ineni ov de rarer casez, for de purpus ov 
economiziij sjnz. clus, de sp s belonz tui de secund clq,s, for it reprezents 
de configurajun trageder wid de vers herd trui it az a Ion v^el ; and i iz 
anuder sjn ov ds sam clq,s, reprezentii) a configurajun wid de vers herd 
trui it az a stopt vsel ; hwjl bref vselz rscwjr de egzilieri sp ov breviti, 
az in nr. 1, clqs 6, dus s- or i-, becez we had not sufifent tjps at 
comqnd. Similerli, s belonz tui ds terd clas, az it reprszents a continuant 
configurajun wid its hwisper herd trui it ; hw^l z iz ov de fort clq,s, az it 
reprezents a continuant configurajun hwiq iz tui be spoc'n; *z iz a 
murmurd continuant, and darfor Jwd hav ben ecsprest h\ a sing'l s^n be- 
loijiij tui clus 2, but fer wont ov seperet tjps it iz parfali reprezented bj, an 
egzilieri s^n ('). In sum casez we hav ben compeld tui reprezent a hwis- 
perd consonant h\ an egzilieri sjn, az hi ; and we hav elso uzd de sam 
sp fer de trui aspiret befcSr vselz, az he, and fer de post-hwisper after 
ecsplodents, az ph, becez nun ov dez usez can led tui confu3im : and we 
hav dus introdust de element ov pozijun az a purt ov a syi, so dat de 
sam sp iz mad tui reprezent diferent tirjz under diferent sercumstansez. 
But az dis efect ov pozijun in modif^hj de valu ov a simbul iz not elwaz 
veri clerli understiM, it ma be wurt hwjl tui ad a fu ilustrajunz. Nutin 
can be mor definit er ficst dan de menii) ov de 'Arabic nmneralz 1, 2, 3, 
ets., yet de menin ov 2 iz diferent in 32, 23, 3 2 , 2 //3, f ; and dis 
menii) iz du tui pozijun ent^rli in de trs ferst instansez, and qefli in de 
tui lust. In de sam wa we ni^t determin dat li Jud hav a definit menin, 
namli, ddt ov an aspiret, ecsept hwen imedyetli foloin t, p, s, and dat den 
it Jud den hav anuder menin, namli, it Jiad pemt st dat t iz ns tui men t, 
p iz ns tui men/, and s iz ns tui men/, clis wiad be no objecjun tui eni 
alfabet, (tui de old ertografi, fer egzump'l,) provided dat dis qanj ov menirj 
wer invariab'l and absolut, in de sam wa dat 2, in 32, menz tui units, 
and in 23, tui tenz ; in 3 2 , tui involujunz ; in 2 a/3, tui evolujuns ; in f , 
a divi3un bj tui units, cle objecjun tui de djgrafs (th, ph, sh) iz, dat da 
qj not invariabli uzd az abuv ; dus, in (pothouse, haphazard, mishap) de 
t, p, s hav dar U3Ual pzrerz, and h iz an aspiret ; and in (then, nephew, 
dishonour) de combinajunz (th, ph, sh) reprezent &, v, z, insted ov £,/,/, az 
h\ convenjun. cEar iz no fonetic objecjun tui a qanj in a valu ov a sim- 
bul, corespondin tui a qanj ov pozijun, provided de qanj be non and 
invariab'l, eldo dar ma be a practical objecjun ar|zin from de dificulti ov 
recolectirj de le ov qanj. We hav, darfor, a perfect rjt tui emplef dis 
prinsip'l hwen convenient. 



§ 27, nr. 3. Forms ov tie Spiz— Fonetic 2ert Hand. 33 



3. Forms ov tie Spiz. 

cIez qr fcsoreticali niaterz ov perfect indiferens, provided onli dat eta qr 
sufijentli disthjet in dar strjn tin be imsdyetli recognjzd h[ de \, and con- 
secwentli de gratest diversiti prsvalz in diferent alfabets.' Fonetic consider- 
ajunz led us tui no lez fer ds rit'n reprszentativz ov ssndz, ecsept, perhaps, 
tin de priti but rqder fansiful jd£a,( 18 ) dat leterz lrwig ecspres ssndz haviij a 
serten relajun tui wun anuder, Jiad deniselvz be analogus. SQs jdea liaz bsn 
carid st tui de gratest posib'l ecstent in fonetic fort hand. cEus, labialz 
slop from left tui rjt, az \ p, \^ f, palatalz qr upr^t, az [ t, ( t. ) s, 
post-palatalz slop from rjt tiu left, az / tf, _J f, guturalz \\ flat, az 

c, -5- k. ( 19 ) Muts and hwisperd leterz qr reprezented h\ \\t strocs, 

az doz jusc s^ted. Spoc'n leterz hav a hevi stroc, az \ b, \_ v, \ d, 
( ti, ) z, / d$, J 3. In ds licwidz dsz analojiz had tui be neglected, 

18. We eel dis jdea "fansiful," becez nun but an imdjineri relajun egzists betwen de 
efect ov a s^nd on ds er and ddt ov a rit'n simbul on de \. We ma, inded, rezolv dat a 
giv'n relajun betwen s^ndz Jal bs ecsprest bj anuder giv'n relajun betwen simbulz, but de 
later relajun can bav nun but a " fansiful " rezemblans tui de former. It iz, hsever, 
a grat asistans tui de reder, hwen a relajun betwen tui clcisez ov sjnz corespondz tui de 
relajun betwen tui clqses ov fonetic elements, az dat betwen de hwisperd and spoc'n 
consonants pemted ^t in de tecst. 

19. H rez'n ma ev'n be fend fer de direcjunz ber giv'n tui de slops reprezentirj 
de varius clqsez ov consonants. — Dre a profel wid de noz tiu de left, az in de anecst 
djagram, bwar de Jaded part metres de bolo ov de mst, and Joz de 
tug, palet, and entrans tui de tro1 , ets. Irui de per nt hwar de lips 
met, dre a ljn at an ang'l ov 45° wid de borjzun, and prodits it 
tui cut de loer part ov de oral caviti ; it wil fel just under de tun. 
Inn de pent bwar it mets de botum ov dis caviti, dre tre uder ljnz, 
wun vertical, aniider at 45° degrez slopirj tui de rjt, and a terd 
horizontal. cEe for strocs dus dren wil reprezent p, t, g, c, and, 
respective, pas trm de lips fer de labial p, de palet fer de palatal t, 
de post -palet fer de post-palatal g = tf, and de entrans tui de trot, er farincs, fer de 
faringal c, az Jon in de djagram. We bav dediist dis strjeirj analoji from a dreirj in 
a lit'l wurc celd Se Tsger, devoted tui de best mod ov tegirj fonografic Jert hand, and 
it iz bjli servisab'l az a tecnical memori; but it woz not intended in de construcjun 
ov de fonetic Jert band sistem. cEe onli analoji hwig Mr. JEzac Pitman (de inventer 
ov fonetic Jert band) wijt tm secitr, woz, dat de for strocs fer de leterz p, t, g, c, 
Jiad be strat ljnz foloin eg uder in pozijun, az dar sets ov qrticulajun folo eg uder in 
de mst, from de stermost erganz (de lips), tui de inermost (de trot) . Practical con- 
siderajunz, relatirj entjrh uu de fasihti ov rjtin, and grsnded upon de recurens ov s^idz 

in de IrjgliJ langwej, alon determind de erder abuv descrjbd, namli \ p, \t, / g, c, 

in preferens tui p,\ t, I g, / c, er / p, ! t,\ g, c. 




84 Fermz ov is Sinz. § 27, nr. 3. 

in erder tui proved sjnz eiuif. Eert vselz qr reprezented b^ l^t dots 
and strocs, and Ion vselz bj hevi dots and strocs ; dots reprezentii) de 
vselz ov de uper seriez, and Jert strocs at rjt ang'lz tui de consonants 
reprezentii) de vselz ov de loer seriez; dus, | et, '\ at, \, to,, 
J it, •] et, J at, I et, "| o£, L tui, and so on.( 20 ) Bnt elrlo dez 
relajunz qr dus carid st tm an ecstent hwiq must comqnd sr admirajun 
ov de injenuiti displad bj de inventer ov fonografi, de real basis ov de 
formz woz de considerajun dat everi element Jiad be reprezented bj a 
simp'l j geometrical IJn, az fonografi woz esenjcdi invented fer de con- 
veniens ov de rjter. Uder alfabets qr invented tui sut uder purpusez. 
cte 'Arabic fermz, il adapted fer sy penz, sut de oriental redz ddmirabli. 
cle Roman and Grec capitalz wer intended fer cuthj on ston, er scracjiij 
wid a Jqrp instrmment. We hav ben gjded, in de sslecfun ov de simbulz 
fer 31' fonetic alfabet, bj de sercumstans dat de roman and italic leterz 
ov de old alfabet wer cept in stoc at el tjp-fonderz, so dat twenti-sics 
fermz wer redi mad fer sr us. 3e nu leterz we introdust, darfor, wer 
mad tui acerd wid dez. (§ 29, nr. 13 ) 



20. clis n,s ov tm clq,sez ov fermz for de tm seriez ov vselz, woz elso acsidental, dat 
iz, it woz dictated bj conveniens alon, rezultii) from de mug grater frecwensi wid: hwig 
de uper seriez ov v^elz ocur in Irjgnj, and not bj a wij tm prezerv fonetic analojiz. 
3e analoji, b^ever, iz so strorj dat it iz wurt menjunin. It wil be obzervd dat de tre 
treb'l vselz, s, a, q, bav ljter simbulz dan de tre bas v^elz, e, o, m ; and elso, dat in 
eg set ov tre vselz, dat bwig iz most treb'l, er //jest, in de nruzical seal, haz de hiest 
pozijun ov its clas, in rjtin. Per a complet ecsplanajun ov dis butifiol sistem ov fonetic 
fert hand, de reder iz referd tm Mr. Szac Pitmanz Manyal ov Fonografi, 8t edijun ; 
Lundun, F. Pitman. 



PAKT II. — PKACT1S. 



§ 28. 

ae DIFERENS BSTWSN 1CQRETICAL AND PRACTICAL 
FONETICS. 

In de presedirj pajez we hav eudevurd tui anaiiz human speq, az einpltfd 
in ferinin de significant ssndz ov langwej, wifkst eni secunderi considerajun, 
suq az de practicabiliti er advjzabiliti ov constructiij an cdfabet fer ecs- 
presiij dez ssndz, simp'l eniif tui admit ov behj szili uzd bj everi wun hoi 
can spec and g|d a pen. But az significant ssndz qi de rediest mod we 
pozes fer interqanjii) jdeaz, it wil mdnifestli b£ ov d£ gratest impertans 
tui invent a menz ov receliij doz ssndz, hwiq Jal b£ £zi bot tui d£ framer 
and d£ inspecter ov d£ simbulz emplod. We prosed darfor tui an egzam- 
inajun ov dis most important but dificult subject, d£ iavenfuu ov a, prac- 
tical alfabet, dat iz, an alfabet hwiq can b£ uzd bj £v'n d£ dulest intelect, 
fer nun Jud b£ debqrd from enjoin d£ blesiijz ov redin and qthj. 

Eni wun hui haz pad atenjun tiu de ssndz ov speq, wil liav obzervd, 
dat dar iz grat dificulti in deterininin d£ cwolitiz ov d£ vsel ssndz ; dat, 
in fact, d£ vsel seal, insted ov consistirj ov a number ov isolated and wel 
defend ssndz, sue; az doz hwiq ws hav disciist in § § 10 — 12, must b£ prdc- 
ticali considerd az consistirj ov an infinit number ov ssndz, eq infinitli lit'l 
diferent from doz hwiq imedyetli presed and folo it. It wild bs, ov cars, 
imposib'l tiu simboljz everi wun ov d£ rezultirj infinit number ov vselz ; 
and el we- can hop tiu dm practical!, iz tin estdblij" serten gnups ov ssndz 
prodiisiij ab?t de sam efect upon d£ er, and eel eq grmp a sing'l vyel. 8vY± 
in dis cas, de gratest diversiti iz ijcli tin ociir in asjnii) de number ov 
gnups, er de individual memberz ov eq gnup. Az it iz probab'l dat no 
tiu specerz uz presjsli d£ sam vyel seriez (§26, nr. 3), it iz veri imljcli dat 
eni tui rjterz Jud prssjsli agre az tin de gnups dat fad be mad, er de 
simbulz dat Jmd be einpltfd. Besjdz dis inconvsniens, it wil b£ fond in 
practis, dat diferent lisnerz pozes veri diferent pserz ov aprejiatiij dffer- 
ensez ov ssnd, and dat in herin unusual syudz da hav grat dificulti in 
discriminatin betwen dem, confuzin vyelz hwiq tiu an educated er qr wjdli 
diferent. efts iz pqrticiilerli reinqrcab'l in c1e vsel scalz ov diferent laij- 
gwejez ; dus, d£ Iijglifman fjndz it veri dificult tiu aprejiat de ssnd ov a, 



86 Theoretical and Practical Fondles, §28. 

hwiq lis elmost invariabli pronzmsez a, hwjl a Jerman can not distirjgwif 
a from e, eldo he never confuzez it wid «. clez qr not ca3ual er trdnsituri 
dificultiz ; da lqst for yerz, and after repeted trjalz and obzervajimz. Sv'n 
de most earful obzerverz ov vsel ssndz wil f^nd dar nolej mug impruivd 
bj constant atenfun, h\ herirj de sam ssnd over and over agen, and, in a 
stil grater degre, perhaps, hi tiyciy ov it qfterwerdz. We spec from ecs- 
periens, on machj disenveriz az tui de s^ndz ov Jerman vselz, ajter haviij 
spoc 'n Jerman for yerz, and herirj Jerman constantli spoc'n on ©1 sjdz. <Ie 
sr rscvqrz mug tuturirj, and consecwentli grat tet and jujment q,r neseseri, 
for r^tirj \vid eni degre ov fonetic presigun. clus, in de old ertografi ov 
de Arjglo-Sacsunz, in hwiq ds dificulti ov obtanirj manuscripts tui red 
renderd a standerd spelirj imposib'l, eq qter rot ds dialect ov liiz part ov 
de cuntri, tui de best ov hiz abiliti, and we fjiid de stranjest diversiti in 
reprezentirj hwot we must supoz tui hav ben ds sam or nerli de sam vsel 
ssnd. And at a stil later periud, Bruder Galfred, de gramarian ov Lin, 
in Nerfoc, hui rot de ferst IrjgliJ Dicfuneri, Promtorium Pqrv%lorum, in 
1440, apolojjzez for havirj spelt ol hiz wurdz acerdiij tui de Nerfoc djalect, 
az it had ben de onli wun he had lernt from qjldhud, and nu turoli : 
(Comitatus tamen Northfolchie modum loquendi sum secutus, quern solum 
ab infancia didici, et solotenus plenius perfectiusque cognovi.) - Ns, hwen 
dar iz a ralwa from Lundun tui Lin, insted ov de wagun or bqd'l trac 
hwiq ma hav den egzisted, suq a confejun wud be olmost incredib'l. 

Veri fu persunz no de pronunsiajun ov eni laugwej but dar on. A fu 
lesunz from a siijg'l individual, dm not sufjz tm conva a nojun ov vsel 
ssndz. No wun hui haz lernt from a sing'l master onli, iz Ijcli tm be 
foneticali wel acwanted wid a laugwej. Fu persunz, inded, no hwot de 
pronunsiajun ov dar on laijgwej iz. 3a insensibli acwfr de ssndz uzd h\ 
de pep'l wid huun da qr in dali couiivnicajun, and da belev dat ol de najun 
pronsnsez in de sam maner. In sr tq,sc ov fonetic spelirj, we hav meni 
tjmz ben surprfzd at dis ignorans ov diversitiz in pronunsiajun. We hav 
resevd ajuiransez dat "nobodi sed so," or dat "everi wun sed so," hwjl 
perhaps we hav srselvz herd bot pronunsiajunz. 

We tirjc dat de introducjun ov a fonetic sistem ov rjtiij ma in a grat 
me3ur tend tm remmv dez dificultiz, but not entirli. Persunz lerniu de 
alfabet in diferent parts ov a cuntri, wil involunterili and unnoirjli atdq 
diferent valuz tui de simbulz ; az in Itali, de wurd (cinque) iz pronsnst 
ffyewe in Rom, and giyewe in Tuscani ; (camera) iz cqmerq elmost el 
over Itali, but hqmerq in Morens ; and de Jerman (eu) haz a totali diferent 
SMid in nort and sst Jermani, variiij from bi and ui tm at and oi. And 
so on. Stil, we tirjc it posib'l, dat, b\ macirj de fonetic construcjun ov 



§ 29, nr. 1. Se Ljglif Fonetic Alfabet 87 

cm alfabet mor aparent, and h\ mstructhj de teqerz ov populer scralz, 
muq ma be dun tordz renderiij pronunsiajun tolerabli uniferm, and 
aprocsimativli ficsig de ssndz ov de prinsipcd vsel gruips. 

R universal alfabet can not be uzd bj everi wim, fer everi wun haz not 
a universal nolej ov spoc'n ssndz. It can onli be uzd so fq.r az de nolej 
ov de rjter ecstendz. cEus, an Iijglijman can not simboljz Frenq and 
Jerman ssndz wid hwiq lis iz entjrli unac wanted. We must darfor studi 
de larjgwej ov eg najun seperetli, and endevur tui asertan d£ s?mdz. But 
doz hui can, fiad studi d£ laijgw T ejez ov several najunz at de sam tpn, in 
order tm aqv at sum completnes in a vu ov fonetics ; fer no najun s£inz 
tin hav apropriated sufijent fonetical elements tm giv d£ specerz ov its 
larjgwej a proper insjt intra fonetics. IijgliJ haz meni advqntejez over 
Frenq, Jerman, and ItaVyan, in its consonants, and yet tui veri important 
consonants, Jc, q, qr entirli wontiij ; and eldo W£ hav meni vzrelz not fsnd 
in d£ uder tre larjgwejez, Frenq pozesez meni hwiq prezent d£ gratest drf- 
iculti tra an Iijglif specer, and q,r veri neseseri tra supl{ de grat gaps hwiq 
qr left in de IugliJ v?el seal. R veri cornplet nojun ov a fonetic alfabet 
ma, hsever, be obtand from a considerajun ov d£ IngliJ, Frenq, and Jerman 
larjgwejez, and we Jal darfor prosed tra consider dem in detal. We Jal 
qfterwerdz endevur tra construct a practical universal alfabet, hwiq, from 
its pecujier adaptabiliti tra de purpusez ov etnografi, in redushj unrit'n 
larjgwejez tin rjtirj, ma be cold, bj wa ov distirjefun, de Etnical Alfabet, 
or Alfabet ov Nafunz. 

§ 29. 

38 IWGLIE FONETIC ALFABET. 

1. Se Absolyt Number ov Fonetic Elements recicird. 

An atentiv considerajun ov de ssndz ov de Itfgiij' langwej, so far az de 
rjter haz had an opurtmaiti ov studiin dem in varius c^ntiz ov Ingland, 
ledz him tra recognjz de foloir) elements az reali egzistiij, and perhaps 
jenerali aprejiab'l. 



Loy Vtselz 


£ — a a — q © 6 ' o ui 


8 


Bref Vtselz 


£- i- a a- q- o o- ui- e- 


9 


Stopt Vtselz 


— i — ea a o — — u u 


7 


Brediyz 


x ft h llh (-.) (-) 


6 


Continuants 


frw w, f v, t &, s z, | 3, fry y 


12 


Licwidz 


1 % t, a. \ix "jlt, .ir '.ir "Jr; m 'm, u 'i 


i, ij 14 


Ecsplodents 


p b, t d, tj dj, c] gj, c g 


10 


Diftoyz 


oj, ai ai, ai, oi ei, ou, au, ha, iu eu 





66 



88 lygltf Unacsented Silab'lz treted az if Ac seated. §29, nr. 1. 

<Ie liol ov dez sirabulz hav ben elredi ecspland, and referensez tin de 
proper paragrafs qr giv'n in § 21, nr. 1. We Jiad dus hav an alfabet ov 
66 elements, ecscluisiv ov diffconz. <Iis alfabet wiad be veri dificult tui 
u_z, ev'n for a practist fonetijan, and must be sertenli cwjt beyond de pserz 
ov an averej rjter. Sum menz must darfor be adopted for rediisin it, and 
in cte fonetic alfabet hwiq we qr n^ emplerin for de TijgliJ laugwej, we hav, 
in fact, redust de number ov dez simbulz tui 37, tui hwicj we hav aded 6 
simp'l fermz, az abreviajunz for combinajunz ov uder simbulz egzistin in 
m* alfabet, cjefli wid a vq ov fasilitatirj de us ov de alfabet. In ecsplanin 
de prinsip'l upon hwic; we hav proseded tm abreviat, we Jal hav an opur- 
tuniti ov pemtirj si de casez in hwic; sum ov de most perplecsirj ov de abiiv 
simbulz ociir. 

2. Acsented Silab'lz alon considerd. 

cfe mfluiens ov acsent in mddifjin de TijgliJ larjgwej, iz so grat, dat it 
iz ©lmost if not entjrli imposib'] tm fics de vselz in sx unacsented silab'lz. 
Profeser Clqrc, in hiz Vocal Iyglif, darfor, propozd tui substitqt hwot he 
termd de "dum vsel," an obsciir vocal s^nd l^c e, for nerli everi unacsented 
vsel. 3e fonetic dificultiz aqzhj from unacsented silab'lz, qr totali dif- 
erent from doz hwicj qi* dq tui disputed pronunsiajimz. In de later cas 
dar qr jenerali tui or mor distinct s^ndz tra quiz betwen. cliis, we ma 
disput hweder it iz mor corect tm sa nat%r or nagur, but bot qr distirjct, 
cler, and intelijib'l ssndz, so fqr at lest az de ferst silab'lz qr consernd. 
But in familyer conversajun de unacsented silab'lz qr so unserten, so hurid 
over, er, az we hav herd it ecspresivli termd, " swolod" (verschluckt), dat 
da reman rqder indicajunz dan realitiz. Az, hsever, we hav ben for sum 
tjm in pozefun ov a rit'n form ov langwej, hwic;, do fial ov ridicqlus ab- 
surditiz and contradicfunz, iz neverdeles fsnded on a fonetic jdea, we qr 
ab'l tm disciiver, in meni casez, hwot de v^el woz hwic; de framerz ov sr 
ertografi imdjind da pronsnst in unacsented silab'lz, and dus tui discuver 
a mod ov razin unacsented tm de digniti and clernes ov acsented silab'lz- 
We das ar{v at a menz, — not veri serten,it must be confest, but stil sufijent, 
wid sum atenfun, tm led tm a tdlerabli satisfacturi rezult, — ov qzirj de sam 
simbulz for v^elz in bob acsented and unacsented silab'lz, levin it tm de 
mqrc ov acsent, er serten invariab'l rmlz, tui determin hwar de acsent 
Jiad be red hwen de mqrc itself iz not emplod, and dus tui Jo hwot 
vselz qr tm be pron^nst wid grat distfijctnes, az beiij fuli acsented, and 
hwot qr tui be hurid over and indistinctli pron^nst, az unacsented. cle 
sub-acsent, it iz trin, jenerali savz de vsel from indistinctnes, but de poz- 
ifun ov de sub-acsent ocagunz lit'l er no dificulti, hwen ddt ov de qef 



§ 29, nr. 3. Se Ljcjlif Acsent Lez. 89 

cicsent iz non; and hens dz contrjvans ov rnqrcin, ds acsent iz sufijent 
tiu kd a tetfial persun tm a corect, obscqr pronunsiajmi ov ds unacsented 
vselz, eldo d£z qr rsali reprszented b^ ds sjnz ov ckr and distinct syndz. 
Anuder rez'n fer dns considerin acsented vselz, and doz onli, iz, dat 
in slo and retorical deliveri, it iz ehvaz alimb'l (eldo sumhwot stif and 
pedantic hwen carid tin ecses) tm pronins ds vselz in unacsented silab'lz 
distirjctli; and hwjl indistinct s|nz ciad never hav led tin a nolej ov &z 
distiijct synd hwiq Jud den be uterd, ds distiijct simbnl szili kdz tm its 
U3Ucd coriipted and indistinct vain. 

3. Ss Acsent Lez. 

3s prsssdhj ranqrcs Jo dat it iz ov ds gratest impertans tm indicat ds 
pozijmi ov ds acsent on even Iijgiif wurd, for ds sac ov Join, hwiq silab'lz 
qr tm be pronynst distinctly and hwiq indistiijctli. els misplasment ov 
an acsent destroz ds hoi cai'acter ov an Inglif ward ; and az ds pozij'un 
ov ds acsent iz not dsterniinab'l bj, eni prssjs rmlz, and haz sv'n varid in 
ds cors ov tjin, az wurdz pqst from lerned tm con versa Jim al qs, dar iz 
hqrdli eni pqrt ov Iijgiif pronunsiajun hwiq iz mor dificult tm asertan. 
In ds U3ual ortografi ds acsent iz never mqrct, and ds consecwens ov dis 
neglect iz, dat fq hm qr not Iijglijmen plas ds acsent ar|t, and meni 
Iijglijmen inistac ds plas ov ds acsent on eni rqder uncomim wurd. In 
practical printin, hsever, it wild be not onli dificult tm ds compozitur, 
but dispkzin tm ds | tm ss ds mqrc ov acsent on even wurd, az we 
elredi no from Grsc t|pografi. as SpaniJ Academi, hwen rsvjzii) ds 
SpaniJ ertografi, sum hundred ysrz ago, tiac a mid'l cors, hwiq we hav 
imitated in fonetic printin ; it woz, tm fram a fq simp'l and ezi rmlz 
hwiq dsterniin ds set ov ds acsent on a grat number ov wurdz, and tm 
mqrc ds acsent on el instansez ov ecsepjun. Sz rmlz we hav framd qr 
az foloz : 

1. Wurdz ov tm silab'lz qr tm be red wid an acsent on ds ferst 

silab'l. 

2. cCoz wurdz ov mor ctan tm silab'lz, 

hwiq end in ic er ics, 

er hwiq conttin /, 5, er y, bsfor dar lqst vsel er difton, 
er hwiq contan eni wun ov dz leterz e, a, q, e, o, m, {, 9, er v, 
in dar lqst silab'l but wun, 
qr tm bs red wid an acsent on ds lqst silab'l but wun. 
61 uder wurdz qr tm be red wid an acsent on dz lqst silab'l 
but tm. 



90 Ss Iyglif Acsent Loz — Iyglif Loy Vxelz. § 29, nr. 3. 

In dez ruulz a lorj vsel sjn iz considerd tui be a Ion vsel, ©ldo, az we Jed 
sum se, it of n reprezents a bref vsel. It woz neseseri tin mac dis conf^un 
ov a Ion vsel wid a lor) vsel sjn, in order tm mac ds ruilz mor niecaniccd. 
cle leter %, hwicj wil be forth" ecspland, iz elso invariabli cold a diftorj, 
©ldo in meni casez it iz onli a perfect silab'l=j/m or ym-. 

In sum lorj wurdz, hwar de pozijun ov de sub-acsent iz ov imperious, 
we ma mq,rc it az a prinsiped acsent ; dus, mdlacoterijius, siiperndtyraliz- 
mdtical, sercumndvigabiliti, and so on. cLis iz elso convenient in sum 
compsndz, dus subdesent, and in mqrein antitesis, livvar a nil acsent iz plast 
upon a silab'l usuali left unacsented, bw^l de old acsent iz left undisturbd ; 
dus, not proper, but improper ; not conformd, but trdnsformd. It iz, hs- 
ever,of'n sufijent tm seperat de antiteticcd silab'lz b^ a 14f n,dus, im-proper, 
con-formd not trans-formd. cle acsent iz onli mqret on monosilab'lz az 
a sjn ov emfasis, tm Jo dat a wurd hwicj nijt hav ben red widst eni stres, 
iz not tm be so pctst over. Hens de wurd tm, de numeral or adverb, 
wil jenerali resev de acsent, in order dat it ma not be red so l^tli and 
indistirjctli az tui de prepozijun, hwicj iz rit 'n for tm- ; so dat we plas an 
acsent metre on tui, in preferens tm uzirj de sjn ov breviti qfter tm. 

4. Loy Vxelz. 

cle vselz e, a, q, e, o, m, prezent no dificulti hwotever ; da qr wel non 
and acnolejd. Std, it must be rememberd dat e iz pronsnst muq mor 
brjtli h\ sum specerz dan bj, uderz, dat a sumt^mz dejenerats intm a ; dat 
q iz ocagunali razd tm a, or surjc tm d ; and m iz corupted intm ku, in 
sue; wurdz az triut, mad, ets. clez qr varjetiz ov hwicj no notis must be 
tac 'n, becoz da qr local or individual, and de pur s, a, q, m qr acnolejd 
bi ertoepists in ©1 casez hwar dez corupjunz ocur. 

cCe vsel d unifermli ociirz befor de leter mi, in hwot iz estemd de best 
pronunsiajun ov de ssfc ov In gland, and iz never herd on uder ocagunz. 
In Scotland, on de uder band, a iz jenerali cept pur in dis sam cas. Sum 
Ingiijmen sa a\u or a\ir f©r cum, but dis iz unusual. On acsnt ov dis 
invariabiliti we juj it sufijent, in practical Inglif, tm rjt ar (r beirj uzd for 
mi, az wil be herqfter ecspland) tm reprezent &m or aMi-r; dus, mar, Mari, 
f©r maM, maMt-ri-. A similer inflmens over de presedirj Ion vscl or difton 
iz product h\ mi or Mr, hwenever da ocur ; but it iz in ©1 casez practiccdi 
sufijent, tui indicat de prezens ov mi ©r xr, qfter a Ion vsel or difton, 
and de recwjrd efect wil neseserili folo. 

cle vsel 6 semz tui us tm ocur in de educated Lundun pronunsiajun ov 
sucj wurdz az {offer, soft, cross, lost,) hwicj qr reali pronsnst of mi, soft, 
crds, lost, dat iz, neder so bred az of mi, soft, cros, lost, nor so tin az 



§29, iir. 5. . Ljglif Stopt Vxelz. 91 

of\u, soft, cros, lost. Az, hsever, de brednes ov o iz muq mor disagreab'l 
dan de tinnes ov o, and az ertoepists qr el in favur ov o, we uz de later 
simbul. Bl dis menz we redus de Igglif loij vsel sjnz tui sics, £, #, q, e, o, ui, 
ov hwiq a iz avsedli qzd in tui sensez, eq sens behj strictli determind b[ 
its pozijun wid respect tia r ; so dat a elwaz=a hwen presedin r, in an 
acsented silab'l. 

5. Stopt Vselz. 

cle sics stopt vselz, i, e, a, o, u, u, qr el acnolejd, eldo i iz jenerali tet 
tui be de stopt vsel ov e, e ov a, a ov q ; el ov hwiq supozijunz qr in- 
corect. <Ie vsel i iz muq duler dan i, de trui stopt vsel ov s, and eni 
atemt tin pronsns i prodiisez an un-lnglij efect. <Ie vsel e, de trui stopt 
a, iz elso not fsnd in IngliJ* ; and de Ion vsel d, ov hwiq a iz de trui stopt 
ferm, onli ociirz provinfali, er in depronunsiajun ov individual ; it haz never 
ben recognjzd bj ertoepists er alfabetarianz, az an element ov speq. cEar 
iz a clqs ov wurdz reprezented b^ (lass, last, pass, aunt, grant, after, laughed, 
craft,) in hwiq it iz U3ual, in Lundun, tin pron^ns de cler \se\ q ; dus, 
Iqs, Iqst, pqs, qnt, grqnt, qfter, Iqft, crqft ; hwjl most ertoepists substitut 
de stopt Yse\ a, az las, last, pas, ant, grant, after, laft, craft, hwiq haz a 
disagreabli tin efect, and iz seldum er never herd in de sst ov Ingland, 
eldo fond amun ds uper clqsez ov Yercfer and de nert. Provinjal specerz 
in elmost el parts ov de ciijdum substitut de vsel a, and dis haz pqst 
intui sum dicjuneriz (az Wusterz), and iz aparentli recogn^zd in Mes. 
Gamberz Spelhj-Buc.( 21 ) Nzr, tui doz hm uz eder q er a in dez wurdz, de 
vsel a, belorjiij tui a diferent vsel gruip, aperz muq tui tin, and con- 
secwentli veri unplezant ; hwjl tui doz hui sa a er a, q haz a disagreabli 
bred ssnd. In dis dilema we considerd it beter not tui introdus a nu 
leter a intui sr alfabet, hw^l wun ov de leterz a, q wiad suf£z, becez bot 
wer recognjzd az de proper vselz h\ diferent specerz ; and az de vsel aperz 
tui be mor jenerali breder dan a, hw^l q iz sertenli de most U3ual pro- 
nunsiajun in de sst ov Iijgland, (a conclui3im at hwiq we hav arjVd qfter 
meni obzervajunz on de pronunsiajun on diferent specerz, instituted solli 



21. In de Ferst Buc ov Hediy, publi/t in Mes. ©amberzez Educajunal Cors, sics 
s^ndz ov de vsel {a), in detailed ortografi, qx discriminated; ds sicst ov dez, ilustratcd 
b\ de wurdz {war, bail, wan, want, bait, was), Jud clerli hav ben seperated intui tui, 
e and o. 3e uder s^ndz qi* <j in <£f«ce), a in {bare), a in <£c#t), a in ^ass, l«ss, ckss, 
ia%\, pknt, f«st, last, past, cast, dance, «sk$, q, in <^arm), ets, — de onli ilustrajunz ov a 
bein wurdz in hwiq de leter r ( = -(r) foloz de q. 3us, a iz disting^ijt from a on de 
wun sjd and a on de uder, but iz pkst betwen dem, de best distirjejun dat cud be mad 
in a populcr wurc. It iz sertenli not 113 ual tiu notis dis distincjun. 



92 lyglif Bref Vvelz. § 29, nr. 5. 

wict a vii ov discuverin hweder dis woz er woz not de cas,) we hav dssjded 
on uzin q rqder dan eder a or a, in el suq wurdz. Amider rsz'n liwiq indust 
ns tra csp in ds # woz, dat dis bqtiful vsel ssnd wiad uderw^z scarsli ocur 
in IijgiiJ, mucj tin ds detriment ov its ufoni. It must be ond dat ds 
clistincfun iz aparentli veri caprifus, fer we ma sa grqnt, but ma not sa 
grqnd ; yet it iz, perhaps, onli el de mar neseseri, on dat accmt, tra hav 
it strictli mqret. 

We hav dus ar|vd at sics stopt vselz, az sufijent fer ds IngliJ" langwej, 
— i, e, a, o, u, ii. 

6. Brsf Vaelz. 

3ez onli ocur in unacsented silab'lz : az, den, unacsented silab'lz or 
tin be rit'n wid ds sain clsr spz az acsented silab'lz, levirj ds marc ov 
acsent tra dstermin d£ obscuriti ov ds unacsented vsel, it foloz dat it 
wiad bs most natural tra reprszent sc; brsf vsel b\ its corespondiij Ion vsel 
sp, — ds niqrc ov breviti (-) bsiij, ov cors, st ov dz cwestyun, in a msrli 
practical alfabet. Ns, az we hav 9 br£f vselz in Irjglif, hwjl we hav 
rEdiist sr practical log vselz tra 6, dis aranjment can not be carid st. 
We darfor tac it az fqr az it wil go, and reprEzent brsf e-, a-, q-, e-, o-, m-, 
\>\ e, a, q, o, o, w, in unacsented silab'lz. Fer doz bixf vselz hwicj hav no 
corespondiij loij vsel in Iijglif, we qz d£ corespondin stopt vsel sjn; dus, 
i-, a-, e- qr reprszented bj i, a, u. 3e v^el u iz, hsever, seldum er never 
emplod az a bixf vsel, fer e- iz not a recognjzd element ov earful IngliJ 
pronunsiajun, its plas bmj elmost invariabli supl|d h\ a. It iz onli bsfor 
r dat e, u cu* emplod, az in evert, onurab'l, fer s?mdz hwic, scarsli, if at 
el, difer from e-. 3is us ov e, u b£for r, iz ecspland belo (nr. 9). Amider 
r£z'n for sr us ov ds lorj vsel sjnz fer ds Jert vselz iz dis : d£ stopt vselz 
onli egzdcth qnser tra ds brsf vselz in d£ instansez i, a, o, u, u ; brsf e-, 
a-, q-, o-, not havin eni corespondin stopt vsel. Fer dsz brsf v^elz dar- 
for it iz neseseri £der dat nq sjnz Jud b£ introdqst intra, ds alfabet, er 
dat d£ Ion vsel spz Jiid b£ qzd fer d£ br£f vselz. We hav cjoz'n Ae later 
alternetiv. In d£ sam wa d£ brsf vselz i-, a-, u- cud onli bs reprszented 
h\ dar stopt vsel s^nz. Wid r£gq,rd tra d£ v^elz o-, u-, it iz perfectli 
indiferent hweder we reprszent dem h\ o, u er e, w; but az da or ov rar 
ocurens, we prsferd asimilatin dem tra cIe s-, a-, q-, o-, and dus macin eni 
wnn ov ds Ion v^el sjnz ds simbul ov a bixf vsel in unacsented silab'lz, 
and onli iizin d£ stopt v^el sjn hwar dar woz no Ion vsel sjii dat ciad 
b£ apljd. 

Hwen, den, i, a, u qr not bsvA bEior a consonant, in IijgiiJ, we ma b£ 
elwaz Joir dat da reprszent bref vselz ; hwen da dui ocra bsfor a consonant 



§ 29, nr. 9. Iyglif Brectiyz, Contin%anU and Licimdz. 93 

it iz dstfial, az de consonant ma stop dem. In sue; casez it ma be prdc- 
ticctli considerd indiferent hwig pronunsiajun da rsseV. 

A lor) vsel s\n, den, duz not neseserili reprszent a Ion vsel ; but it elmost 
invariabli diiz so, if a consonant folo it in de sarn silab'l ; it iz onli hwar 
it endz a silab'l dat it can be fort. In revolv, reiki : , de e yl bref, in reper 
it iz Ion, and in serin ds ferst e iz bref and ds secund iz lor). In bot dez 
wurdz lorj e haz elso de acsent, but in Grqsmer ds £ iz log and yet un- 
acsented. cfez diferensez wil not be fsnd tm oca3un eni practical incon- 
veniens, de pozijun ov ds acsent, hwiq iz elwaz determind b\ ds spelirj, 
beirj sufijent tm des|d hwen it iz Ion and kwen it iz Jert. 

7. Breiiyz. 

It iz not neseseri tm mqrc de soft bredirj, x, wid hwic; even silab'l not 
comensin wid a consonant or bredin, ma be supozd tm comens. clar iz 
elso no ned ov distingwi/irj %, h, hti, el ov hwic; ma be reprezented b{ 
h cdon. 3.E brae and hiatus ma bs left tm ds sirjg'l spr ov interrupjun, 
hwic; iz U3uali (....) or ( — ). We dus rgdiis ds alfabeticcd ecsprejun 
ov ds bredirjz tm wun, namli h. 

8. Continuants. 

We can onli redus dsz h\ uzin h for #, az in ds bredin, and dus qtiij 
hie, liy, fer hw, %y. 3is iz onli an aparent, not a real, diminujun. cle 
combinajun Ino yl ov constant ociirens, az in hwen, hear, Jiwig, liwot ; but 
in el ov dez it iz imdjind dat h reprezents de trui ruf bredin, and we qr 
darfor justif^d in tacirj advqntej ov dis jeneral :jdea, in a practical cdfabet, 
eldo it ma not be pres^sli corect. 3e combinajun hy iz disgjzd in IijgliJ, 
az it onli oeurz in sue; wurdz az hyimman, in hwic, ?/ iz rit'n fer ymi, so 
dat d£ rezult apsrz az human. 

cle aparent continuants, darfor, qi w,fv, t ft, s z,f j, y. 

9. Licwidz. 

clar iz no dificulti rEgqrdiij /, ///, n, ij, and 7, ' m, '// ; de ssndz qr wel 
non and acndlejd. But dar iz grat dificulti respectirj r, dd, dr. It iz not 
jenerali non dat de ieter r haz fjv distiijct usez in IrjgliJ, az in {rare, pore, 
Mary, boring, earn, urn, grocer, honoiir)=raj.t, po.fr, Mddd-ri, bodr-riy, 
v jdn, ' 'dm, gros 'dd, on dr ; in hwic, wurdz r iz uzd fer r, dd, dr, dd-r, ./r-r. 
clez diferensez reali egzist, but da qr dificult tm sez, espejali ds diferens 
betwen dd and dr. 3e most dat psp'l jenerali aM, iz dat dar iz a trild 
and an un-trild r in IrjgliJ. Supoz, den, we simboljz wun ov dem b\ r, 
and ds uder b\ d. We m|t den rjt veri prdcticali rsu (uzirj a fer a befor ./), 



94 Iyglif Licwidz—B. § 29, nr. 9. 

pod, Madri (for d iz ns a leter and not an egzilieri sjn, az in ds simbulz 
dd, dr, elredi einplod), bodriy, "dn, " 'dn, gros' 'd, on'd. But hsr we qr met wid 
several dificultiz. Ferstli, pep'l qr not acustumd in rjtin tm distingwif 
tui ssndz, r, d; and secundli, in Mr. Pitmanz Jort hand, hwicj must bz 
mad cts basis ov sr practical fonetic seem, becez ov its eminentli practical 
caracter, no provigun haz ben mad, er cud be introdqst, for de tui leterz 
r, d ; terdli, de efect ov dr in suq wurdz az Madri, bodriy, iz not jenerali 
nan or felt, eldo it iz veri real, and ds omijun ov d iz instantli felt ; fortli, 
eldo dar semz no oca3im for distingwifin "d from \i, (becoz dis ban merli 
a diferens ov lent, hwiq de set ov ds acsent sufijentli ponts st, az in ds cas 
ov ds brsf vzrelz,) yet a diferens iz recognjzd b\ meni spscerz, bstwsn 
(earn, urn), hwiq distincfun wiad ns be lost. Under dsz sercumstansez 
it bscumz neseseri tui rszert tui ds prinsip'l ov pozijun, tui distingwif ds 
several ssndz hsr indicated ; and it so liap'nz dat ds fonetic ruilz for ds 
lis ov r, dd, dr, dd-r, dr-r, bold, widst ecsepjun. 3a qr az foloz : 

r iz onli fond inijal, or medial after stopt vselz. 

dd iz onli fond fjnal and qfter palatal vselz. 

dr iz onli fond f jnal and after non-palatal vselz. 
dd-r iz onli fond medial after palatal Ion vselz or diftoijz. 
dr-r iz onli fond medial qfter gutural loij vselz er diftonz. 

We qr dus ab'l tui mac wun simbul, r, serv ©1 dsz fjv purpusez, b\ 
dsclarii) dat : 

1) r reprszents trild r, bvven prsssdin a vsel and not prsssded bj, 

eni but a stopt vsel, az in ra, veri. 

2) r reprszents palatal dd, bwen prsssded b\ a palatal v^el, and not 

folod h\ eni vsel; dus, er, ir=edd, %dd. 

3) r reprszents gutural dr, bwen prsssded b\ a non-palatal vsel, and 

not folod bj eni vsel; dus, or, xr=GJ,r, xdr. 

4) r reprszents dd-r, bwen prsssded b\ an acsented non-palatal vsel, 

and folod b\ a v?el; dus, Marl, veriy=Madd-ri, vedd-riy. 

5) r reprszents dr-r, liwen prsssded b{ an acsented non-palatal vsel, 

and folod b\ a vsel; dus, boriy=bodr-riy. 

And in order tui reprszent ds vocalz 'dd, \ir, ws dstermin dat : 

6) er reprszents 'dd, hwen not folod b\ a vsel. 

7) ur reprszents 'dr, hwen not folod b\ a vsel. 

Hwen, hsever, er, ur qr folod b^ vselz, da reprszent de trui fonetical 
er, ur hwen acsented, and sumtin aproqin tui er hwen unacsented; 



§ 29, nr. 10. I, jylif Licwidz and Ecsplodents. 95 

heng de diferens betwen er in aver, veri, and ur in ocz<r, ocurens. Wz 
sumtjmz her de ssndz \u-r, \tr-r ; dus, snm sa pre-f\u-riy, fer prs-feriy, 
and uderz sa oc'.ir-riy, fer ocuriy. It iz veri ezi tui reprezent dis b^ r^tii) 
prsferriy, ocurriy, in hwiq £?*, wr ociirirj bsfor r, and darfor not befor a 
v#el, neseserili reprEzent 'u.t, \ir ; hwjl ds secund r 3 ocurirj bsfor a vsel, iz 
neseserili ds trild r. We mjt adopt a similer aranjment in Marri, borriy; 
but hsr it iz not considerd neseseri, az it wil be sufijent tui mqic hwen 
ds r Jiad not afect d£ a, dus, Ma-ri er Ma,ri, in erder tui Jo dat d£ r iz onli 
inijal, and darfor onli trild. 

cEez rmlz ma aper complicated, but az da cir d£ natural rmlz hwiq gjd 
d£ pronunsiajun ov an Iijglifman, da oca3im no dificulti hwotever, ecsept, 
perhaps, in d£ sirjg'l cas ov d£ dub'l us ov er, ur, at wun tjm az a vocal, 
and at anuder az a silab'l endhj in trild r. Az we hav not tui s^nz fer 
d£ palatal and gutural tril, in d£ practical alfabet, dis dificulti cud not 
b£ overcmn b\ rjtin V, az in d£ cas ov 'I, 'm, 'n; and az it iz elwaz 
alsab'l tui sa er,ur wid d£ pur ssndz ov e, u, r, (eldo it iz veri unusual,) 
and az d£ vocalz, hav dejenerated from dez pur ssn(Jz, it canot b£ con- 
siderd unpractical tui adopt dis metud ov simbol|zaJun ; aded tui hwic, 
it corespondz, so fqr az it goz, tui d£ metud adopted in de old stjl ov 
speliij. 

Hwen, hsever, we cwit d£ IrjgliJ langwej, and cum tui auiider, az d£ 
Frenq, in hwiq d£ gutural tril iz pron^nst veri stroijli, (eldo dis pronun- 
siajun iz not recognjzd h\ eni etoriti, and iz seldum menjund b\ ertoepists 
ecsept tui bs den^nst,) — it iz neseseri tui distil] gwij mor carfiali ; and we 
ma darfor empler d£ trui sp, uq, tui reprezent it, fer hwiq, hsever, q alon 
ma bs convmientli substituted, in modern Gr£c and 'Arabic wurdz. 

We hav ms redust 31* licwidz tui fjv — I, r, m, n, y, tuigeder wid f|v 
vocalz, rit'n 7, er, ur, 'm, 'n, d£ combinajunz er, ur not reprszentin vocalz 
hwen da ociir bsfor vselz, but elwaz reprEzenthj vocalz hwen da dui not 
ociir b£for vselz. cEe dEterminhj caracter ov pozijun beirj darfor perfect, 
d£ end ov an alfabet, — d£ dEterminaJim ov pronunsiajun bj non simbulz, 
— iz tiii'oli atand. 

10. Ecsplodents. 

clar iz no dificulti az rsgqrdz p b, t d, c cj, hwic, qr wel non and recog- 
n^zd. (Lz leterz tj, d) ajr not recognjzd, but da qr ddt pEcuKer unstab'l 
ssnd hwiq t, d asum bsfor y, er br£f i, u, in sue; wurdz az (nature, ques^on, 
righteous,) hwic, ma b£ reprszented veri dcuretli bj natjiwr, cwestjyun, 
ritjyus, but hwiq we reprEzent prdcticali bj natvr, cwestyun, rityus, az it 
wad be tm fyi a distirjcfun tm 1-eprezent a mid'l ssnd b£twm tf, ty, sue, 



9B Ljgllf Diftoyz. § 29, nr. 10. 

az t] reali iz. <3x ssnd ^iz most coimm in dez wurdz, and ty iz considerd 
stif, but qfter meni ecsperiments it woz fond dat de speliijz just egzibited 
plezd de grater number ov rederz. 

3e sMidz cj, gj qr, on de ucter hand, mor jenerali recognjzd, eldo onli 
under de ferm ci, gi ; ce, ge ; or c#, gy. Meni persunz, inded, dra per- 
petrat suq wurdz az ceqrd, ceind, (er c£#p^ /) gsqrd'n, but enitin beyond 
c/#r^, cjind, gyqrd'n, iz afectajun er mispronunsiajun. It iz, hsever, 
becumiij les and les u^ual tui emplo cj, gj in IijgliJ, (eldo de us ov cj iz 
wel recognjzd in Frenq,) and w& ma darfor safli omit dem in a practical 
alfabet. Sr ecsplodents vvil darfor be rediist tra p b, t d, c g. 

11. Diftoyz. 

5ar iz elvvaz a conveniens in mqrcin de comunest diftorjz bj a siijg'l sjii ; 
but in IngliJ dar qr so meni disputs az tui de trui components ov de clif- 
toijz we reprezent bj ai, au, dat it becurnz elmost imperativ on de propozer 
ov a practical alfabet, tui qvod ambiguiti h\ uziij a sjn hwig Jal at wuns 
reprezent de rezult ov diftonjjzajun. We hav darfor .qoz'n for leterz, 
i, ©, y, n, tui reprezent de comunest gruips ov diftonz. cEus, i standz for 
ai er ai, and elso fer hwot iz comunli pronsnst aii, dat iz, ii, a felti ferm 
ljc ai, qu, and darfor, ljc dem, tui be rejected, er rqder, bret under its 
corect ferm; so dat ii, ai, qu qr not distirjgwijt, in rjtirj, from i, a, o. 
Agen, v reprezents oi and ei ; de ferst s?md ocurz in suq wurdz az 
(oyster)=oist\u=vster, and de secund hwen fjnal, az (boy)=bei=bv, and 
elso=fc>i, on de felti fermajun prinsip'l. Necst, 8 reprezents au ; hwjl 
■u iz uzd fer w^, iu, eu, and y?^, yw-, and perhaps yu and yw^, becez it iz 
rar tui f[nd IijgliJ pep'l hm distirjgwif dez ssndz. (§ 13, nr. 3, p. 36.) 
We tine dat iu iz de dulest ov dez, herd after s, az siu=(sue); iu iz de 
brjt comun ssnd, az in viu (=view); eu iz aforst, unplezant ssnd, sed 
tra be herd in America, and sertenli herd in provinjal IngliJ. Insted ov 
prommsirj fat inijali, Inglijmen eder c;anj ds i intra y, and sa ym=(yov), 
er prefics y tui »u er iw, az yzw er yim=(yew) ; but da dui not pronsns 
dus consistentli, ner qr da elvvaz awar hwiq wa da dra pron^ns. Prdc- 
ticali, darfor, we hav fond it neseseri, in IrjgliJ, tra embras el dez Jadz ov 
ds em s^nd under wun sp, %. In America da hav tet uderw^z ; and we 
S8, in de American fonetic publicajunz, simbulz anserin tra %, yu, ym, 
eldo % iz supozd tra be sumhwot diferent from iw, ds prss|s s^nd not beiij 
ckrli disciiverab'l. S.E difton qi, hwiq iz ov rar ociirens in IngliJ, bein 
onli fond in de sirjg'l wurd qi (aye), msnin ye5, iz reprezented b| de con- 
juncfun ov its tra components. It iz sed dat dar qr tui ssndz ov de 
z'-difton, in Scotland ; wun corespondin tra sv ai, and de uder ndroer. 



§29, nr. 12. Iyglif Diftoyz— Practical Alf abet 9 7 

Tin dis subject we Jal refer at leijt in sr notis ov de Loland Scoq dialect, 
amiirj de egzqmp'lz in § 35. 

Az dar qr consonantal diftoijz (§ 22, p. 61,) hwic; qr reprezented b\ sing'l 
sjnz in meni alfabets, we hav elso fond it prdcticali convenient tin abrij tul 
ov dem, in IngliJ, intui simp'l s^nz ; dez ctr tf=g, and <%==/. But az tf, dj 
can never diftdnjjz unles t, d prodqs an inijal efect upon de foloir) /, 3, 
de leterz g, j can not be uzd for dem hwen dis condijun iz not satisf^d. 
chis, we ma r^t gec=tfec, and eg=.etf, eldo t iz onli inijal in de ferst 
wurd, hwjl it iz medial in de secund, so dat de efect ov tf yl rcider diferent 
in ec; ; but we must rjt abutfip and not abugip, becez £ iz onli fjnal, and 
produsez no inijal efect hwotever on /. <Ie leter j ma be sed tm stand 
for tre diferent efects ; dus, in juj, jujiy, de real syndz uterd qr d^ud^f, 
d^ud^iy ; but de ferst rfj in ec; wurd iz compozd ov de inijal efect ov d and 
medial ov 3 ; de secund dj in de secund wurd, haz bot d and 5 medial ; 
hwjl de secund <% in de ferst wurd, iz folod bj de hwisperd /. It wiad be 
clerli veri unpractical tm atemt distingwijiij dez tre efects bj tre sjnz, but 
de us ov a sing'l simbul, j, determinz dat de d produsez an inijal efect on 
3 in everi cas, and dis iz de onli important pernt. 

12. Ss Practical Alfabet. 

We hav dus reditst de sicsti-sics simbulz ov nr. 1, p. 87, tin terti-sev'n, 
az dar promist, namli, tin — 

Loy vxel sinz z a q, e o ui 

Stopt wsel sinz i c a u u 



h 

Continuants w, f v, t &, s z, f 3, y 

Licvndz 1 '1, r, m 'm, n 'n, rj 

Ecsplodents p b, t d, c g 

tm hwiq we ad, az ogzilieri simbulz — 

Vxel diftoyz \ & * i\ 

Consonant diftoyz q j 

Az de mqrc ( ' ) iz prdcticali liact upon az an ertografic sjn, uzd tm Jo 
hwen I, m, n form silab'lz h\ demselvz, we dm not consider 7, 'm, 'n az 
properli specin fermin pqrt ov de alfabet, hwiq iz dus reditst tm a seriez 
ov ferti simbulz. 

3e order in hwic; we u^uali aranj dez ferti simbulz iz not presjsb' ddt 
just giv'n, hwicj iz onli hwot wud be left in de consecutiv aranjment ov de 
alfabet, (§ 21, nr. 1,) if el de un-lnglij and unpractical leterz wer remuivd. 
cTus stated, de leterz dm not aper tm hav ddt proper relajun tm wun 

8 



98 Practical Ljglif Fonetic Alfabet. § 29, m\ 12. 

amider hwiq woz sufijentli evident in de complet alfabet. We hav elso 
tui introdqs de comp^nd simbulz, i, v, 8, ?/, g,j, in natural pozifunz. cTs 
aranjment hwig haz ben adopted fer de practical alfabet, woz determind 
upon bj Mr. (Ezac Pitman, hwen setlirj hiz fort band fonetic alfabet, ijuid 
several yerz befor fonetic printig woz seriusli ate'mted, and bret tui per- 
feejun loij befor de printiij alfabet woz matiird. It iz az foloz : 

<9> Practical Fonetic Alfabet or &e Iyglif Laygwej. 



Lor/ vselz 


8 


a q e o ra 


Stopt vsels 


i 


e a o u u 


Diftoyz 


\ 


& 5 11 


( 'oalesents 


X 


w 


BreMy 


h 




Ecsplodents 


P 


b, t d, q j, c g 


Continuants 


f 


v, t A, s z, J 3 


IAcwidz, oral 


r 


1 


. . nazal 


m 


n i) 


Murmur 


(' 


) fermiij de Vocalz, '1 'm 



cle Ion vselz qr aranjd in de old order. In de stopt vselz, de gntural w 
bsir> de onli vsel ov de mid'l seriez, iz plast imedyetli after de uder tui 
gutural vselz, a, o ; de tre triu diftorjz, i, v, a, folo, and den de leter q, 
hwiq iz siuntjmz a trm diftoij and sumtjmz not : doz diftoijz hwiq ter- 
minat in i, presed doz hwiq terminat in m. cle tui leterz, y, w, eldo strictli 
continuants, qr plast h\ demselvz, and cold coalesents, on acsnt ov dar 
evident jenerajun from a rapid pronunsiajun ov i, u befor a fdloirj vsel, 
so dat da ma be prdcticali considerd az de fermz under hwiq i, u coales 
wid de foloiij vsel. Az de sjnz hw, Jiy dm not egzist az independent 
leterz, in de practical alfabet, dar woz amider rez 'n fer not clqsirj y, w wid 
de uder continuants, el ov hwiq ociir in bot hwisperd and spoc'n fermz. 
cle bredirj h ma be in de sam maner consevd tin arjz from de vsel q liwen 
hwisperd, so dat y, w, h hav sum sort ov conecfun hwiq wud apareiitli 
justify dar beirj aranjd az y, h, w, corespdndiij tm e, q, m. Az, hsever, dis 
iz not strictli trm, h yl plast h\ itself, but necst tm de fermer ; and dez tre 
leterz serv tui marc de transijun from vselz tui consonants. Necst folo 
de ecsplodents, aranjd az U3Ual, eg mut beirj Mod bj its corespdndiij 
spoc'n ferm. cle compsndz g, j, qr inserted her, becez dar ferst elements, 
t, d, qr ecsplodents, and becez it woz convenient, in Jert hand, tui repre- 
zent dem b^ a simbid hwiq woz related tm doz uzd fer ecsplodents. els 
continuants qr aranjd az in de complet alfabet. Az regqrdz de oral 
licwidz, it wil be sen, on referens tm de Tabiiler Alfabet, § 21, p. 6], dat 



§ 29, m\ 13. Fermz ov $e Ljylif Tonetic Leterz. 99 

I and r qr prssjsli on a par, onli I woz put ferst, bscez dar iz an I pra- 
nsnst wid ds tip ov ds tun nsrer ds tst dan ds coiniin £ ; but dis I iz not 
an IggliJ ssnd, and hens it bscam indiferent in IngliJ, hweder r er I Jud 
prss£d. Az (Is PoliJ leter duz not aper in els IijgliJ alfabet, aniider rez'n 
woz alsd tui prsval ; ds trild r beiij perfermd wid ds tip ov ds tuij, ma 
be considerd az mor ecstemal dan d£ /, in hwiq d£ sjdz ov d£ tun qr 
vibrated, and d£ order ov sv consonant simbulz iz elwaz from d£ tsfc 
tordz d£ trot. In d£ ferst aranjment ov ds Jert band alfabet, Z woz mad 
tui presed r; but qfter d£ abiiv rsz'n for plashj r bsfor Z woz pemted st 
tin Mr. Pitman, in adijun tui d£ fact dat in d£ Jert band caracter d£ 
pozijun ov d£ sjn for r coresponded tui ddt for jo, and d£ pozijun ov d£ 
sjn for I tui ddt for 9, ds prezent order woz adopted. els nazal licwidz 
qr in ds natural order. 

13. 3e Fermz ov is Leterz. 

Az a mod ov printiij elredi egzists, and az considerab'l properti iz 
elredi involvd in tjps and punqez, or matrisez for tjps, it woz a neseseri 
pqrt ov eni practical sc£m for printiij IijgliJ, tui oca3im az lit'l wast in 
dis properti az posib'l. Hens, si ov d£ twenti-sics leterz hwiq form ds 
qzqal roman alfabet, twenti-trs wer qoz'n, ds uder trs (k, q, w) bsin asjnd 
tui foren ssndz, tui ov hwiq (k, q) rscwir tui b£ veri frscwentli simbol^zd 
in ds Jerman laijgwej, and wun (k) in ds Scoq dialect and proper namz. 
It waz darfor neseseri tui introdqs sev'ntsn nq fermz, and dsz wer qoz'n 
so az tui harmonjz az mug az posib'l wid ds twenti-trs old fermz. ( 22 ) 2s 
valqz asind tui ds fermz in bot casez wer suq az wud most redili ocur tui 
doz acustumd tiu rsd IijgliJ in ds historical ortografi, in erder dat da in^t 
hav ds lsst posib'l dificulti in lerniij ds nq sistem. Hens, no rsgqrd woz 
pad tm ds ssndz asjnd tui ds roman leterz in ds Jerman, SwsdiJ, DaniJ, 
TVelf, Italian, Frenq, SpaniJ, Portqgsz, er uder laijgwejez qzhj ds roman 
alfabet, el ov hwiq qz meni ov ds leterz in veri (liferent sensez, ds leterz 
"p, b, t, d, s, r, 1, m, n," onli, bshj emplod wid tdlerab'l qnifermiti in el 
ov dem, and dsz qr qzd in ds sam significajun in ds fonetic alfabet. 3s 
IngliJ prinsip'l dssjded elso on d£ qs ov d£ "y, w, c, g, v, z," and elso 
ov ds v^elz, " i, e, a, a, 0, u." 3ar qr tui leterz " a, a," wun ov hwiq 
woz qzd in ds italic, and ds uder in ds roman stjl ov printiij ; ds fermer, 
az ds simplest, woz rstand fer d£ stopt vsel, d£ later, az d£ most com- 

22. 5e remander ov dis number iz tac'n from de Fonetic Jurnal fer Jdmieri, 1848, 
pp. 29, 30. 



100 Fermz ov ctt Iyglif Fonetic Leterz. § 29, nr. 1 3 

plecs, woz giv'ntui ds lorj vsel. If, den, we dm not rec'n "a" az a nil 
roman leter, dar wer onli sicstsn nq fermz tui be provided. 3e smel 
leterz qr, " s," a variajun ov " e," er ov d£ Grsc "epsjlon," or ov tm 
ov d£ leterz " e," wnn plast over ds uder, sins " ee " iz de most serten 
reprszentativ ov dis ssnd in ds ugual ertografi ; " q," a variajun ov "a," 
consrstin in lerjtnin a porfun ov it, az ds ssnd "ci" iz ds (practical) pro- 
lorjgajun ov ds s^nd " a " in Inglif ; " e " iz " o " wid ds Ion marc " 6 " 
runin trm, insted ov over it, az it iz d£ prolongajun ov " o ; " " o " iz a 
variajun ov ds Grsc "omega, 15 mad tm hqrmonjz wid ds roman alfabet; 
" m, m " qr variajunz ov " u," h{ hwig ds later ssnd iz jenerali, and ds 
former of n, ecsprest, espejali qfter " r," in dr. historical spelirj ; " la," az 
bsin les complst dan " m," iz qzd for ds stopt vsel. Amurj ds diftorjz, " \ " 
iz a variajun ov " i," h{ liwiq dis s^nd iz most ugnoli ecsprest in ds curent 
spelir) ; its randed tal hints at ds leter " a," hwic, fermz dE uder pqrt ov 
c1e diftorj ; " er " iz a variajun ov " oi," onli ds dot ov ds " i " bsin rstand 
and fqs 'nd tm ds " o " wid a lit'l flurij ; " s " iz a variajun ov ds comun 
Grsc contracjun fer ds dijtoij " omicron, upsjlon," hwicj we IngliJ jenerali 
so promms in rsdiij Grsc, eldo ds modern Grscs eel it "ui;" it iz elso 
intended tm remind ds rsder ov d£ djgraf " ou," bj hwic; dis diffcon iz 
of 'n ecsprest in ds ngqal spelin ; "u" iz a variajun ov ds U3ual "u," 
and ds tal ma bs considerd az hintirj at ds tm misirj strocs recwjrd tm 
mac up "ira." Ov d£ consonants, "c" iz a variajun ov "cj," er " ci," 
from hwic; ds ssnd etimolojicali aroz, and it iz elso intended tm rscel ds 
djgraf (ch) ; " t " iz a form ov ds Grsc " t£ta," but turnd tm d£ rjt insted 
ov ds left, tm mac it hqrmoniz beter wid d£ uder Roman leterz, and bs 
mor diferent from "t;" "d" iz a variajun ov ds Anglo-Sacsun leter 
hwicj ecsprest dis ssnd, and ma darfor bs considerd az a restorajun ov 
ds anjent ertografi. cTs leterz "J, 3," qr ds sam variajunz ov " s, z," az 
"c" iz ov "c," and fer similer rsz'nz, bot ssndz bsin jenerated from 
" s], zj," er "si, zi," hwar ds "i " fermz an improper diftorj wid a fdloiij 
vsel; " ij " iz a variajun ov " ng," its fermer reprEzentativ. 

Amur) d£ capital leterz, 8, O, CT, 3 qr d£ sam az £, o, er, s, mad 
lqrj ; R iz a rinded ferm ov A, tm giv it mor impertans, and dus corr- 
espond tm d£ ecstra curv over ds top ov d£ "a," hwic, distingwifez it 
from "a;" d£ cros at d£ top ov A iz ment tm corespond tm ds lerjt'nd 
tal ov "q;" III, U qr ds sam variajunz ov " in, ia," dat U iz ov "u;" 
ds cros in i iz elso an indicajun ov ds tal ov " j," and U ma bs considerd 
tm bar d£ sam rslajun tm " q," dat Q duz tm " q." © barz ds sam 
rslajun tm C, dat flj duz tm I. 1, 3. wer cpz 'n on acsnt ov ds lorj hand 
rit'n fermz, hwic, aprocsimat veri nsrli tm doz we wer led tm quiz fer 



§ 30, nr. 1. Practical Rudz for Ljylif Fonetic Speliy. 101 

"t, d," becez de later fermz wer elredi in us bj Iijglif rjterz az secunderi 
fermz fer " t " and " d." It iz a mer acsident dat 1, cl qr respectivli de 
fermz ov de capitalz ov de fort and secund leterz in de Rufan alfabet, mad 
tui fas in de opozit direcjun ; de valuz ov de Rufan leterz or " q, b," res- 
pectivli; de rezemblans ov ferm woz not remqrct til Ion after de fermz 
wer cjoz'n. X iz de Grec capital " sigma," but romanjzd ; and X barz 
abst de sam relajun tui Z, az X duz tui S. LJ iz a manifest variajun ov 
N, corespondhj tui de variajun " n " ov " n." 

§ 30. 
MOD OV HZIIJ 38 ITJGLIZ FONETIC ALFABET. 
1. Practical Rudz folod in Ljglif Fonetic Speliy. 

Hwjl de ssndz herd qr cler and distinct, no dificultiz in speliij can aqz, 
ecsept from felti er variab'l pronunsiajun. clus, it iz perfectli ezi tui rjt 
mfyr, nagi>r, er nagur, hwen dez ssndz qr herd, but it iz dificult tui des£d 
hwig ov de fennz iz best adapted fer jeneral us, er Jud be adopted in 
printed wurcs. Her de s^ndz qr definit, but de uzej variab'l. On de 
uder hand, it iz dificult tui sa hweder we Jud print memuri, memori, er 
memori, becez de secund silab'l iz pronvnst so indistirjctli dat we ma 
perswad ^rselvz dat it contanz eni wun ov de tre vselz, u, o, o. Her, 
darfor, qr tui dificultiz ov a perfectli (liferent qnd, but eg veri perplecsin, — 
not tui de individual rjter, hui, in hiz on manuscripts er leterz tui hiz 
frendz, ma emplo eni wun ov de fermz ov eder wurd, but tui de printer, 
hui puts ferwerd wun pqxticuler ferm az in hiz opinyun most entjt'ld tui 
jeneral apruival. It wil most probabli recwjr a Ion periud tui eldps befor 
a fonetic ertografi can becum wel set'ld; but az eg qanj ov speliij wil 
involv a qanj ov pronunsiajun, hwjl eni atemts at canj wil oca3un mug 
atenfun tui be pad tui pronunsiajun, we ma hop tui aqv at a satisfacturi 
rezult in de end. Fer srselvz individuali, we hav onli endevurd tui select 
doz fermz we tet, qfter du trjal, most ljcli tui plez de grater number ov 
tetfiol rederz. Tui atan dis we hav lad dsn de foloin rudz : 

/. Tm reprezent a deliberet, emfatic liter ans ov eg tvurd, az it wud be 
pronmst independentli ov ol utter icurdz. 
II. In casez ov dat, espefali in de cas ov unacsented silab'lz, tui egzibit 
dat pronunsiajun hwig de leterz empUd in de old speliy mil be 
supozd tm indicate er de etimoloji ov de lourd wud aper tm jmnl 
at az dat intended b% de specer. 



102 Disputed Pmts in IyglifFonetic Sjieluj. § 30, nr. 2. 

2. Consider afun ov sum Dstfid er Bispilted Fonts in Iyglif Fouetic 

Speliy. 
clez rmlz hav tin b£ apljd wid grat cejun, but neder ov dem Jiad be 
pujt tra an ecstrem, becez de onli real fsndajim fer a stif pronunsiajun iz 
de Jer cwicsand ov a leles, confuzd, and most inconsistent ertografi. We 
prosed tui indicat a fu casez in hwicj we liav apl|d dez rmlz, az corected 
b\ sy on obzervajun, tui sum disputed pernts. 

1. <Ie silab'lz hwic; hav de sub-acsent qr tui be treted in everi respect 
az doz hwic; hav de prinsip'l acsent. 

2. cle silab'lz hwic; pre-sed de acsented silab'l qr mor sloli and distiijctli 
prommst dan doz hwicj suc-sed. 

3. 3e v?>"el e in de old speliij jenerali beciimz bref s befor de acsent, 
and stopt e after it, az seciceut, sscwenfal, consecivent, conssewenfal. clis 
uzej iz at t^mz corected bj a nolej ov de etimoloji ; dus, epis'l, benevolent, 
rqder dan epis'l, benevolent. c[e us ov de e iz veri constant in de lqst sil- 
ab'l but wun, hvven de acsent folz on de lqst silab'l but tui. 01 vselz 
qr pronsnst most indistirjctli in dis pozifun. 

4. cEe bref e never siijcs intra i, ecsept imedyetli befor a vsel, dus, 
Heretical ; but it veri frecwentli felz intra y h\ preferens, az rityus, 
Crisiyan. 

5. cTe bref a never felz intra e, but eder remanz a er felz intra a. 

6. Bref q iz ov rar ociirens ; it iz elmost invariabli replast b^ bref a. 

7. Bref o iz rqder a Ion unacsented o, az in ogiist. Se 8. 

8. Bref o, in de lqst silab'l but wun, imedyetli foloirj de acsent, jenerali 
siijcs intra bref er stopt o, and it ma be replast bj o in meni uder casez, 
de relajun betwen o and o beiij ab^t de sam az ddt betwen e and e. 

9. cle leter n felz intra m qfter r, ecsept hwen r iz imedyetli preseded 
bj, an acsented er sub-acsented vsel, az er%dit, erifiesent, hwards rmbesent 
wild be de ii^ucd ferm. 3e leter % elso beciimz m qfter I preseded bj, 
aniider consonant in de sam silab'l, az conclmd. Her uzej variz ; sum sa 
conchjd, nil, but dar iz a grat wat ov opinyun on de uder s|d. 

10. cle leterz t, d reman befor % ev'n hwen de acsent presedz, and dra 
not sine intra g, j. Custum alsz dem tra sine intra g, j in comun con- 
versajun in a veri grat number ov casez ; but de uzej iz so variab'l, and 
de ljn ov demqreajun betwen de wurdz in hwic; g, j mjt be qzd and doz in 
liwicj g, j wiad not be tolerated, iz so dificult tra di*e, dat it woz considerd 
best tra cep tra de old t, d in el casez. cTe old (tion) iz printed fun, 
ecsept an s presedz, and den it beciimz tyun ; dus, mofun, cicestytm= 
(motion, (.[\\estion). 



§ 30, in - . 2. Disputed PmU in Iyglif Fcmetic Speliy. 103 

11. In final silab'lz hwig hav r, I, m, n after de lqst vsel, de comun 
conversajunal ssndz qr V, 7, '«z, 'w ; az com'rs, br%d?l {bridal,} depend " ul. 
We hav tet it best, wid regqrd tui I, m, n, tra. retail de vsel hwiq iz 
aparentli indicated bj, de old spelin, dus, bridal, dependent; eldo in de 
cas ov de terminajun «Z, de old speliij orijinali indicated #/, and not at. 
cle terminajun cw^ iz, hsever, onli prezervd hwar recw|rd b\ de Latin 
etimoloji, but iz qanjd intui ent hwar de Latin points st dat ent woz de 
orijinal, eldo de ward ma hav ben tac'n imedyetli from de lYenq, in hwiq 
laijgwej de terminajun ant woz uzd for bot de Latin ans and ens. 3is 
us ov (a«£) for de Frenq terminajun ov de pqitisip'l, seinz onli tm hav 
obtaud becez (ent) woz jenerali de sjn ov de terd persun plmral in dat 
laijgwej, and woz den mut, so dat (attendeut) mjt hav ben atoiid az de 
prezent tens, or atokdoh az de pqrtisip'l; tui avod hwiq ambiguiti (atten- 
dant) woz uzd in de later cas, and tac'n intiu IijgliJ widst dii considera- 
Jun, eldo de Inglif pronunsiajun avoz, probabli, elwaz atendent : similerli 
in uder casez. 

12. <Ie fel ov 5, z intra/, 3 in sue, wurdz azfmr, prefur, pleyur, vifas, 
viyun iz so complet and acnolejd, dat syr, presyr, plez%r, visyus, vizyun 
wud be absurd and unintelijib'l. 

13. cEe distiirbiij efect ov de palatal and gutural r (determind h\ de 
fact dat no vsel foloz r) iz fiali recognjzd. 3e ssndz sr, ar, or, mr, jr, 
ar, %r, w T id de palatal and gutural r, contan modificajunz ov de v^elz 
e, a, o, m, i, &, %. 3e sjnz er, ur, hwen no vsel foloz, qr uzd az de vocalz 
ov de palatal and gutural r ; and hwen a vsel foloz, and er, ur ocur in 
de most indistinct plas, (dat iz, in de silab'l imedyetli foloin dat hwiq haz 
de prinsipal acsent,) da or uzd fer hwot mjt be perhaps mor properli 
reprezented b| er. Compard wid de old spelirj, de f^nal (h\ ar, er) qr 
renderd b[ er, and (ar, er) unacsented befor a vsel fel intui er. But (or, 
ur) fel oca3unali intiu ur. 3Ce terminajun (or), hwen servhj tui form de 
mm ov ajent from verbz er substantivz, iz merjd intiu de Sacsun er, but 
in uder casez iz alsd tui fel intui ur, az cumin trai de Frenq ; dus, mpiur, 
"inferiur;" but miner, "wun lira nrjnz." Sv'n in de most indistinct 
plas, (or) iz retand befor a vsel in preferens tin letiij it fel intra ur ; dus, 
memorl, rqder dan memuri. 3e terminajunz (eri, ari) qr renderd h\ eri ; 
hwjl (ori) felz intiu uri. 

14. cEe Ion q iz retand befor /, s, n, hwar it iz so pronsnst in de sst 
ov England; but de bred e yl alsd tui sine intra under similer sercum- 
stansez. Suq wurdz az (for, nor, norm, are, par, part) qr rit'n fer, nor, 
norm, qr, pqr, pqrt, and not for, nor, norm, ar, par, part. It iz triu dat 
fer iz jenerali proirsnst for befor a vsel ; but az we elwaz hav tiu giv 



104 Practical and Teoretical hjglif Spelirj. § 30, nr. 2. 

de ssnd ov a wurd az it iz pron^nst hwen Isolated, fer iz evidentli 
corect. Sum ertoepists consider dat or, ar Jud be uzd in el casez, fer 
dat de vsel iz az Jert az it can be hwen an r foloz. We disagre wid dez 
ertoepists. 3o or ma hav wuns ben uzd, we can not tine dat ar woz 
ever emplerd ; perhaps ar ma hav ben and ma stil be uzd at tjmz ; but 
in dat cas qr iz de proper IngliJ reprezentativ ov de ssnd in de practical 
alfabet. 

15. cle prinsip'l ov givin eq wurd its (solated pronunsiajun des|dz upon 
uziij c%, ie az de fermz ov de tui qrtic'lz, eldo in conecfun wid uder wurdz 
a iz uguali pron^nst a, and ie sines intui ia befor consonants. Similerli, 
de prepozijun {to) iz elwaz reprezented h\ tm and not ocagunali h\ tu, 
eldo sum rjterz wud prefer rjtiij " 1 liuim iz Je tu giv dem tm" ruder 
dan " 1 huim iz Je tm giv dem tm" 

clar ma be uder pernts on hwiq a conclm3un must be fermd, but it iz 
dificult tm clusifj dem, and inded de abiiv mnqres <\r neseserili veri con- 
fuzd and unintelijib'l widst referens tm de old spelin. 

3. Practical and Teoretical Iyglif Sjjeliy. 

In order tm egzibit de acfun ov sue; rralz az de abiiv, we wil endevur 
tm reprezent a pasej ov IngliJ az it wud be most probabli pron^nst hwen 
red in a conversajunal ton, acerdin tiu de complet fonetic alfabet, and ad 
its practicali stif reprezentajun in de ajemir) colum. Grat ohransez must 
be mad fer de pronunsiajun egzibited in de ferst cas, az it iz veri dificult 
tm sez er aprejiat. We Jal not divjd de wurdz hwen rit'n acerdin tm de 
complet alfabet, az da or U3Uali divided, but az de silab'lz ferm demselvz 
intm natural grmps. cle foloin pasej iz a fre translajun ov a porjun ov 
Pots prefes tm hiz Etimolojical Rssergez {EtymologiscJie Forsckungen). 
cle orijinal Jerman wil be fsnd in § 33, nr. 6, az an egzump'l ov ds 
fonetic reprezentajun ov Jerman. 

leoreticali Fonetic. 

cte-rit'n, 'nprinted, rep^e-zentaf'n ude- 
sdundzuvldrjgwej, baimenzuvedrect'xizs, 
witf'.irin^ufij'nt, botincdind 'nnumb'J.1, 
'uwitjm'stdarf ir be-c'mbaind eiiynddifaid, 
i^we-wudgive-grdfic'l sini/bulaizaj'n ude- 
fo-neticelem'nts widonh-sumde-greovegz- 
dctn's 'nc'nveni'ns, h'zben fromeltaim, 
fjrnaf'nzs uzweluzindividyiui-'lz [individ- 
3iui-'lz], Uggwistic'lstiuidentsnotecsepted, 
wunude-mostnese-se-ri, 'nmostdifi-c'lt 
uvprdbl'mzs, 'nh'zcdnse-cw'ntli sca-usli- 



Prdcticah Fonetic. 

tie rit'n, and printed, reprezentajun ov 
de s^ndz ov larjgwcj, bj menz ov caracterz, 
hwig qj insufijent, bat in qnd and num- 
ber, and hwig must, darfor, bs combjnd, 
er modifjd, if we wud giv a grofical sim- 
boljzajun ov de fonetic elements wid onli 
sum degre ov egzdctnes and conveniens, 
haz ben, from el tjm, fer najunz az wel 
az individrialz, (lingwistical students not 
ecsepted,) wun ov de most neseseri and 
most dificult ov problemz, and haz con- 



§ 30, nr. 3. Practical and Teoretical Iyglif Speluj. 105 

ev'.ubin hdpili solvd'. Letdistetjus, d'tde- I secwentli scarsli ever ben hapili solvd. Let 
iuvenj'n uvraitirj, (de-grutest 'nmostim- dis teg us, dot de invenfun ov qtig, (de 
pert'ntinvenfn ttitjde-ymiin'nniaind h'z- j gratest and most important invenfun hwic, 
eV.umad, 'nwitj, azitinded elmostecstdz- de human mjnd haz ever mad, and hwic, 
itsstreijcfc, h'zbnidf n, 'nndtunjustli e-trib- az it inded elmost ecsedz its strent, haz 
yiutedbaiit te-de-godzs), laicde-ergeniz'm- ! ben of'n, and not unjustri, atribiited bj it 
uva-stat, atwuns simp'l 'ncdmplecs, iznut- tm de godz,) Ijc de erganiz'm ov a stat, 
de-w^ircittindrndyiiu-'lzs, butuvsentyiiu- at wnns simp'l and complecs, iz not de 
riz, p'.uhdpsuvtaiaz'ndzuvyer.is. Fromde- wore ov individimlz, but ov sentiu'iz, 
pictori'lrep^e-zenta/'n, az'nentai'xiti, wit/- perhaps ov t^zendz ov yerz. From de 
izelmostde-objectitself, fromde-rne-ume- | pictorial reprezentajun, az an entjrti, hwic, 
mori'lsain, triu-de-w".ird, 'nde-sile-b'l, 
upte-de •• let'jJ, hwote-contmyriu-'li-fain- 
'jJre-nalisis ! 3e-Totavm6d'xintaimzs, 

de-Tfero-cs Secwayq., e.rr, te-givimhizlij- 
gli/nam, JerjGes, c'nbesttelus wotitiz tiu- 
invent'ndlfe-bet, 'ne-ddptittru-e-ldngwej. 



iz elmost de object itself, — from de mer 
memorial sjn, trai de wurd, and de silaVl, 
up tm de leter, hw ot a continuali fjner anal- 
isis ! cLe Tet ov modern tjmz, de Ceroce 
Secwayq., er, tm giv him hiz IrjgliJ nam, 
Jerj Ges, can best tel us, hwot it iz tm in- 
vent an alfabet, and adapt it tin a langwej. 



It ma bs several ysrz bsfor ds best practiced spelin ov everi Irjgiij ward 
iz fermli ficst h\ custum : in d£ mm tjm we beKv dat dar wil not bs 
fynd niuq tiu object tra in ctdt hwiq we hav qoz'n. Muq tim and tet 
iz neseseri tm dttermin upon eni pqrticqler clqs ov spelin z, and after el 
no rml can bs carid 7ft strictli, no Jqrp l^nz ov dsmqrcajun can bs dren. 
Az a wurd cumz intiu comun us, its synd qanjez, its cernerz and dificultiz 
qr grdduali smmdd of, and it asiimz a mor dssjdedri IijgliJ caracter ; c1e 
acsent iz tron bac, perhaps, and cIe unacsented silab'lz qr renderd mor 
indistinct. Hwen wurdz or uzd b^ fit, and b\ ctoz fu wid a coujusnes ov 
d£ sors from hwiq eta qr dsrjvd, az Grsc, Latin, er Frenq, eta qr pronynst 
wid a dsgrs ov stifnes and egzactitud hwiq cud not bs insisted on in 
comun Ljf ; fctus, {blanc-m anger) iz celd blamoi'13, h\ a lit'l Ljsens ov speq, 
but wid a stqdiusli afected Frenq ar ; and eldo we hav ds tut wurdz 
bh/gc, manjer, cIeitvcI from ds sam sorsez, it wwd bs tet c1e hjt ov ignorans 
tui tec ov taciij a pes ov blatjc-mmjer, insted ov blamon^; and yet ds 
veri persunz hut qr astonijt and horiLjd at suq a lapsus liijgws, ma be 
not awar dat ds Frenq demselvz onli sp£C ov a bloh-iuoir Y i, and never ov 
a blamoh^. Agen, d£ wind {ennui) must bs Frenqif^d intiu onniie, (a veri 
dificult synd fer Iijglif erganz,) er aprocsimated tin Freuq trui ds fermz 
omce, omce, otjwe ; hwjl sr forfqderz, hiu imported de wurd alon hwjl 
ago, wer satisfjd wid arm. We hav onli men/and grat inconsistensiz, 
smel wunz qr continqali ociiriij tiu a£ fonetical lecsicografer ; but wid t^m 
and pa Jens ws hop tm arjv at a sucsesful rszult. 3e rczult at hwiq we 
hav ev'n ny aqvd iz muq mor rafunal and intelijib'l dan (1e stjl ov spehn 
U3Uaii emplo-d. 



106 Fonetic Reprezentafim ov For en Latjgwejez. § 31. 

§ 31. 
ON 38 FONETIC REPR8ZENTAEUN OV FOREN LAWGWEJEZ. 

If we fyid so muq dificulti wid sr on kujgwej, it iz not tui bs supozd dat 
uder langwejez wid: hwiq we qr comparativli lit'l acwanted, and d£ synd'z 
ov hwiq we liav not herd ab^t ns from qjldhiad so az tui acwjr a just 
pronunsiajun ov dem we scarsli no h^, wil prszent les. We dm not supoz 
dot it iz posib'l for a forener tm atemt ev 'n suq an imperfect tEoretical 
fonetizajun az we hav just fumijt for an IijgliJ pasej ; ner dm we profes 
tm hav acw^rd an abiliti ov reprszentirj eni foren langwej wid enitin ljc 
d"s sam corectnes. We Iev uder najuriz, darfor, tm disciiver and emplo a 
beter and mor fonetic sistem ov ertografi dan da ns uz, convinst dot £9 
najun Jiad, in dez materz, act for itself, and widst referens tm uder najunz. 
cIe Spanyerdz and Dug hav set an egzqmp'l in dis respect. 

cTar qr, hsever, tm oca^unz on hwiq Irjglijmen wil fpd it neseseri, and 
several in hwiq da wil fjnd it usfial, tm atemt ds simboljzajun ov foren 
ssndz. It iz neseseri, dot hwen ds namz ov persunz and plasez qr introdiist 
from foren lcujgwejez intm IijgliJ wurcs, da Jiad bs put intuu an intelijib'l 
rsdab'l form, so dat d£ persun befor huun ds buc iz lad, Jed bs ab'l, if not 
tm uter, at eni rat tm aprocsimat tui a pronunsiajun ov d£ foren ssndz. 
In dis cas, d£ foren laijgwej wild hav tm bs reprszented in a maner tui 
silt IijgliJ jdEaz ov pronunsiajun, hwiq qr, in meni respects, diferent from 
foren jd£az on d£ subject. 

Hwen a traveler aqvz at nuli discuverd Jorz, hwar dar qr langwejez hwiq 
qr not counted tm rjtin, or hwen lis vizits plasez hwar ds sistem ov r^tiij 
iz unnon tm him, er cud not b£ emplod iu IijgliJ wurcs, it iz olso neseseri 
tm reprszent d£ ssndz ov ds wurdz hs hsrz in comprehensib'l coracterz ; 
and in ds cas ov unrit'n langwejez, it iz neseseri for de mifuneri tui redus 
dem tm rjtin, befor h£ can lern ds laijgwej, er prosed satisfdeturili wid 
hiz laburz. clis cas iz, darfor, pqrtli similer tui de former, and pqrtli 
peci'dier, bEcez d£ mijuneri rjts for dE us ov ds nativz, az mnq az for hiz 
on. But hwen a laijgwej haz not yet bsn rEdiist tm qtiij, it ma, perhaps, 
bs szi tm satisfy d£ nativz wid s|nz hwiq prdcticoli and rufli reprezent d£ 
S3ndz. 3e histori ov alfabetical rjtin wmd kd uz tui conclmd dis, from 
d£ fact dat ds erli alf abets wer so imperfect. 

Agen, it wil be of'n veri convEiiient tm reprEzent d£ ssndz ov hoi frazez 
in langwejez so wel non az ds Frenq, Jerman, and Italyan, in order dat 
d£ hoi sentens ma aper in a fonetic dres, and not pqrt fonetic, and part 
un-fonetic, and consecwentli incompi'Ehensib'L 

In d£ fdloiij mnqres, darfor, on de fonetic repi'EzentaJun ov Frenq 
and Jerman, we must bs understiad az onli oferin a mod ov simboljznj 



f 32, nr. 1 . Teoreticcd Freng Emetic Alfabet . 1 O 1 / 

ds sxndz ov dEZ kujgwejez hwiq wuid be usful tui IngHJmen, and dat in 
diuiij so we dEZJnedli introdiis sum convenjunz hwiq wil run crater tiu 
de fsliijz er prejudisez ov Frenqmen and Jermanz, statin, hsever, dot we 
hav dan so, on sq ocajun az it ociirz. 

§ 32. 

FONETIC REPRCZEXTilZUN OV 38 FREXG LAIJGAYEJ, F0R 36 US OV 

ITOLKMEN. 

1. Teoretical Alfabet. 
From && most earful egzaminajun we hav ben ab'l tui giv de Frenq 
lcujgwej, in de cors ov sum ysrz studi ov its pronunsiajun, we bsMv dat 
its trui fonetic alfabet iz az foloz : 



Oral vselz ; loy 


e — a ci a e o ui 


d ii 


. . fert 


1 e e a — oou 


o ii 


Nazal vxelz ; loy 


an on on lin 




fert 


an on on an 




Brsiiyz 


(0 (") 




Continuants 


f v, s z, J 3 




Oral Licwidz 


nl 1, nl] 1); hi r, jq 




Nazal IAcwidz 


iim m, n, hn] n] 




Ecsplodents 


p b, t d, q g], c g 





JDiftoyz ; improper l, u er u prssediy anuier vsel. 

We giv dis alfabet az <$£ rszult ov sr on ecsperiens ; it duz not pre- 
sjsli agr£ wid ddt ov M. Delqha-Bono {BelaJiaye-Beaulieu}, in liiz pamflet 
entjt'ld Fortoteps {Phonotypie), hwiq iz dsvoted tm an atemt at egzibitin 
de Frenq laijgwej foneticali. Hiz vsel seriez iz az foloz : 



Bref. Proloijd. 


Fonotipic scwiyalents, 


Qrcd. 




az dediist from M. 


D-Bz obzervajunz 


{*] 


rie) 


l 


8 


{etc 


fee} 


e 


a 


{e& 


c'tre ) 


e 


a 


{acte 


art} 


a 


a 


{pas 


pdtre >> 


a 


a 


{ mede 


or) 





e 


{cevd 


He use } 


u 


e 


{yen 


feutxt } 


b 


d 


{ repos 


apo tre } 


o 


o 


{cou 


contre § 


ii 


111 


{hut 


b?'re } 


u 


ii 


Nazal 








{ -pain 


jteintre } 


en 


en 


{ chant 


ehantre } 


an 


an 


{ hen 


bo>?dc } 


on 


on 


{ emprunt 


emprunte } 


mi 


liii 



108 Teoretical Freng Fonetic Alfabet. § 32, nr. 1. 

We tine dat Mosyo D.-B. haz ben misled bj ds old spelhj, and bj ds 
opinyunz ov gramarianz, in constnictig dis vsel seem. We dst hweder 
in (Me) Ion a, az distinct from cte brEf e in (ete), can bs recognjzd. In 
(acte) we tine we Iiei* stopt a, but in (pas) we dui not hsr brsf a, az dis- 
tinct from bref a. cIe pronunsiajun ov (mode) iz sertenli not ds sam az 
sy Inglif mod wud bs ; it iz mar ljc mod, but ma, bs pronsnst mod h\ sum 
Frenqmen. iVcerdin tui Tcirver, (in biz Edijun ov Tqrdiz Ecspldnaturi 
Prommsty Freng Dicfimeri, hwar ds most carfuil mqrein ov Frenq pronun- 
siajan wid hwiq we qr acwanted, iz tai bs fsnd,) ds (o) in (mode) iz onli 
Jert o, dat iz, stopt o. cCe wnrd (oeitf) iz sertenli not pronsnst az d£ In- 
gliJ vf; Tcirver mqres of, hwiq we tine corect. Az a mater ov pronunsia- 
Jun, we canot sez eni distincjun bstwsn ds vselz in (mid, Weus€) and in 
{yen, fetftre) ; we bslEv dem tui bs 6, 6, in bob casez, and wud darfor rjt of, 
fiov ; pd,fotr. It iz siijguler dat Mosyo D.-B. considerz ds mut £ tui bs 
&z sam az ds vsel in (ileuve), (dat iz, az sy 6 we bslsv,) eldo hs distingwijez 
it from (ieiltre), hwiq, if eni tin, must bs a dsper ssnd. cEis arjzez from 
ds pronunsiajun elredi abided tui (p. 16). cIe vsel in (repos) iz pqrtic- 
ulerli mqret az a loy vsel in Tcirver. <Ie referens ov ds for nazal vselz 
tui e, a, o, u, insted ov a, o, o, u, haz bsn elredi ecspland in p. 30. We 
Jud, darfor, (qzin ds simbulz ov ds complst fonetic alfabet,) rjt ds egzem- 
plificativ wurdz abuv giv'n dus : il el, ete fe, a atr\ act qr, pa pair', 
■mod or, of fiov , po fotr , re po apotr , cu cwtr , bu bur ; — pan pdntr\fon 
foiitr, boil bond' ', onprnn onprunt. 

Az rsgqrdz diftoijz, Mosyo D.-B. agrez wid sy alfabet ent^iii ; ©lso in &z 
mater ov ds aspiret, hwiq hs rEgcirdz az a mar sjn ov brae, alsin &e qrtic'l 
tm bs rit'n bsfor it, az (le hibou)=le -ibm. Hiz consonants, tm, az fqr az 
da go, agrs wid srz ; but hs onli recognjzez ds foloiij, hwiq we giv in hiz 
order : pb,t d, e'ej, g gj,fv,fj, s z, I Ij, r, m n nj. Havin distingwift d£ 
hwisperd and spoc n consonants az stroy and wee, {forts et faibles,) hs 
haz neseserili fel'n intui ds erur ov considerin cj gj Ij, hwiq qr wee fermz 
ov c, g, I, az barin ds sam rslajun tm dem qz b duz tui p, ets., hwiq iz 
veri fqr from d£ truit. Az M. Delqha-Bolioz fonetic alfabet iz d£ onli 
fonetic Frenq alfabet hwiq we hav ssn apljd in practis, we consiclerd it 
neseseri tm pont st ds pqrticujerz in hwiq hiz analisis diferz from srz. It 
ma bs remqret, dat ds caracterz hwiq h£ emploz qr sy on fonotjps, or 
sljt modificajunz ov dem, but dat da qr not qzd b[ him in ds sensez hwiq 
we hav as|nd tm dem. 

2. Fonetic Fecvliaritiz ov ote Freng Laygwej. 

3e Frenq laijgwej iz, in meni respects, a veri rsmqrcab'l wun fer an 
Inglijman tm studi. 3"e vsel ssndz qr muq mor nujnerus, sum ov ds 



§ 32, nr. 2. Fonetic Pec%liaritiz ov Freng. 109 

consonants qr ent|rli nq, and dz pEcqlier nazaliti ov uterans jernd tui d£ 
absens ov el acnolejd acsent, prszent veri grat dificultiz tui overcurn. 
Inded, &z diferens bstwen Frenq and IrjgliJ iz so mqrct, dat fu Frenqmen 
acwjr eni ez or corectnes in pronsnsirj Iijglif, and cwjt az fu Irjglijmen 
in proporjun st ov d£ vqst numberz hm studi Frenq, ever sucsed in 
spEcirj it beter dan dz Prjures in Geserz tjni, 

" After cte scuil ov Stratfurd at-a Bo, 
Fer Freng ov Paris iz tui dem unno." 

3e Frenq dm not acndlej eni diferens betwen brsf and stopt vselz ; da 
S£in tui mac a vsel bref or stopt in meni wurdz, acerdin tm dz fdin ov 
de moment, but cka, never conflz lop and fert vselz. An Irjglifman, on d£ 
contreri, never confuzez a loij vvid a stopt vsel, and rarli confsndz br£f and 
stopt vselz ; but h£ liaz no felir) fer CEpiij loij and br£f vselz asunder, 
hwen Iie iz acwanted wid a vsel under bot fermz ; da qr tui liim identical 
ecsept in an accidental diferens ov lerjfc. 3>, sdliteri Jert vsel ov d£ Frenq, 
on d£ uder hand, iz spoc 'n wid a p£culier crispnes ov uterans, hwiq dis- 
tirjgwijez it satisfdcturili from its lor) ssnd ; but dis crispnes iz so turoli 
Frenq, dat an Ingli/nian duz mnq if h£ onli satisfy himself ov its egzistens. 
3ar qr sum casez, hsever, in hwiq we tirjc dz vselz qr elwaz stopt, namli, 
hwen a consonant foloz a fort visel in d£ sam silab'l ; at eni rat, w£ hav 
fald tm caq eni distirjcjun bEtwsn a stopt and bixf vsel in {fat, jeune) 
hwiq s£in tin b£ pronsnst wid d£ stopt vselz a, 6, dus, fat, ^bn. 

<3x Frenq Ion vselz contan el d£ IrjgliJ (ecsept a, perhaps) and several 
mor. 3£ ssnd a can b£ lernt from &z Irjglif mar=md.u, but d, 6, u must 
b£ lernt seperetli. clar valqz qr descrjbd in § 10, pp. 17. 20. 21 ; but 
we must wern Irjglijmen from felirj intui d£ ddu^un dat da can acwjr d£Z, 
er eni uder nu vsel ssndz, from descripjun onli ; d£ r£al us ov sr descripjun 
iz, tm furnij d£ reder wid a mmz ov mor redili aprefiatiij d£ ssndz hwen 
herd, but da can not b£ turoli understiad til herd, and herd frecwentli ; 
ner wil da ever b£ pronsnst wid perfect corectnes til da qr az familyer az 
nativ ssndz. 

cIe IrjgliJ stopt vselz i, e, a, u qr not fsnd in Frenq ; e ocurz tolerabli 
of 'n, u iz rar, and o iz dstfml ; we dm not fd Jmr hweder in suq wurdz 
az (grotte) dz trui ssnd iz grot er grot. On d£ uder hand, d£ stopt vselz 
i, e, a, o, 6, u, el ov hwiq qr stranj and veri dificult tm sr erganz, qr 
ov constant ocurens. 3s vsel e onli ocurz az a br£f vsel, and iz most 
fr£cwentli omited in conversajun. Hwen acsented, it iz of 'n pronsnst wid 
an aprocsimajun tm 6. 

cIe nazal vselz qr el turoli Frenq, and can onli b£ properli lernt b\ lorj 
practis. We hav distirjgwijt dz log sustand nazal bj an acsent mqrc, 
bscez in Frenq dz acsent mqrc can hav no uder vain. 



110 Fonetic PeciiUaritiz ov Freng. § 32, nr. 2. 

No recogujzd acsented silab'l egzists, and hwen a stres iz lad on wun 
silab'l rqder dan de uderz, de silab'lz hwiq hav not ds stres qr not huridli 
er indistinctli pron^nst, az in Inglif. els diferens bstwsn ds silab'l wid 
ds stres and a silab'l widst it, iz not mor dan ddt bstwsn ds several sil- 
ab'lz ov de IngiiJ wurdz turnpic, otmsl, hiwa-rat. (§ 24, nr. 2, p. 71.) 

<Is aspiret iz rqder an hiatus er brae ov ds cw^etest qnd. It semz 
onli tm serv az a metre for not runin on a consonant tin ds folohj vsel, 
er fer non-s^un, az {des haricots)=-dti .-anco ,- {le lietre)—le:iitTrr. 

In ds licwidz, M, tdj, %r, %m, fmj onli ocur in conversajunal Frenc; ; 
in mor ssrius dsliveri, az in prsqii) er declaniajun, V If, r\ m', nf qr sub- 
stituted. 3x gutural Jq, eldo it haz ns elmost complstli driv'n st ds 
trui trild r, iz stil not a recogn^zd Frenq ssnd, and iz tsoreticali branded 
az provinjal (eldo constantli uzd in Paris), er vnlger (eldo emplod sv'n 
bj ds best educated, and in de best sosjeti). 

cEe wsc'nd leterz //, nj, cj, gj qr grat stumblirj -blocs tm an Inglifman. 
Unles we acnolej ds trm cj, gj in cjqrd, gjqrd'n, (s^ndz veri seldum 
uterd, bsin jenerali suplqnted b\ cqrd, gqrd'n er ceqrd, gsqrd'n,) nun ov 
dsz ssndz ocur in Inglif. 3s nsrest aproq tm dem iz ly, ny, cy, gy, tachj 
car tm mac I prodits its fial inijal efect on ds foloin y. But az uq haz 
suplqnted r, so haz ihy suplqnted Ij. It iz mug szier tm sa ttiy dan lj, 
and hens de qanj, hwiq consists qsili in ds omijun ov I and hwisperin ov y; 
dus, {mouille, email, ceil, juillet) qr ms pronsnst muiflye, emeahy, oifiy, 
yufiyci, insted ov muitye, hiuutd), dzfrty, yiilja, hwiq qr dar tsoreticcd rep- 
rszentativz. ( 33 ) 

23. Mdsyo Delaha-Bolid, in hiz pamflet elredi referd tin, sez : — (Mais, d'antre part, 
sera-t-il Lien necessaire d'accorder droit de cite chez nous a ce/ mouille, articulation 
indecise, echo niourant de cette serni-voyelle (gl, imbroglio), que les Italiens seuls savent 
rendre appreciable, et qui tend a se confondre avec la voyelle i ou y ? Oui, croyez-moi, 
donnons un corps a cette ombre ; nous pourrons en tirer quelque parti ; et nous ferons 
plaisir a ceux qui nous disent avec tant de grace que "le bal etait briliant" ou "qu'ils 
ont bien travalie" L'Introd. p. 11.) And agen: ("II serait inutile d'insister beaucoup sur 
cette articulation, qui exige une delicatesse d'organe peu commune. D'ailleurs, on est 
tres-bien entendu en prononcant, avec les deux tiers, au moins, des nationaux,) bnyon, 
ore ye — p. 7. On de uder hand, Mr. Tqrver, in de tretis on Freng pronunsiajun pre- 
ficst tui biz edijun ov Tordiz dicjuneri, sez : — " <Ie rjt pronunsiajun ov de {11 mouillees) 
iz a dificulti for Freng pep'l demselvz, and el de Freng gramarianz hav dun, in respect 
tui dis dificulti, baz ben tui sa dat de pronunsiajun ov {meilleur), fer instans, iz neder 
{melieur), ner {meyeur}, but sumtiy istwen. cloz bm tet dat de son muilya cud be 
asimilated tui [de IrjgliJ] {buoyant) and {brilliant) hav elso acndlejd dat it iz an im- 
perfect asimilajun." We belev dat de tecst contans de trui histori ov dis pronunsiajun, 
hwig fermz sug a dificulti fer Irjglijmen, and ev'n Frengmen demselvz. 3e Jermanz 
elso fjnd a grat dificulti in dis s^nd, and frecwentli introdii,s a gutural ; dus, we bav 



§ 32, nv. 3. Practical Freng Alfabetfer Tpglifmen. Ill 

3e total absens ov de trui consonants y, w, and dar replasment h\ dz 
corespendiij vselz i, u iz a grat dificulti tui an Iijglijman, and wun hs 
rarli gets over, az lie rezolutli sez we for ue tra ds end ov hiz daz. 3e 
improper ' u diftorjz or anucter sors ov dificulti, for he jenerali sines hu 
intra Z^'f er hue, hwiq hav most mert-ecsjtiij efects upon Frenqmen. 

3oz hra wud spec Freng wel hav tui overcum el dsz dificultiz, and 
not msrli tra no \vs tra. spec corectli, but tra acwjr sug a habit ov spscirj 
corectli az tra wunder hs da ever felt a dificulti. We Jal not atemt tra 
egzfbit a spesimen ov Frenq acerdiij tra dis tsoreticali perfect alfabet, 
levin it for Frencmen tra acdmplij c!e fst. 

3. R Practical Freng Alfabetfer dc %s ov Ipglifmen. 

Consultiij Iijglif prejudisez, we wil reprezent de bref v^el \>\ a loij \se\ 
sjn ; and, liwen dbsolutli neseseri, uz an acsent tra mq,rc ds grater stres 
er lent ov vsel, and de stopt vsel s:jn tra Jo psculier Jertnes. 3s Ion vselz 
must reman az da or ; but amiirj de Jert v^elz, i, e, a ma bs substituted fer 
?, e, a, and dus e, e confuzd. Perhaps o had best bs rstand. 3s leter e 
beirj elwaz proirsnst veri brefli, wil be jenerali rsplast bj a sjn ov murmur. 
No distil) cfun nsd be mad betwsn de Ion and Jert nazalz. 3e bredirj 
wil bs omited. 3e hwisperd M, Til), fir, Tim, ftn) wil not be recogn^zd, 
but de teoretical V , If, ets., uzd in dar sted. 3e gutural jtq wil not be 
recognjzd, ner de coriipt illy. 3s leterz I], nj wil bs uzd consistentli fer 
de Freng (11 mouille) and (pi), az in fslf, rtinf er fslj, rein] fer (fille, 
regne). 3s wsc cj, gj wil be discarded ; it iz eniif tra sa dat c, g qr elwaz 
wee befor palatal vselz. 3s improper diftorjz wil bs reprezented bj prs- 
ficsin i, id, it; de us ov e, m, it Join dat no diftoij iz fermd, az joed, 
haong, riiel=-(pieux, louange, ruelle). B£ dez considerajunz we qr ab'l tra 
rsdus de practical alfabet tra ds fdloiij, in hwiq we adopt ds erder ov ds 
practical IngliJ alfabet az fqr az posib'l. 



Lot) Vxelz 


e, a, a, q, a, e, 


o, 


hi, 


6> 


ii 


Eert Vselz 


i, e, — a, — o, 


0, 


u, 


o, 


ii, (') 


Nazal Vselz 


ail, oil, oil, un 










Ecsplodents 


p b, t d, c g 










Continuants 


f v, s z, J 3 










Licwidz 


r, 1 1], m, n nj 











herd {email} pronsnst emqiq, (wid de dep q, twig iz agenst de jenius ov de Jerman 
larjgwej itself,) insted ov email). We rnenfun dis az a sirjguler fonetical fenomenuii, hwig 
tendz pqrtli tra ecsplan de substitujun ov de gutural in Spanif, fer de Latin li, az eJco, 
er eho, fer de Latin {films) =felms. It sertenli onli pqrtli ecsplanz dis, fer de licwid 
I), in el its prrriti, iz ov constant ocureus in Spanif. 



112 Practical Freng Alf abet for lyglifmen. §32, nr. 3. 

cloz hui qr unab'l tin cag de egzdct ssndz ov ds Frenc, leterz hwiq dm 
not ociir in Inglif, ma be told fer ds prezent tm mac no distil) cfun bstwsn 
a and d, er bstwsn q and dj tm pron^ns o ljc «/•, (widst triliij ds r er 
letin eni perseptib'l vjbrajun ov ds tun bs herd, sv'n hwen a vsel foloz,) 
and u ljc ^; d, u ma sine intm u, i; o ma be pronsnst l^c u; ds ( ' ) iz 
ds fantest posib'l after s^nd ov ds natural vsel ; ait, on, on, un had beter 
bs pronsnst an, on, on, un dan ay, on, oy, uy, az sv cuntrimen qr so fond 
ov uterin dem. <Is leter I] ma elwaz bs pron^nst az y, and nj az ny er 
rc, wid a fant s?>nd ov £ after it. Nun ov dsz pronunsiajunz qr cored, 
er nerli so ; but da wiad probabli bs el intelijibl tm a Frenqman, and ddt 
iz ds man pernt tui bs gand. R Frenqman wil understand hwot u msn, 
if u sa : — 

" Lq conststyseon onylaz a la malyur don V mond," 
eldo it wud synd veri cwsr tm hiz srz and fslhjz ; but hs wiad bs cwjt piat 
st at: — 

" Lq const Uy fun oyylaz a lq mulyiur doy lur mond ;" (?*) 
hwjl ds ertografi : — 

"La constitution onylaz a la melljor don V mond'''' 
wud lsd eni persun hm nil dz trui Frenq ssndz, and woz awar ov sr 
convenjunz stated at ds bsginhj ov dis number, tm ds corect pronunsiajun 
ov ds pasej. 

3is den iz ds plan on hwiq ws wiad rjt el Frenc; namz ov persunz and 
plasez and el Frenq frazez hwiq ociir amun Inglif wurdz, not az sjtajunz, 
but az ecsprejunz wid hwiq ds rsder er lisner iz supozd tm bs familyer ; 
az, 1. com e fo ; 2. cm d' man; 3. cm d'oilj ; 4. fa d'dvr ; 5. coh$a 
d'eler ; 6. cqrtblonf; 7. on mas ; 8. danmmoii ; 9. on pason ; 10. fo pq ; 
11. 5' n' sa cuq ; 12. $o d'espre; 13. movdz lioht ; 14. apropo ; 15. non 
d' gar ; 16. void d' fonbr' ; 17. vev V ruq ; 18. vev I'onp'ror ; 19. vev lq 
repiiblsc ; 20. pardii; 21 . suq dezoii ; 22 . hone suq cs mal s pons ; 23.non- 
falons ; 24. bon mo; and so on; =(1. comme il faut ; 2. coup de main; 
3. coup d'ceil; 4. chef d'eeuvre ; 5. conge d'elire ; 6. carte blanche; 
7. en masse; 8. denoument; 9. en passant; 10. faux pas; 11. je ne sais 
quoi; 12. jeu d'esprit ; 13. mauvaise honte; 14. a-propos ; 15. nom de 
guerre; 16. valet de chambre ; 17. vive le roi; 18. vive l'empereur; 
19. vive la republique; 20. perdu; 21. soi disant; 22. honi soit qui mal 
ypense; 23. nonchalance; 24. bon mot). ( 25 ). 

24. We hav selected dis sentens, and dis pronunsiajun, becez it woz sjted tui us, sum 
yerz ago, bj a Pol, az a spesimen ov Irjglif pronunsiajun ov Irene, and Iuglif political 
sentiment. 

25. 1. Az it et tiu be, corect, faj unab'l; 2. a stroc ov de hand, a suden and sue- 



§ 33, nr. J. Teoretical Jerman Alfabet. 113 

Ecstracts from Frenc; eturz must be rit'n in ds ertografi adopted b[ de 
Frenc; psp'l, (az in paj 110, not 23,) hwic; de reder must be supozd tui 
understand. Stil, perhaps, sr practical alfabet mjt be fsnd qsfiil in 
gjdii) Irjglifinen tiu de acwizi/un ov de Frencj laijgwej, er in mqrciij de 
prominsiajun in Frenq dicfnneriz. 3is we must elso lev tm Frencjmen. 

§ 33. 

lOXETIC REPR8ZENTHEUN OV 38 JERMAN LATJGYVEJ. 

1. 3t- Tto ret ical Alfabet. 

cEar or tut Jerman laijgwejez, de Hj Jerman, and de Lo Jerman. 3e 
Hj Jerman iz de langwej ov literatiir, jenerali non az Jerman ; it fermz 
ds jeneral langwej ov de educated clqsez truiist Jermani Proper, eldo in 
ecj divijun ov Jermani, diferent dialects preval, tm sue; an ecstent, dat it 
iz of'n mentand, rqder poradocsicali, dat de Hj Jerman iz an un-spoc'n 
laijgwej. 3s Lo Jerman iz de laijgwej ov de pep'l in de nerdern pqrts 
ov Jermani, ab^t Hanover, Hamburg, and el de nert-western cost. 3.E 
cuntri pep'l dm not understand Hj Jerman in dez pqrts, and consider it 
an ofens tm be adrest in dat langwej. Lo Jerman haz meni dialects ; 
but de onli tm modern fermz under hwicj it haz acwjrd eni litereri 

sesful efurt ; 3. a stroc ov de j, a shjg'l glqns, an ecstensiv rt\ hwi(j can bs sen from 
wun spot ; 4. c,ef ov de wurc, a master-pes, de spesimen ov wurc sent in h\ an cirtifiser tm 
de gild ov craftsmen tm bwig be belorjz, tm obtan biz degre az master wurcnian ; hens, 
enitin pqrticulerli wel er carfuli ecsecu.ted; 5. b^ ov elec/un, lev tm elect, de mandet 
sent bj de sovren tm de den and qapter ov a djoses, tm elect a bijup; 6. bwjt paper, 
an unlimited order, ful pyerz ; de jdea beirj, dat a person s|nz hiz nam at de end ov a 
pes ov paper, bwiq be givz tm amider tm fil up az he plezez, de rjter ov de signatur htin 
responsib'l for de contents ov de paper; 7- in a mas, in a bodi, colectivli, az distirjgwijt 
from individu.ali ; 8. out jig ; de plot ov a stori bein cold its no {noeud}, er nut, de de- 
velopment iz termd de unndtirj, catastrofe iz onli ozd in de sain sens bwen de develup- 
ment iz unfertimet ; 9. in pqsirj, bj de wa; 10. fels step, prinsipoli uzd fer a ladiz 
deviajon from verto; 11. \ dont no bwot, " a somtirj er uder;" 12. pla ov wit, witi 
rernqrc dreirj er rjtirj ; somtin witi, az distingwijt from sumtin serios; 13. fels Jam; 
14. tm de porpos ; jenerali uzd wid ov in Inglif, az apropo ov hv;ot y wer saiy, uzd tm 
introdos a remqrc sujested bj, er in som wa conected wid, but not veri evidentli arjzin 
from de subject -mater ov conversajun ; tjmli ; mal-apropo, untjnili, st ov sez'n ; 15. nam 
ov wer, fand nam, iizd fer de purpus ov conselment er inconyito ; 16. man-sen" ant 
uzd in de bed-qamber tm asist in dresirj hiz master ; 17. Ion liv de cirj ; 18. lorj liv de 
emperur; 19. Ion liv de republic ; 20. lost; bid'n, conseld; 21. self-stjld: 22. made 
svl atdg tm de ev'l tincer ; 23. indiferens ; 24. a gud wurd, a witi sain ; a ban mo iz 
jenerali jerter dan a 30 d'espre; it iz elso jenerali spoc'n, hwjl de uder iz rifn. 

9 



Ill TsoreUcal Jerman Alfabet. § 33, m\ 1. 

reputajun, or Flemif and Duq, ov liwig de later iz, h\ far, de most cultivated. 
Az, hsever, Flernif and Dug qr denativ laijgwejez ov Beljinm andHolancl, 
we ma lev dem st ov considerajun hwen tretirj ov Jerman ; and, in de 
prezent secfun it iz onli neseseri tui consider de diferent manerz in hwic, 
de Hj Jerman ov literatur iz red b| de pep'l, preqt in de pulpit, er spoc'n 
on de staj. cle IrjgliJ and Erenq larjgwejez hav a cjnd ov standerd ov 
pronunsiajun, eldcS a vag wun, in de nzejez ov dar metrdpolisez ; but 
Jermani haz no metropolis, and de H.j German comunli spoc'n in its 
gratest sitiz, Berlin and Viena, iz notcSriusli bad. Trai, in Berlin sum 
ov de best pronunsiajunz ma be herd, but de comun pronunsiajun ov de 
vulger, and ev'n ov ds mid'l classes, az wel-educated Jop-ceperz and 
tradsmen, iz veri disagreab'l. 

Colectirj sr reminisensez ov de pronunsiajunz liwig we hav herd amiin 
de mid'l and educated clqsez in diferent parts ov Jermani, az asisted and 
corected h\ de obzervajunz in de fort vohini ov Dr. Haps Fizioloji ov Sjjsg 
(Physiologie der Sprache), we Jud sa dat de complet fonetic alfabet ov de 
Jerman laijgwej compr|zez at lest el de foloin elements : — 

Log Vselz e — a ii ft a — o m ii 6 

Bref Vveh l- — e- e- a- a- vol- ii- <i- e- 

Stojjt Vselz i, i, e c a — o © u ii, 6 

Projjer Diftoyz at qi, oi, aw ; 6i ui 

BrsMyz h (:) ( ••) 

Continuants v~; f, s z sz, J ; y ; k k, q qk, q qk 

Licwidz 1 '1, r Jq 'Ji; id, n 'n, 13 

Ecsplodt'/tts \) b, t d, c g 

"We diu not supoz dat de vselz her displad q,r uzd in el parts ov Jer- 
mani, but onli dat da ma be el herd in diferent local pronunsiajunz ov Hj 
Jerman. 

2. Pecyliaritiz ov de Ltujgtcej. 

<Ie efect ov Jerman on an TrjgliJ er iz veri diferent tin dat ov Frenq. 
It iz opner, breder, and mug mor gutural. 3e ssnclz ov q and de gutural 
consonants predominat. cLar iz elso a degre ov ticnes in de enunsiajun 
ov de wurdz, amsntiij, at tjmz, tiu imrdiij, er spluteriij ; hwjl de br&c iz 
ov constant ocurens in seperatirj v^elz. 3e wurdz hav eq a distirjctiv 
acsent, but de imens number ov compsnd wurdz givz rjz tui a number ov 
eecunderili acsented silab'lz, hwiq qr mor strorjli mqrct dan in Inglif, on 
ac"5nt ov de nesesiti hwiq a Jerman felz fer lain a stres on de ruit ov a 
wurd, so dat tra silab'lz ov nerli ecwal fors frecwentli cum tuigeder, dus, 
unh'ndiq, amflelen, dbbreken ; na, meni acsented silab'lz ma ociir in a 



§ 33, nr. 2. Pec%liaritiz or is Jerman Laijgwej. 115 

wurd, az undbszabqrcii ; in el dsz wurdz ds ferst acsent iz sljtli ds most 
important. Az ctis sistem ov acsentnajun dspendz entjrli on ds nisniij 
ov ds wurd, it iz tend veri szi bj doz luu hav acwjrd sum nolej ov ds 
larjgwej ; but no mscanical ruilz can bs apl£d. In rjtjg for lijglijmen, 
hsever, we Jiad ov cors asiim ds IrjgliJ acsent lez in p. 89 tiu hold grad, 
unles ds acsent metre bs emplod. 

3s Jerman laijgwej iz not so dificult for an IijgliJ'man tiu pronsns az 
ds Frencj laijgwej. 3s egzistens ov acsent iz a grat rslsf tiu IijgliJ" evganz, 
and most ov ds vselz ma bs asimilated tui ds IijgliJ widest fsr ov bsiij 
unintelijib'l. 3us, dar iz no oeagun tui distiijgwij bstwsn r and a ; a iz 
onli a provlnjaliz'm, hwicj iz beter omited ; ii, 6, qr, b\ grat numberz ov 
Jermanz (bad spscerz, it must bs ond, but stil sufijentli niimerns tui mac 
ds corupjun perfectli familyer tui everi Jermanz sr) merjd intui e, a; and 
it, 6, intiu i, e. Az a jeneral rail, an Inglifman had muq beter sa e, i, fer 
ii, it,, dan uz eni uder fels pronunsiajun, hwen he iz spsciij Jerman ; not 
hwen hs iz spechj Freug, fer ctis corupjun iz unnon tiu ds Frenq najun. 

Amiiij ds stopt vselz, i, e, o ma bs elwaz uzd fer y, e, o, az da qr, in 
fact, in meni pcirts ov Jermani ; a, hwen it can not be pron^nst, ma be 
rsdiist tin a ; but, az ds Jermanz confitz a wid e, it ma be elmost beter 
tm lent'n a intui q, and dus sa cqn rqder dcai can fer can. In ctis cas, it 
ma bs az wel tui mac de triu q mug longer stil, so az not tiu confitz can 
(iz ab'l) wid cqn (a bot). 

3s diftoijz at, qi, ma bot shjc intui de IngliJ /; ol, oi, in, qr onli varras 
pronunsiajunz ov a s^nd hwicj nsd not bs distiijgwijt from v ; and au ma 
bs pron^nst y. 

3s br serin h, iz ds onli wun dot nsd bs obzervd. 

3s leter v iz sue; a psculier ssnd, dat it iz not Ljcli tui bs properli cet 
h'\ Inglijmen ; v ma bs elwaz safli substituted. Fer sz inijal, z ma bs 
uzd, but ds murmur ov ds z must not bs mad veri hqrf. It iz dbsoliitli 
neseseri dat sum intelijib'l mod ov pronsnsin k and k, Jiad hav bsn atand ; 
q and q, ma bs elwaz safli pronsnst g. 3s ssnd /•, ocurz after licwidz 
and palatal vselz, and aprocsimats veri closli tiu fry ; it ma bs considerd 
an imperfect y, but it must never bs pron^nst az / er c, eldtS / wiad bs 
intelijib'l, — mor so, perhaps, dan c. On ds uder hand, k, hwicj ocurz 
qfter non-palatal vselz, iz an imperfect c, and ds spscer hm substituted c 
fer k, wiad bs intelijib'l. 3s r ma bs trsted az in IrjgliJ", eldo bot .iq and rr 
qr corupjunz in Jerman ; ds trild r bsiij ds onli acnolejd ssnd. 3s vocalz 
'I, 'n qr not acnolejd, a veri indistiijct el, en ma darfor elwaz bs uzd. 3s 
s^nd er Jiad bs pronsnst wid ds trild r, and Jud not bs tac'n tin reprs- 
zent ds sam ssnd az in ds IijgliJ practical alfabet ; ds ssnd er in Jerman 



116 Practical Jerman Alfabei. § 33, nr. 2. 

dejenerats intui oju ; d£ s^"nd reprezented bj er in practical IijgliJ fonetic 
spelhj never duz so. Nun ov de uder leterz prszent eni dificulti tra an 
Inglijman, hui Jud, hsever, am at divestii) himself ov dat pscujier, tin, 
and flat ton wid hwiq most ov hiz cuntrimen spEC Jerman. 

It haz bscum a fajun in modern tjmz tm Jermanjz a veri gra't meni 
Frenc, wurdz, but de Jermanz hav a veri unliici pronunsiajun ov dem. 
3e nazalz an, on, on, un fel intui ep, ay, oy, dy, and 5 iz mad mtmf. At 
eni rat, dis iz a veri disagraib'l pronunsiajun comunli qzd b^ fqr de grater 
number ov Jermanz hui emplo sue, wurdz. 3e beter educated clqs pro- 
lans de nazalz and de 5 corectli. Hwen de IijgliJ t, #, qr introdqst in 
spEg, da qr seldum pronsnst wid eni dsgrs ov deqresi, an unserten s, z 
bgiij ds nsrest aprocsimajun, 

3. c£e Practical Alfabet. 

cIe prgssdit) obzervajunz als us tm redus de practical Jerman alfabet 
tui ds foloirj elements, it beiij understiad dat d£ leterz, considerd az IijgliJ, 
qr in sum casez onli aprocsimajunz toi d£ Jerman ssndz ; sug az i, e, a ; 
i, 0, 8, ets. 



Log Tselz 


t 


a 


a 


q 


— 


m ii 6 


Eert Vxelz 


i 


— 


e 


a 





— u ii 6 


Biftoyz 


b 


®> 


z 








Coalesents 


y 


(♦) 










Breothj 


li 












Ecsplodents 


P 


b 


t 


d 


c 


g 


Conti?ii{auts 


f 


V 


s 


z 


J 


k (k) q 


Licwidz 


r 


1 


in 


n 


3 





Hx leterz enclozd in parentessz (b, k) qr onli tui b£ uzd hwen pqrticqler 
dcuresi iz i*£cw|rd, az v, Jc ma b£ jenerali uzd in dar plas. 

4. Us ov dis Alfabet. 

cl£ comun Jerman alfabet iz not so jenerali understiad in Iijgland az ds 
Frenq, and grat varjetiz ov opinyun prsval az tm d£ mEiiiij ov d£ several 
leterz ; we tine, darfor, dat d£ us ov d£ abiiv fonetic alfabet ma bs best 
Jon h\ gohj trui d£ most comun literal combinajunz in d£ U3U0J. Jerman 
spelhj, and ecsplanhj dar ssndz. 

Jeneral rml, tm hwiq, lrsever, dar qr meni ecsepjunz : — Hwen a Jerman 
vsel sjn iz folod bj a consonant in d£ sam silab'l, it iz stopt ; uderwjz 
it iz Ion ; hwenever a vsel s^n iz folod b{ a dub'ld consonant, it repre- 
zents a stopt vsei ; and jenerali hwen tui consonants (not b£in an ecs- 
plodent and an oral licwid) folo a v#el s:jn in d£ micl'l ov a wurd, c1e vsel 
iz stopt. 



§ 33, nr. 4. Us ov <$e Practical Jcr ma a Alfabet. 117 

{a) hwen stopt, iz a, hwen loij iz r/, hwen bref, q-. 3us, {hand, barf, 
vater)=katid, bqrt,fqter. Fer hwiq we practicali rjt, &a?M?, bqrt,fqter, 
not distingwijin « from a. 

{««) iz elwaz — r/, dus, (aal)=ql. 

{ah) iz elwaz=#, dus, {ah>ien) — qne». Se (A). 

{au)=au, for hwiq etc IngliJ" y ma be uzd. 

(a) hwen stopt = e, hwen Ion = d; das, {hdndel, sprdche) = ke/tdel, 
fprake. 

{b)=b ; in cte hoi ov syfc Jermani, grat dificulti iz felt in distingwifiij f^nal 
b from p ; in fact, b f jnal iz elmost elwaz pronsnst p ; medial b remanz 
b, er iz cornpted intui v. 

(c) bsfor (a, e, i, ei, ea)==fs, uderwjz = c. 

(ck) qfter pedated vsel ssndz er licwidz = /', ucterwjz==A; dus (i<?A, ^/i/ 1 , 
ewcA, eicAe, dare//, dolch, manch)=ik, ekt, vfr, ike, durk, dolk, manJc ; 
but (ack, dock, ba.ch) = qk, dok, bvik ; ds terminajun {chen), dE onli 
instans in hwiq dis synd bsginz a silab'l in Jerman, iz pronynst ken, 
dus, (niddcken)= mddken . 2is beiij wel understiid, no f ureter nssesiti 
egzists fer distingwijii), in Jerman ntin, betwen k, k, dan in IijgliJ" rjtin 
bstwm r, ././, .<r. 

(d)=d; confitzd wid t, and, hwen final, jenerali pronynst az t ,• se (b). 

(?)=1) e-, in ds inifal silab'l (gej, and hwen fjned, az {gegeben, gabe)= 
ge-gaben, gqbe ; but it duz not aper dat eni mistac iz ljcli tm ensii if e 
be rit'n fer it in dez casez ; dns, gegaben, gqbe. 3s fjnal e iz of'n 
pronynst in Jermani, (espejali in Sacsuni,) in sue; a maner, dat we hav 
not ben ab'l tm distingwij" it from e, eldo de Jermanz demselvz persist 
in d£ egzistens ov a distirjejun ; 2) a veri frscwentli, hwen lorj ; 3) e 
most jenerali, hwen stopt ; 4) d in sum fii wurdz, dus, (Ieben)=ldben, 
no rail can bs giv 'n fer dis distincfun ; 5) tt, acerdin tm Rap, in ds 
terminajnn es ; dus, hs wiad rjt sites, rqder dan ales ; lis elso rccogn jzez 
it in ds unacsented (<?r,}az {verstehen, WH?ide?')=fi<rffJen. vundur, acerdin 
tm him. Tm us it apsrz dat dis synd iz rqder st \u, and we darfor 
prsfer rEtanin ds U3nal speliij er. Hwen a Jerman acsents dis silab'l in 
spEcirj, 1ie pronynsez it dr. 6) It iz elso frecwentli mqt, er a msr sin 
ov prolongajun ; se (ie). N.B. — 3s distiijcfun ov (e) intm a, d, mqres 
a psculier sistem ov Jerman pronunsiajun. 3is distiijcjun iz not 
obzervd so strictli in Sacsuni. 

(ei, ai)=ui, qi ; dar iz no recognjzd diferens bstwrn ds syndz tm be giv'n 
tm {ei, at.) 3e best Jerman ertoepists consider ds hii fermz az perfectli 
identical, els IngHf i iz qzcl fer a? in cte practiced Jerman alfabet we 
hav furnijt. 



H8 Us or ie Practical Jermm, Jlfahct. § 33, w. 4. 

{en), fer hwic; (<m) iz sumtjmz rit'n, liaz diferent ssndz in diferent pqrtsf 
ov Jermcmi. We qr most acustuind tin ds pur oi; but sum Jermanz 
sa 61, m, au, er ov. <Ie IngliJ" v ma bs iizd far dis ssnd. 

{^) = 1) ^r; its most relied ssnd at ds begmiij ov silab'lz : 2) a ; its most 
U3ual ssnd at ds end ov silab'lz, er bstwsn vselz, provided it folo a 
palatal vsel er a licwid : 3) 'a; its ocagunal ssncl at ds bsginin ov 
silab'lz, in wurdz not strictli Jerman, but tac'n from ds Latin, az 
{general, regieru.ng)=qenerql, reqSruy : 4) j, bsfor palatal vselz, in 
wurdz tac'n from ds Frenq, az {cJta ngiren^—faii^ren, er Joii^sren, 
vulgerli, fayferen. 

{h)=k'; it iz a msr sp ov proton gajun qfter eni vsel, and bsfor licwidz, 
er qfter ds leter t, hwen it jenerali afects ds vxel imsdyetli prsssdig er 
folohj ds tt; dus, {///^, ratJi) — tcit, rat. 

(i)=l) hwen stopt, i er & acerdirj tui ds part ov Jermani ; & bsirj mor 
comun in ds sift, and i in ds nert ; 2) hwen Ion, £ truant Jermani. 

(&}=jener,ali nzd fer ds Ion vifel £, but sumtjmz az tui silab'lz, i e ; 
dus, {familie, Ulie)=famelie, Idle ; but {riese, verlieren)=reze, ferleren . 

{j)=y ; but, in modern wurdz, tac'n from ds Frenq^j. 

(k) = c ; but, in Sacsuni, it iz of n prousnst ch, er cliti, wid a jerc bsfor ds 
necst vtfel, er wid a stron SJ qfter it ; dis iz fer ds purpus ov beter dis- 
tfngwijin it mor clerli from g. els combinajun (ck), iz uzd fer (kfc). 

{/, m, n)=l, in, n. 

(ng)=y hwen a vtrel foloz, er hwen fernxin part ov a wurd from hwiq a 
vsel haz ben elided, az (lang) fer {lange) ; uderwjz, in a grat pqrt ov 
Jermani, it iz pronsnst yg, hwen filial, az sayg. In Sacsuni dis iz not 
ds cas. 

(o)=l) hwen Ion, o ; 2) hwen stopt, o in ds nert, and o in ds sst ov 
Jermani. 

{oo)=q. 

(o, ce)=o hwen loij, and 6 hwen stopt. 

{p)=p ; ss (b). 

{pf)=pf in ds sst ov Jermani, /in ds nert, and p on ds R^n. 

(ph)=f. 

{qu) = cv. 

{r)=r. 

(*)=1) sz hwen inijal and prsssdin a vsel, dus, (szeA, sage) = sze, szqqe ; 
2) s hwen f|nal ; 3) z hwen msdial ; 4) / hwen prsssdin p, t, c, at ds 
bsginin ov a silab'l; dus, {spiel, stalil, sclave)=fpel, ftql, fclc/fe. 3is 
iz ds cas truist Jermani, ecsept doz parts in hwic; Lo Jerman iz ds 



§ 33, nr. 5. Jerman ~PrGm.umia.fun. 119 

langwej ov de psp'l, and dar dez wurdz qi prommst spel, stql, aclqfe. 
On de uder hand, it iz ehvaz hjli vnlger tin promms f^nal 6^, .?/;, in dis 
maner ; fer egzcpnp'l, tm sa iff, vefpe, fer ist, Mspe, ciz de comnn pep'l 
dm in de sst ov Jermani. 

{/k 9 &,.8s}=8. 3e combinajun /v, hwiq is elso rit'n ss and s~ in de u^ual 
mod ov rjiin Jerman wid roman leterz, iz, properli specirj, de repre- 
zentativ ov a peculier Jerman leter, liwiq woz rit'n 5 in mid'l HJ 
Jerman. Hwen de proper caracter fer dis leter can not be obtand, fs 
er sz (it iz cold es-tset, ds namz ov ds leterz s z) had beter be uzd dan 
ss, fer dis rez'n, — a vsel iz jenerali stopt bj ss, and not h\ fs. In tfr 
simboliccd transcripjun ov Jermcm, darfor, we jenerali employ*. 

(sc7/)=f; sum Jerman rjterz uz (xh) tm reprezent ds s»nd 5. 

(tsch)=g. 3is combinajun iz not so frecwentli uzd ciz (zsc/i). 

{u)=itt hwen Ion, « hwen stopt; v hwenfdloiij (y). Se (yw). 

(u}=u hwen Ion, ^ hwen stopt. 

(//i~jz=ii in Gstria; (67) iz ehvaz empl<=;d in Gstria insted ov capital {?'/), 

(Ue) elshwar. 
(v)=fin el Jerman wmdz, v in modern wnrdz tac'n from de Frenq. 
(w)=v, fer hwiq v iz uzd in de practical alfabet. 
(x)=cs in el casez ; never ^ er z. 
{y) must be considerd az Identical wid {/}, and iz pronsnst in presjsli de 

sam maner. 
{z)—ts on el ocagunz, never z. 
fesch)=g, az in (Zsckoc%e)=6oce, de selebrated Jerman eter. 

5. Ss Jerman Sistemz ov Pronuusiaficn . 

Dr. Rap haz distirjgwijt several sistems ov Jerman pronunsiajim. R 
sljt sceq ov hiz distiijcfunz iz giv'n in de foloirj paragrafs. 

1 . cfe Qrtografical er Uper-Sacsun sisiem : — (i, u, il) hwen stopt beciim 
i, 0, 6 veri nerli ; and stopt (e, 0, 0) beciim e, 0, u veri nerli. cle rml fer 
distirjgwijirj hweder (e) Ion iz e er a, iz etimolojical, " el doz casez in hwiq 
a. iz cleiii dsqvd from q, er e from i, hav a Ion and e Jert." 3e diftonz 
qr strictli at, au, ol. cEe leter (g) iz elwaz pronsnst az g, ev'n in de ter- 
minajun (ig). 3e combinajun {ng)=?jg hwen fjnal, but iz uderwjz=#. 
3e leter 5 before, t, c, hwen inijal, iz pronsnst az s. 3is sistem holdz in 
de nert-west ov Jermani, espejali betwen de Yazer (TTeser) and de Elb, 
but qefli in de Hans-Tsnz, Holftjn, Hanover, 8st Frezland, ets. 

2. Historical Sistem: — cle stopt s^ndz ov (i, e, a, 0, u) q.r strictli ?, e, 
a, o, u, fennin trm parz wid de corespdndin Ion vselz, r, a, q, o, ?//, in everi 



120 Jerman Pronunsistfun. § 33, nr. 5. 

cas. 3s roil fer a iz az in &t last sistem. 3ar iz a veri complicated si stem 
ov diftoijz, h\ hwicj ds old H^ Jerman {i, u, it) hav bscum ui, uu, uti; hw^l 
ds old diftoijz asiim dubius fermz, hwic; ma bs perhaps conssvd az e£, ©w, 
oil. But hwen diftoijz ov sder set ociir az pqrts ov ds ruit bsfor ds nazalz 
m, n, da form a terd clqts, aqziij from an endevur tui avod ds nazal fer- 
majunz am, ami, ohl, and dis terd set Dr. Rap propozez tin reprszent b\ 
el, oid, oil. 3s leter {g) rsmanz g trrait, ecsept in ds terminajun {jg), in 
hwic; it bsciunz q. 3s combinajun {ng), az in d8 last sistem. 3s inijal 
(s) bsfor p, t, c pronsnst az /. Sis sistem prsvalz in ds nert-est, in Berlin, 
Brandenburg, ds Jorz ov ds Beltic, from Meclenburg tnu Poinerania tiu 
Rufa. It iz elso fsnd in Isolated spots in ds mid'l provinsez, az on ds 
Loer Rjn from "Hz-lq,-Japel tui Colon, ets., elso in ds sst-west ov Jer- 
mani, in Swabia, Alsajia, Switserland. It iz not ds sistem hwicj fjndz 
most favur from ertoepists, hsever. 

3. 3s Practical Sistem, spoc 'n trurst de mid'l ov Jermani, from ds 
PoliJ tiu ds Frenq fruntyer, Silsjia, Uper Sacsuni, Fraijconia, ds ReniJ 
and Uper Palatinets, ets. 3s stopt vselz par egzdctli wid ds lorj vselz, 
az in ds lqst sistem, acerdiij tui Eap ; yet in Drezden it apsrz tiu us dat 
{i, e, o) or, hwen stopt, mor of 'n pronynst i, e, o dan i, e, o. 3s vsel a 
iz omited, so dat a, e form a par. But in Sacsun ds d ma be herd at tjmz. 
3s diftoijz sine intui tui, oi fer (ei, ai, eu. cm) and au ; but a terd oil, 
fer {eu, au) must be tsoreticali considerd az egzisthj. 3s leter {g) hwen 
comenshj a nut iz g, uderw^z it iz q and q. 3s combinajun {ng) iz elwaz 
y, and (*)=/, hwen inijal bsfor p, t, c. 

3is iz ds sziest sistem fer an Inglijman, hm, hsever, Jud aval himself 
ov ds diferent waz in hwicj H£ Jerman iz corectli pronmst, tui combjn a 
sistem fer himself hwiq iz sziest fer hiz erganz, and dis wil bs sumtiij l^c 
ds wun indicated in ds practical alfabet elredi giv n. 

6. Ugzqmp'l ov Jerman. 

Az an egzqmp'l ov ds us ov sr practical Jerman alfabet, ws anecs ds 
orijinal ov ds pasej from Pot, ov hwiq ws gav an Inglif translajun in 
p. 104. It must not bs overhact, dat ws onli giv a practical ferm 
tui dis, and not a tsoreticali egzdct fonetical reprszentajun. 3s trui 
pronunsiajun ma, h^ever, bs inferd veri dcuretli from ds practical rep- 
rszentajun, bj eni wun hui iz turoli acwanted wid it. It must bs ob- 
zervd dat in ds U3ual Jerman speliij, everi substantiv iz mad tui comens 
wid a capital leter ; an emfasis iz egzibited bj spasin leterz. On ds us 
ov fs, ss abiiv, p. 119. In a secund colum, ws hav printed ds fonetic 
reprszentajun ov ds sam pasej, \\w fer ljn wid ds comun spelin, but az ds 



33. 



Egzqmp'l ov Jerman. 



1:21 



fonetic speliij jenerali ocupjz muc; les num dan &z unf emetic speliij in 
comun us, d£ ljnz qr ciHd tiu l)£ ov veri unecwal lent, in erder dat da 
ma contan &t sam number ov wurdz and silab'lz az d£ ljnz agenst hwicj 
da cir plast. 



Ujijal Jerman Spelir). 

Die schriftliclie und druckliche Laut- 
bezeiclmung einer Sprache mit, nach Art 
und Zahl unzulauglichen Charakteren, die 
man daher combiniren oder modificiren 
muss, um nur mit einiger Genauigkeit und 
Bequemlichkeit das Pkonetische derselbeu 
graphisch darzustellen, ist von jeher fur 
Ydlker sowobl als Individuen, die Sprach- 
forscber nicht ausgeschlossen, eine der 
notbwendigsten und schwierigsten Auf- 
gaben gewesen, die dejsbalb aucb in den 
wenigsten Fallen gliicklicb gelost ist. 
Mogen wir daraus lemen, dajs die Erfind- 
ung der Schrift, die grojste und wichtigste, 
welcbe je der menscblicbe Geist gemacbt 
hat, und die, seine Krafte in der That fast 
ubersteigend; nicht mit Unrecht von ihm 
haufig den Gottern beigelegt wird, eben so 
gut als der complicirt-einfacbe Organismus 
eines Staates, nicht das YVerk Einzelner, 
sondern von Jahrhunderten, vielleicht von 
Jahrtausenden sei. Von der Abbildung als 
einem Ganzen, welches der Gegenstand fast 
noch selber ist, von dem blossen Erinner- 
ungszeichen, durch das YVort, die Sylbe bis 
zum — Buchstaben, was fur eine immer 
mehr ins Feine gehende Analyse ! Der 
Thauth der neueren Zeit, der Tschirokese 
Sih-qua-ja, oder mit Englischem Namen 
George Guess wird uns am best en sagen 
konnen, was ein Alphabet erfinden und 
einer Sprache anpassen heijst. 



Practical Fonetic Spelhj. 

De /riftlike und druclikle Kt- 
betsjkniit) jner sprake mit, nak art 
und tsq.1 untsulenliken caractaren, de 
man dqhar' combenereu odor modefetseren 
mus, mm nuir mit jniqer genyiqqt und 
becvamlikqt das fonatije darzelben 
grqfij" dqrtsuftelen, ist fon yahar fur 
volcer zovol alz indeveduen, de Jprqk- 
ferjer nikt ssgefldsen, jne dar 
notvendiqsten und fvsriqsten il- 
gqben gevazen, de deshalb sk in dan 
vaniqsten felcn gluclik gelost' ist. 
Mdqen ver dqrss liirnen, das de erfmd- 
urj dar /rift, de groste und viktiqste, 
velke ya dar men/like gjst gemdkt 
hat, und de, zjne crefte in dar tqt fast 
u beijtfqend, nikt mit unrekt fon em 
herfiq dan gdtern bjgelaqt virt aben zo 
gmt alz dar completsert-jnfake organismus 
jnes ftqtes, nikt das verc jntselner, 
zondern fon yarhiinderten, fil[kt fon 
yartszenden zj. Fon dar dbbildurj als 
jnem gantsen, velkes dar gaqenjtdnd fast 
nok zelber ist, fon dem blosen er-incr- 
urjztsjken durk das vort, de zilbe bis 
tsmm — bmkjtqben, vas fib- jne imer 
mar inz fjne gaende qnaleze ! Dar 
Tst dar neueren tqt, dixr Tferocazc 
Se-cvq-yq,, oder mit Enlijeni nqmen, 
Djerdj Ges, virt unz am besten zqqrn 
cdnen, vas jn alfabat erfinden, und 
jner Jprdke dnpdsen hjst. 



We hav aded ds acsent on everi wurd tin hwic, ds IijgliJ acsent lez dai 
not aplj, and niqrct hwar a wurd liaz mor dan wun strorj acsent. in 
hwiq cas de ferst acsent iz de strongest ; but suq mcircs qr entjrli super- 
fluius tui eni wun liui haz acwjrd smn translatin nolej ov Jerman, bscez 
li£ wil hav acwjrd a pser ov seperatiij c1e radical porfun ov a wurd, hwiq 
iz elwaz acsented, from d£ unacsented fermativ silab'Jz. 



122 Re IygVfmtmz ■ Mnical Alfabet. §34. 

§ 34. 

38 IWGLIEiMANZ E1NICAL ALFABET. 

cTe egzqmp'lz hwiq we hav just furnijt ov ds mod in hwiq ds complst 
tEoretical alfabet ov § 21 ma be r£dust tin a practical wurcin ferm fer ti'E ov 
d£ best noil laijgwejez in TJrup, wil serv tm giv a jeneral jdea ov a practi- 
cal universal alfabet, bj hwiq an Inglifman cud r[t wid ez eni langwej in 
d£ wurld, in suq a maner az tui conva tin his felo-cuntrimen a jeneral ^dea 
ov ds ssnd ov £q wurd, muq mar acuret dan eni hwiq can ns be fermd 
on de no-sistem ov spelin dat iz u^uali emple-d; hw^l a fq prdimineri 
obzervajunz wiad furnij doz hm had d£ opurtiiniti ov cultivathj ds inter- 
cors ov nativz, wid a menz ov ar|vin at a tnu proniinsiajun ov £q wurd, 
£solatedli and conectedli. Az de egzdct proniinsiajun ov eni langwej, 
and, hwot iz stil mor dificult, &z ton ov collected spsq, is not tm be 
convad bj uder dan oral instrucjun, and iz never wel acwfrd til qfter 
Ion intercors wid nativz and atentiv obzervajun ov dar maner ov speq, ws 
consider dat ds traveler haz dun az muq az ciad bs ecspected hwen he haz 
rsdust a langwej tui dis prdcticali alfabetical ferm, a form hwiq ciad be 
szili uzd b^ ds nativz demselvz. Hens, hwjl it iz van tui ecspect eni veri 
delicet instriument, suq az sr complct alfabet in § 21, tm cum intui jen- 
eral us, a ruf and intelijib'l seem iz veri practicab'L Suq iz ds wun hwiq 
we hav termd ds Ethnical Alfabet, or ds Alfabet ov Nafunz, az distinct 
from ds alfabet ov eni wun najun. It iz az foloz : 

Se Mnical Alfabet. 



Loy Vadz 


£ 


a 


a — q e o m ii d 


e " 


10 


Sort Vselz 


i 


— 


e a — o o u ii 6 


11 


9 


Diftoyz 
CoaUsents 


j 

y 


w 


s n 




4 
2 


Bniiyz 
Ecsplodents 
Continiiants 
Licwidz 


li 

P 
f 
r 



V, 

1, 


t d, (cj j,) c g 
t A, s z, J 3, k q 
in n 13 




2 

8 

10 

5 


Qgzilieri Sjnz 


n 


ii 


1 (') * 




5 



Total 55 

Wid dez fii sjnz nsrli eni langwej can b£ rit'n. Sum ov d£ uder sjnz ov 
ds complEt alfabet ov § 21 wind hav tui b£ supr|d in pqrticuler laijgwejez ; 
dus, in PoliJ, bot s, i and I, i ocur, and qr dcuretli discriminated bj 
nativz ; in dis laijgwej, elso, .(3, 3 qr distingwijt, and I, I. Hwar suq 
distiijcfunz ocur, and qr important tui ds sens, da must b£ mad ; dus, in 



§34. Se Iycflifmawz Etniml Alfahei. 123 

IngliJ", hwen a ocurz in provinjul djcdects it must bs mqrct, tm distujgwij 
it from a; but in el foren laijgwejez it must be a squid dat a represents 
a, unles de contreri bs ecspresli menjund. Az a jeneral rral, it iz most 
convenient tm reprezent de bref and stopt vselz h{ de sam sjn ; it iz onli 
hwen, az in IijgliJ", ds stopt vsel iz so irecwentli ov a veri diferent cwoliti 
from its corespondhj Ion vsel, dat dis can not bs dun ; dus, we must dis- 
tajgwij betwen desent and disent, (ds ferst ov hwiq contaiiz e brsf, and de 
secund i braf,) eder in dis wa, er bj rjtiij dfemt, disent. It iz wel non 
dat d£ for vselz i, e, a, u dm not qnser tm de for vseh e, a, q, o wid 
bwkj da, qr clcist in dz Iijglif alfabet ; dez parz bsin onli aprocsimetli 
corect. But in de practiced etnical alfabet, it iz asqmd dat dz parz qr 
perfect, unles dz contreri iz stated, (er non, az for Inglif,) so dat disent 
wild ndturali reprezent disent, if seii in a foren wurd reprezented bj dis 
alfabet, unles it wer stated dat bot i and i ociird in dat langwej, and 
dat darfor da wiad bs distingwijt, eder az in IngliJ bj, rjtin s fer bot e and t 
and inqreirj dz plas ov ds acsent, er h\ qzin i. els later cars iz bj fqr 
preferab'l liwar vcz hav onli tm dsl wid men ov edqeajun, and not tm 
consult ds prejqdis and clumzines ov dz ignorant ; but hwen we qr in- 
trodqsin a siijg'l foren wurd er fraz in ds midst ov Inglif fonotipi, it iz 
stronli tm bs recomended dat s bs qzd fer i- t tm prevent confi^un ; and, 
indsd, dat de sam plan ov reprezentin brsf vyelz bs adopted jenerali dat 
haz bsn fond best in IngliJ (§ 29, nr. 6, p. 92). In oriented laijgwejez, 
it iz hjli dgzjrab'l dat x, o (er at eni rat o) jiad bs elwaz mqrct er indicated, 
and elso dat ds prezens ov dz strent'nd leterz Jiad bs dcqretli pernted st. 
Kz it iz fi'Ecwentli inconvEiiient tm plas a dot under a leter, it wil sufjz tm 
plas it on wun sjd, dus, (V, er tm print ds strent'nd leter in italics, hwen 
dz uder leterz ov a wurd qr in roman leterz, and conversli. 

3s egzilieri sjnz qr veri important in fermin nq leterz ; dus, wid h, 
ave can form dz WelJ Til, %r ; wid n we can rjt el ds Frenc, Pertqgez, 
and Indian nazalz, and perhaps, bj jqdijusli varid dots, ev'n de GJjnez 
nazalz demselvz, az n, nr, n", ets. ; widy we qr ab'l tm rjt el dz Slavonic 
wsc'nd leterz, az sj, zj, tj, dj, elso ds Frenq cj, gj, hwen neseseri ; wid (?) 
ave ma reprezent el dE vocal licwidz, 7, 'm, 'n, ets., and wid .i we indieat 
eni cqrius tril dat ma ocur. If, in reprszentin sum langwejez, hwic, wer 
not considerd in dz compozijun ov dz complst alfabet, uder clqsez ov 
ssndz Jiad ocur, nq sjnz, er nq egzflieriz ma bs invented. ( 26 ) Ggzilieriz 



26. clus it wil be sen bj de TTelJ egzqmp'l herqfter giv'n, (§ 36, nr. 23,) dat we 
recwj'r a nil sin fer a peculier Welf vxel, wid bwiq we wer not snf ijentli acwanted hwen 
rjtin §§10 and 11 ; dis vxel iz i loij and i Jert. 



124 Mod ov Uziij eke Etnical Alfabet § 34. 

qr beter dan nu sjnz, bscez eta giv an jdsa ov ds trui ssndz at wuns bj 
referig ds rsder tui a cognat ssnd from hwiq it ma bs considerd az dsrjvd ; 
dus, .0, a trild j, iz olmost intelijibT widst eni furder ecsplanajun. 

cIe plas ov ds acsent on eni foren ward must be considerd az dstermind 
bj ds sam ruilz az ds plas ov ds acsent on an Iijgiif wurd, ctat iz, bj ds 
ruilz in § 29, nr. 3, p. 89, unles cts contreri bs ecspresli menjund. Frenq 
wurdz wil form a jeneral ecsepjun, bscez in clem no wim silab'l iz mor 
strorjli acsented dan cts rest, az elredi ecspland, § 32, nr. 2. 

We stronli recomend everi Lgglijman tin mac himself family er wict cts 
simbulz ov cts etnical alfabet, and tin acwjr cts fii adijunal ssndz hwiq ctr 
reprszented b^ cts foren simbulz. He Jiad espejali tac car tin fsl cts dis- 
tiijcjun bstwsn cts etnical and psciilier IrjgliJ sens ov cts v^elz i, a, and cts 
diftorjz i, 'o, y, ©lcto, until lis iz ab'l tiu ca^ dis distirjejun clsrli, lis ma 
content himself wict uziij ctsz leterz in dar TijgliJ sens. 

§ 35. 

on ae mod ov llzitj ae etnical alfabet. 

1. Utiliti ov ds Etnical Alfabet. 

cCs grat us ov cts etnical alfabet iz tui rsdus unrit'n laijgwejez tui rjtin, 
er tui rsdiis ol laygwejez irs rit'n in a var^eti ov ertografical sistemz tin 
wun, for comparativ etimoloji. But at prezent, it iz veri convsnient, er 
rqder, neseseri, hwen an alfabetical sistem egzists fer eni larjgwej, tm 
egzibit wurdz in tut fermz, ctat iz, tui subjem cts fonetic reprszentajun tui 
ds H3iial rit'n form, tacirj car tui giv cts later in cts prss|s simbulz iizd b^ cts 
nativ spscerz. But az t^ps dm not egzist fer el fermz (ov oriental leterz, 
fer egzqmp'l,) er qr of 'n dificult tm obtan, and stil mor dificalt tui uz, it 
iz elso convsnient tin hav a mod ov transcrjbir) ctem, hwig Jal enab'l eni 
wun hui iz ac wanted wid cts alfabetical sistem in cwestyun, tui rjt cts wurd 
in egzdct acerdans wict it. If, hwiq iz fqr from bsirj ds cas, everi alfabet 
vver strictli fonetic, dis transcripjun wiad bE elso cts fonetic ferm. But, 
under egzistirj sercumstansez, el ws can dm iz tm reprszent leterz h\ ctoz 
fonetic simbulz tm hwiq cts leterz ov eni giv'n alfabet jenerali corespdnd, 
lsvin it tm cts fonetic reprszentajun tm dstermin ds egzdct pronunsiajun 
at eni giv'n tjm. We ma eel suq a mod ov qtirj a larjgwej, its simbolical 
transcripjun, az its object iz solli tm giv a elm tm cts simbulz b\ hwiq cts 
wurd iz rit'n in cts orijinal, indspendentli ov its egzact ssnd. Hwen cts 
rit'n simbulz ov a larjgwej or ctoz non az roman leterz, we qr ab'l tm 
egzibit cts absolut simbolical ferm, insted ov cts msr simbolical transcripfun 



§35, nr. 1. Simbolical Speliy and Transcripfun. 125 

ov a knjgwej. We qr dus led tm uz dz fraz simbolical speliy, in referens 
tiu de curent mod ov qtiij eni lcnjgwej, and az opozd tui fonetic spelin. 
In simbolical speliy, it iz deform ov dz simbul hwiq iz ov de cjef impertans ; 
in fonetic spelin, de prinsipal wat iz lad on de fonetic meniy unifermli atdqt 
tui de simbnl. Bot stjlz ov spelin cir so far simbolical dat eta del wicl 
simbulz, but in wun cas da del wid simbulz hwiq hav no menin in demselvz, 
and in de uder wid simbulz hwicj hav a strictli intelijib'l and invariab'l 
meniij, az ecsprcsiij serten ssndz er moclificajnnz ov ssnd. Simbolical 
spelin ma be pdpulerli termd spelin for tfe f, and fonetic spelin wil den 
hav tui be disthjgwift az speliy for etc er. Hwen simbolical spelin iz 
emplocl, ol wurdz qr inclozd in de obsokt parentessz ( } ; hens, hwen 
ionotjps apsr dus inclozd, da hav onli a simbolical, and not dar U3ual 
fonetic menin. 

Hz us ov de simbolical reprezentajun ov a wurd, iz solli tui furnij a mod 
ov redi referens tui de wurd in el biacs, and dicjuneriz, and documents, in 
hwiq Az wurdz qr dus rit'n. cle us ov de fonetic form ov a wurd iz tui 
deterrnin de wurd itself, ov hwicj an unfonetic simbid givz no idea, and wddst 
dis nolej ov dz wurd, absolut er conjectural, no ethnological investigajunz 
qr posib'l. Fer dz purpus ov referens, den, we must stil reprezent wurdz 
simbolicali • fer de purpusez ov etimolojical comparisun, da Jud be redust 
tuf wun sistem ov rjtiij ; and dis can be efected tm de utmost ecstent bj dz 
complet alfabet, and tui de utmost ecstent hwicj iz prdcticali neseseri bj de 
efcnical alfabet. 01 doz hui hav studid a varjeti ov laijgwejez, must be 
awar Irs veri disturbig it iz tui se de sani s^nd reprezented in a grat va- 
r^eti ov modz, not merli bj de sam roman leter in diferent sensez, (dus, 
(j)=j in IngiiJ (just)=just, j in Irene; (juste)=-^itst, k er h in SpaniJ 
(justo) = husto er liusto, y in Jerman (just) = yust,) but elso bj 
totali diferent simbulz in varius alfabets, az in de Sanscrit, Zend, Grec, 
Latin, G.otic, Anglo-Sacsun, Eujan, 'Arabic, Hebrui, ets., laijgwejez 
hwiq de etimolojist haz constantli tui compar. 01 dez dificultiz qr got 
over bj reprezentiij de wurd in its trui fonetic ferm, so fqr az it can be 
conjecturali restord in de cas ov ded laijgwejez, er asertand fer liviij tunz, 
hwjl el de advqntejez ov de varid cdfabets qr prezervd bj de simbolical 
transcripjunz elredi ecspland, hwiq can be printed wad ez, and darfor at 
a mucj les ecspens. 

We prosed tui giv a complet list ov de etnical simbidz, wid egzqmp'lz 
in Iyglif Jerman, Italyan, and Freng, hwicj wil serv tui simplify de us ov 
de alfabet in de egzqmp'lz furni/t in § 36. 



126 



2. cZe Eiuical A If abet, tdbylerli arkujd- 



% 35, nr. 2. 



3s Etnicol Leterz 


hav ds vain ov ds italic leterz in ds foloig wurdz, 


Roman. Italic. 


IygliJ. 


Jernian. 


Italy an. 


Erenq. 


LOU V^fELZ. 










S E 8 € 


eel 


&hn 


i 


v/e 


R a R a, 


ale 


elie 


e 


1 nee (!) 


"B. a :S d 


' air ( 2 ) 


der 


cedo 


fff/t 


A q, JT a. 


alms 


da 


a 


pas 


e 


all 


■ ■ 


poco ( s ) 




O o O o 


ope 


ohne 


onda 


eau 


TU ui CZ7 m 


food 


Au 


tu 


on 


V ii U u 




kwhnste 




vu 


6 "0 6 




Goethe 




jezme 


"E e "E e 








j« 


SORT V2TELZ. 










1 i I i 


Hxmy ( 4 ) 


/nn/ge 


iissi 


f/n/ 


E e j& e 


every 


denn 


senno ( 5 ) 


cadet te 


A a A a 


am ( 6 ) 


dann 


fatto 


patte 


o o 


olive 


von 


troppo 


Ihommep) 


O o O o 


wmdo?c( 8 ) 


Otto 


tossa 


sonne 


U u £7" w 


foot 


kwnst 


p/rato 


douce 


•U u -Z7 * 




kwnste 




h&tte 


•0 6 -0 6 




bocke 




je?me 


U u Z7 « ( 9 ) 


«qp 








DIEIOTJZ. (10) 










* i * i 


/sic 


e/le 


la /do 


pai'en 


er «y © © 


o/l 


eu\e 






3 # <y # 


0«f?l 


iau\ 


La«ra 


raoat 


U u £T # 


ywle, ^oa'll 




pm 




COALESENTS. 










Y y r y 


#ea 


> 






W w 7T w 


way 








BRsaraz. 










H h H h 


Aay 


heu 




• • 


o -9 o{ 11 ) 






• 





1. It iz clstful hweder ds Frenc ever pronsns a lor). 

2. 2e distirjcfun bstwsn IrjgliJ a, d haz tru bs obzervd in etuical rjtirj, eldo it iz 
neglected in practical Irjglif rjtin. 

3. 3s Italy an e apdrto iz rsali fjner dan ds Irjglif e ; dis iz darfor wun ov dfi pecnts 
in hwiq ds practical efenical alfabet diferz from ds conrplst fonetical reprszentajun. 

4. 2s Irjglif % iz duler dan ds i in el uder larjgwejez, ecsept ds Slavonic. 

5. 3s tui fort ssndz, e, e, qx not discrirninated in de etnical alfabet, but e ma bs 
elwaz suplid from ds complst alfabet. 

6. 3s Irjglif a iz mug fjner dan eni foren a. 



35, 



■I. 



Vsel:, Diftoyz, Coalesents, and Brediy: 



127 



huiij wurdz cir etnicali reprezented Li 

Iyglif. Jermau. Italyan. Frcin;. 



Inglif printerz namz for 

de Ehiical Leterz. 
Ferm. Nam. 

LOW VTELZ. 



El 


£11 


E 


YE 


£ 


£ 


al 


ae 


a 


* na C 1 ) 


a 


a 


ar (2) 


dar 


cjiido 


fa 


a 


Ii or tm-dot a 


qmz 


dct 


ct 


pci 


<l 


u 


el 




peco ( 3 ) 










op 


one 


onda 


o 








fmd 


dra 


tm 


III 


Ul 


Ul 




ciiiiste 




vii 


ii 


ii yr tm-dot ut 




Gote 




3611 





or tm-dot ot 








& 


e 


e ©/• tm-dot et 

E9ST V3ELZ. 


fini ( 4 ) 


iniqe 


fissi 


fini 


i 


it or fort e 


everi 


den 


senno ( 5 ) 


cadet 


e 


et ovfert a 


am ( 6 ) 


dan 


fatto 


pat 


a 


at or fort q 


oliv 


fon 


troppo 


1 om (?) 





ot or fort 


windo ( 8 ) 


Oto 


tossa 


son 





ot or fort 


fat 


cunst 


pwnto 


dias 


u 


iat or fort iu 




ciinste 




lit 


ii 


lit erwun-dotut 




boce 




3611 





ot er wun-dot ot 


up 








n 


ut 

DIF'IOTJZ. 


ii 


lie 


ljdo 


Plvaii 


i 


i 


crl 


de 






e; 


a 


si 


fel 


Lsra 


rst 


3 


8 


nl 5 irl 


• • 


pu 




U 


U 
COALESEXTS. 


y* 


ya 






y 


ya 


wa 


• • 






w 


wa 
BEearaz. 


ha 


her 






h 


ha 













jLiin e/" 2Vr//r/ cv? 



7. It iz dtftfud liwecter ds syud ov oeiirz in Frenc. 

8. Az de stopt iz not fsncl in IrjgliJ, it iz 113HQI, in de practical Iyglif alfabet, tiu 
emple o fer 4s bref 0. 

9. Az de intermedyet leterz {it, 6) betwen 111 and u, q,r admited intm de etnical alfabet, 
and az 0, de stopt q, must bs piat in its proper plas necst 0, de leter u iz not plast in 
de sam pozij'un az in de practical Irjglif alfabet ; but de order ov de practical Irjglif 
alfabet iz uderwjz obzervd az muc az posib'l. 

10. Nun ov de Inglif diftorjz ax presjsli de sam az de corespdndin foren diftogz. 

11. <Ie coniprefun iz onli fxnd in Hfiatic larjgwejez. 



128 



Se Etnical Alfabct, tdhilerli arfoijd- 



35, nr. 2. 



cle Etnical Leterz 


hav de vain ov de italic leterz in de foloig wnrdz, 


Eoman. Italic. 


IygliJ- 


Jerman. 


Italyan. 


Frenq. 


ECSPLQDENTS. 










P p P p 


^ay 


joein 


^?apa 


^eau 


B b J? 5 


% 


£ein 


folio 


£eau 


T t IW 


tail 


that 


^anto 


ton 


D d i> d 


dale 


du 


dio 


don 


(& q 6* <;)( 12 ) 


chest 


&e\xtsch 


cima 




(J j / y) ( 12 ) 


/est 




^iglio 




C c C c 


cane 


/ftlme 


come 


comme 


G g G £ 


#ain 


ga\\\\e 


^ara 


yomme 


CONTINUANTS. 










F f P /' 


/eel 


vie\ 


/ogiio 


few 


V v ^ t? 


t?eel 


will 


floglio 


#eut 


It T f 


tf/igh 






, , 


3d S $ 


% 


. , 






S S £ 5 


seal 


dies 


seno 


sceau 


Z Z Z £ 


zeal 


diese 


esito 


<\es eaux 


S J £ f 


vicious 


sc/i on 


scena 


c//amp 


X 3 ^5 


vision 






/ambe 


K k X k 




ich ( 13 ) 






Q q Q ? 




koniy 






LICWIDZ. 










E r P r 


rare ( u ) 


rohr 


raro 


rare 


LI LI 


Zu# 


lalle 


Zuna 


lune 


M m J/ m 


mura 


miwtie 


ma 


mais 


N n iV » 


»u# 


nun 


no 


non 


U n *T p 


sing 


sing' 


sta^ca 




GGZILIEKI SI 


NZ. 






Eomun and Italic 


niaciij 


hwiq hav &e valu ov &e itali 


3 leterz in 


fc * . . . ■ 


r hi %l 


Hall (Welsh) 




hi* £r 


rAag 




i 


' an an 


sem (French) 




n n . . . - 


) on ow 
^ on oh 
^ un ««£ 


sang ,, 

son „ 






un „ 




1 


' lj I] 


iille ,, iiglio (Ital.) 


, ZZano (Sp.) 


];...< 


. nj w) 


legne ,, sogno „ 


pewa „ 


( 


' '1 7 


littfe 




(') (') • • 


'm 'm 


rhythm 




i 


^ 'n 'm 


op<m 




1 JL . . . 


•«3 d 3 


pr^ez (Polish) 





12. cEez leterz, hwig qr compyudz = £/) </j respectivli, qr inserted her becez da ociipj 
dez pozijunz in ds IngliJ" practical alfabet. 



§ 35, nr. 2. 



Consonants and Ogzilieri Sptz. 



129 



hw 


iq wurdz qr etnicali reprezented bi 


IrjgliJ printerz namz fer 






Se Etnical Let erz. 


iQgliJ. 


Jerman. 


Italyan. 


Frenc,. 


Ferm. Nam. 

ECSPLODENTS. 


pa 


m 


pqpa 


po 


P P £ 


ba 


bjn 


bello 


bo 


b b£ 


tal 


tat 


tanto 


toil 


t t£ 


dal 


dm 


dso 


don 


d d£ 


c;est 


derq 


qsma 




<d W 


jest 




JEljio 




j J a 


can 


cane 


come 


Scorn 


c ca 


gan 


gane 


gqra 


1 gom 


O D 

CONTINUANTS. 


fd 


fd 


feljio 


fd 


f ef 


vd 


vil (vil) 


veljio 


vo 


V Y£ 


ti 




, , 




t it 


% 








& 6t£ 


seI 


d£3 


sano 


so 


s es 


zd 


d£ze 


azito 


daz 


z za 


vifus 


Jon 


Janet 


Jon 


J iJ 


\i3un 


ik (M) 

coniq 




3011b 


3 3^ 

k ik or ic 

q qq or g% 

LICWIDZ. 


rar ( u ) 


ror 


retro 


rar 


r ar 


kii 


lcde 


luma 


liin 


1 el 


mum 


mmmie 


mq, 


ma 


m am 


nun 


nmn 


ne 


non 


n en 


sin 


zin 


stanca 




9 i*) 




eazi] 


LIERI SINZ. 


hwiq wurdz or £tnicali reprezented bj 


IggliJ print erz 


aamz fer fte Ogzilieri Sjnz. 


hlanl (WelJ) 


h hwisper 


C nl Moisperd el 


nrag „ 


or bqrd 1 


}# (^ hr hwisper d ar 


san (Frencj) 




? aii ft&zal an 


son ,, 


n nazaljzer 


\ on w^a^ on 


son „ 


orFreng t 


>n 1 on nazal onor on 


1111 ,, 




\ un rc^a/ un 


fslj ,, Mjio (Ital.), ljqno (Sp.) 


j WEcner 


C lj icec el 


ranj ,, senjo „ panja ,, 


or cut ja 


| nj ?/;#? en 


lit'l 




( '1 vocaZ el 


rit'm 


(') murmur 


< 'm wdc«£ am 


op'n 




(_ 'n vocal en 


p.T 3 ez (PoliJ) 


1 tril 


.13 tfnTrf 3a 



13. clar iz a stronger ssnd ov dis leter in qJc er #k, de qanj ov s<5nd bein ecsprest bj 
under-dotin, er bj qanjirj de tjp from roman tra italic, and conversli. Similerli fer q. 

14. 3.s seennd r in dis wurd iz reali pronynst diferent from de^ferst. 

10 



130 Order ov is Etnical Leterz. §- 3!>, nr. 3. 

3. Order and Nstmz ov is Etnical Leterz. 

It wil be sen h[ de presedirj tab'l, dat we liav endevurd tai aranj de 
leterz in de etnical alfabet, az nerli az posib'l in de nan erder ov de 
IngliJ" fonetic alfabet, introdusirj de adifunal simbulz in dar proper plasez. 
Amun de vselz, we hav ben obljjd tra remuiv u, and substitut o in its plas, 
introdusin de nder adifunal vselz after de Ii)gliJ set, but pmtiij u de last 
ov el de vselz, az in sv complet alfabet. In de consonants, de onli adifunz 
hav ben k, q, at de end ov de continuants. In alfabetical aranjments 
ov wurdz, de leterz compynded wid egzilieri sjnz cp most convenientli 
introdust on de foloiij prinsip'lz. Consider %, n, j, ecwivalent tui 7i, n, r, 
so dat M, %r, ait, on, on, un, .13 wnd ocupi de sam pozijun az if da bad 
ben rit'n Id, hr, an, on, on, un, ?*j respectivli. cle sjnz ;,('), ma be entjrli 
disregarded, so dat /;, w), 7, 'm, 'n wil ocupi prssjsli de sam pozijunz az 
I, n, I, m, n respectivli. In casez ov egzdct ecwivalens in el uder leterz 
ov a wurd, de trm alfabetical caracter wil hav de presedens ov de egzilieri 
s\n, dus, son wil presed son. Tui giv an :jdea ov de alfabetical aranjment 
ov wurdz spelt etnicali, we subjon an alfabetical aranjment ov el de 
egzemplificativ wurdz in de presedirj tab'l, aranjd in de maner propozd. 
We aval srselvz ov dis opurtuniti tiu giv de menin ov de foren wurdz 
introdust az egzqmp'lz. 

[cle meniijz cp* plast in italics, folod bj j. fer Jerman, i. fer Italyan, and/", fer Frenc, ; hwen no 
meniij iz aded, de wnrd iz IngliJ.] 

8 ie, i. ; el ; en him, j. : B. and, i. ; ae marij, j. ; al ; "'Hzito event, i. ; ar : A. tm, i. ; 
Imz : 01 : O water, f. ; op ; op'n ; one wiist, j. ; onda a wav, i. : UJ hwar, f. 

Ik i (pronsn), j. ; iniqe, inwerd,j. : Everi : Am : Oto (Mo, j. ; oliv ; om man, / : 
'Vt hut, /. : Up ; un a, wun, /. 

SI ; jle has'n, j. ; 01 ; erle si, j. : HI ; n/1. 

Ya ; yq, yes, j. : Wa ; wind©. 

Ha; h.&ha,j.; hrag fl-om, Welf ; nlanl, denier, Welf. 

Pa ; pan] a roc, Spanif; pq, step, not,f. ; pqpajfy<£<?r, pop, i. ; peco lifl, i.; po scin,f.; 
pat po, f. ; punt© pont, i. ; pjyan pagan, f. ; pjn pan, j. ; pn, mor, i. ; p.^ez trm, Polif: 
Ba ; bo bytiful, f. ; bello by,tiful, i. ; brice he-gots, j. ; bjn leg, j. : Tal ; tqt ded, j. ; 
tui is, i. ; tanto so mug, i. ; tossa cof, i. ; ton ton,/. ; troppo tm mug, i. : Dso God, i.; 
des Us, j. ; deze iez, j. ; dal ; daz o ov ie weterz,/. ; dar ie, j. ; dq iar, j. ; dui is, j. ; 
den becoz,j. ; dan ien, j. ; dongift,/.; dvis soft, f. ; d&q jerman, j. : Gsmasumit,i; 
qad© i geld, i. ; gest : JeljQ lili,i.; jest: Can; cane bots,j.; come hs, i; ciinste bra- 
vest, j. ; coniq ciy, j. ; cadet guygest, f. ; com hs, f. ; cunst qrt, j. ; cunste qrts, j. ; 
Gan ; gane j gap, j. ; gqxa rjvalri, i. ; Gote, ie nam ov a Jerman poet ; gom gum, 
Indian ruber, f. 

1M; fsl mug,j.; felj doter, f.; fsljio sun (ov a man), i. ; fa fact, f. ; feljio lef, i; 
fmd ; fissi ficst, i. ; fini ; fini finift, f ; fatto mad, i. ; fon ov, j. ; fut ; fd fir, f. ; 
h\ hzi,j: Vzliff.; vel; veljio i wil, i.; vu sen,/.; vijus; vi3un; vil (vil) % wil,j.; 



§ 35, nr. 3. Namz ov de Etnieal Leterz. 131 

vd, he ml, f. : Ij : 3j : Sel ; sano brest, i. ; sen]o drem, i. ; so & pal, f. ; sig ; 
senno sens, i. ; san brest, f. ; son bind,/. ; son zV smdz,/. ; son a smd,f. ; stanca 
tjrd, i. : Zel ; zin «#, y. : Eana a sen, i. ; Jon elredi, j. ; Jon /eld,/. : Xon /qstiy,/. ; 
3ef (iepronm),/.; 3011b %,/.; 3<>nyw0,y. 

Rar ; ran] cindum, /. ; rqr ra>, y. ; rqro rar, i. ; ror a ;•£</, y. ; rit'm ; rst r#/, y. : 
Ljqno j9£s«, Span?/; lrana ww», &. ; liin wzwm, y. ; lit'l ; lale, % lisp az a gild, j. ; lul ; 
l^do tigli, i. ; tera Leva, i. : Ma but, /. ; mq but, i ; mratnie mumi, j. ; mum : 
Na bern,f.; ne no, i. ; niun ws,y, non no,/.; nun. 

It iz neseseri in printin ofisez, and sumtjmz on uder oca3imz, tin spec ov 
leterz bj dar namz. STsz namz ma bs veri diferent from ds p^erz ov ds leterz ; 
dar qsf us beig tui recel ds Jap ov ds leterz tin ds nijnd. Hwen, hsever, ds 
pser ov a leter iz a log vsel ev diftorj hwiq iz szili pronsnst, ds nam and 
pyer ma bs coinsident. Hwen ds loij vsel iz wun not szili pron^nst b| IrjgliJ 
ergauz, a substitut must be fsnd, for it iz esenfal dat de printer Jud be ab'l 
tin uter ds nam ov ds ty> ezili, h weder or not he can nter de ssnd it reprezents. 
Hwen de leter iz a fort vsel or a consonant, it iz convenient tui giv it a 
complst si]abic nam, variiij de vyelz or consonants wid hwicj it iz conjomd, 
in order dat de namz for de several sinz ma be perfectli distnjct. In de 
tab'lz ov de etnieal alfabet, pp. 127, 129, we hav darfor giv'n doz namz 
bj hwiq ds tips ar non in de Bq,t fonetic printin ofisez, and b\ hwiq it wil 
be most convenient tai spec ov dem on el oca3unz. Snm ov dez namz difer 
from doz U3uali giv'n in Ingland tin de leterz ov de roman alfabet ; dus, 
i, e, a, 0, u, hav namz giv'n dem hwiq ecsplan dar pser, ds leter t bsiij 
aded tui fasilitat dar pronunsiajun ; c iz cold ca, bscez ss haz no coneefnn 
wid ds pser ov de leter ; z iz cold za, bscez de d in zed iz superflums az 
a mq,rc ov distiijcjun ; k, q cud not be cold ca, 0%, becez de nam ca woz 
apropriated tm c, and c% iz not collected wid de pser ov q ; doz hui can 
not proiicms ik, qq, ma darfor eel dem ic, gi[. We cjoz dr fer r, in 
preferens tui celii) it qr, becez meni Inglijmen, bein unab'l tui pron^ns r, 
qr apt tm mac no distincfun in spec; bstwsn q and qr, and dis wud hav 
cezd a confu3un bstwsn q and r, had ds nam qr bsn rstand fer r ; no con- 
fil3un can aqz bstwsn a and dr, bscez ov ds diferens in ds vyel cwoliti. 
3e nam ov m haz bsn ganjd from em tm am, bscez ds gratest trub'l haz 
hidertm bsn felt in printii) ofisez in distingwifin bstwsn de em, en namz 
ov de leterz m, n, (namz hwicj, fer tecnical rez'nz, hav tm be veri frecwentli 
rspeted b\ compoziturz,) insomuc dat ds most ludicrus distincfunz qr mad 
in meni ofisez, m bsiij celd " Moli em," and n " Nansi en ;" hwards am, 
en can never bs confuzd. R secunderi nam in italics ma of'n be frmd in 
ds lqst columz ov pp. 127, 129 ; dis secunderi nam iz espejali fer IrjgliJ 
printirj ofisez. We can not jenerali ecspect an IrjgliJ compozitnr tiu 



132 Mod ov Printiy tie Egzqmp'lz. § 35, m\ 3. 

proirens it, 6, it, 6, and Iie wud probabli confuz e wid ur ; but &z namz 
tra-dot ut, tra-dot ot, wun-dot ut, wun-dot ot, tra-dot et, Jo him d£ rsla- 
Jun hwig ds /em^ ii, 6, ii, 6, e, bar tin &£ /©mz ov u, o, e, wid liwig lis iz 
elredi familyer. Similer namz ma bs giv'n tin doz leterz ov ds complst 
alfabet hwic, dm not ocur hsr. clus, e ma bs bqrd at, % sercumflecst it, 
i Jert it, " a " log " a," d lor) a£, o turnd sercumflecst ot, and so on. 

§ 36. 
EGZiMP'LZ OV E1NICAL SPELIW. 

We prosed tm giv numerus egzqmp'lz ov ds pser furnift us h\ &z prs- 
sEdirj alfabet tm egzibit ds pronunsiajun ov laijgwejez spoc'n h\ meni 
najunz, dus vindicatir) its rjt tm d£ apelajun "etnical." In printirj 
dsz egzqmp'lz, we Jal, in everi cas hw'ar practical)'!, giv d£ orijinal 
spelirj fer laijgwejez hwic; uz d£ roman alfabet, and a simbolical tran- 
scripjun ov ds orijinal spelirj in uder casez. clis orijinal, er transcribd 
speliij, wil olwaz bs printed in italics, and ds pronunsiajun ov ec, wurd, 
acerdin tm ds etnical alfabet, wil bs plast imsdyetli undernst it. In 
a fut-not wil b£ furnijt a verbal translajun, in d£ order ov ds orijinal. 
Tm fasilitat referens from d£ verbal translajun tui ds orijinal, ds ljnz 
ov d£ orijinal wil b£ numberd, and corespondirj numberz inserted in ds 
translajun ; hwen several IrjgliJ wurdz ar rscwjrd tm translat wun ov 
d£ foren larjgwej, ds IrjgliJ wurdz wil b£ mrjted bj hjfenz ; hwen d£ 
verbal order in d£ foren larjgwej iz diferent from dz IrjgliJ, dE IrjgliJ 
order wil b£ indicated bj smel figurz plast at d£ bsginin ov ecj wurd er 
grrap ov wurdz; doz wurdz hwic,, eldo contand in ds orijinal, qr not 
recwjrd in ds IrjgliJ translajun, qr inclozd in parentessz ( ) ; doz wurdz 
hwicj ar aded in d£ IijgliJ, tra complet ds IrjgliJ sens, qr inclozd in brac- 
ets [ ] ; and hwen ds verbal translajun iz so turoli un-lrjglij az tm 
recwjr an ecsplanajun, d£ wurdz tm b£ ecspland qr printed in italics, and 
d£ ecsplanajun iz subjerad in a porentesis. Bj d£z m£nz, it iz prEzumd 
dat d£ msr IrjgliJ rsder ma acwjr sum nojun ov d£ gramatical msnirj ov 
everi foren wurd dat ocurz. R fr£ translajun, hwicj iz apended hwen 
neseseri, wil serv tm enl|t'n him az tm d£ jeneral sens ov ds pasej. 

Properli spEcirj, we et not tra hav furnijt eni egzqmp'lz ov ded larj- 
gwejez, but ds Sanscrit, Gr£c, Latin, Gotic, and Arjglo-Sacsun qr ov sue; 
etimolojical impertans tra d£ IrjgliJ larjgwej, dat we tet it m:jt bs qsfial tra 
giv sum ov d£ conjecturz dat hav bsn stqrted consernirj d£ mod in hwicj 
da war prousnst. 3x interest atdcjt tra ds HEbrra larjgwej, az ds orijinal 
larjgwej ov ds Old Testament, haz wad wid us in admitiij it amiirj d£ 



§ 3G, nr. 1. EgzqmjpHz — Sanscrit. 133 

rest. Hwen, hsever, it iz recolected dat we hav ds gratest dificulti in 
aqvirj at an ^dsa ov ds pronunsiajun ov Wiclif, ©eser, Xacsper, — na, 
hwen we ev'n no dat ds pronunsiajun ov Pop and Adisun iz not properli 
understud at &z prezent da, it iz evident dat dsz conjecturz must bs veri 
unserten, and da must, darfor, not bs tac'n fer mor dan da qr wurt. 

els Jert notis pixficst tui zq egzqmp'l wil ecsplan de parti cujerz fer ec; 
individual larjgwej. 3.z sorsez from hwi(j ds pronunsiajun ov eni laijgwej 
haz bsn dsrjvd, qr elwaz carfuli stated. 

1. Sanscrit. 

5.z veuerab'l laijgwej ov India, &z eldest sister ov ddt numerus farnili, 
ds Sanscrit, Zend, Grsc, Latin, Slavonic, Gotic, from hwic; sprin most ov 
dg prezent laijgwejez ov Rfia and ov "Urup, haz Ion ben a ded laijgwej, onli 
studid \>l &z Brqminz, az ds rspdsituri ov el dar sacred lez, and in dsz later 
tjmz b| UropEan filolojists, az ds cs tui ds etimoloji ov ds Indo-Jermanic 
laijgwejez. It iz, ov cars, tui bs supozd dat ds pronunsiajun liwiq ds 
Brqminz giv it, iz not prss^sli ds sam az ddt hwic; it rsssvd from doz hui 
spoc it az dar muder tun. We tiijc, hsever, dat d£ fonetic construe Jun ov 
ds alfabet, and its rsrnqrcab'l lez ov ufoni, als us tm aqv wid grat ser- 
tenti at ds orijinal ssnd ov everi simbul in ds alfabet. In paj 56, not 9, 
ws gav ds Sanscrit alfabet in ds simbulz ov sr complst alfabet ; ws n$ 
prszent it az ws wud transcr|b it intm sr etnical simbulz, a transcripjun 
liwiq wud bs at wuns simbolical and fonetic ; and in an ajemin colum we 
plas ds valqz comunli as£nd at ds prezent da tui ds Sanscrit leterz, so fqr 
az ws hav bsn ab'l tui dsdqs dem from biacs. 



Modem Pronuiisia fun . 



Conjectural Restorafun. 

a q, i e, u za ; 

V 'V, 7 "I; 

ai qi, au qu ; ii ft ; 
c ch, g gh, y; 

c j qK 91 9) h > »;; 

t th, d d/i, n ; 

t ih, d dh, n; 

p p/t, b bh, m ; 

y r I w; 

k f s h. 

3e leter % iz probabli not \vs pronsnst hwen fjnal. We hav uzd a 
roman "t, d, n," amun italic, and an italic " t, d, n" amurj roman 
leterz, tui indicat &z serebralz (§ 18, p. 53, § 19, nr. 4, p. 55), az bsin szier 
tui d£ printer dan under-doted tjps. It wiad bs a grat gan tm etimoloji, 



u 


q,, 1 8, U TH; 


ri 


re, lri Ire ; 


a 


J, Q 7J ; m ('1 


c 


ch, g gh, lj; 


S 


gh, j jh, uj; 


t 


t\\, d dh, 71 ; 


t 


U), (1 (111, 11; 


P 


ph, b bli, m ; 


y 


r 1 V ;■ 


/ 


! s h. 



!34 Egzqmplz— Sanscrit. § 36, nr. 1. 

if Bops Sanscrit Gramer and Gloseri, and wun er tm ov hiz sdifunz ov 
Sanscrit poemz, wer transcqbd intra ds fonetic simbulz we liav propozd. 
Meni persunz wiad wilirjli lern sum Sanscrit, fer ds sac ov its etimolojical 
conecfun wid ds Uropsan kojgwejez, hra qr scard and cept bac h\ ds real 
dificultiz ov ds Sanscrit caracterz, hwiq qr not onli ov trub'lsum fermajun 
fer sr penz, but qr elso so variab'l in dar Jap under diferent sercum- 
stansez, az tm render laborius hwot must be uderw^z an ezi tqsc, — lernin 
tm red in acerdans wid a strictli fonetic alfabet. 

els pozijun ov de acsent duz not ssm tm bs dstermind h\ ds Sanscrit 
notajun; at eni rat ds us ov ds Sanscrit mqrc ov acsent haz not bm 
tiiroli investigated, and it iz comunli omited in printed bucs ; we hav 
darfor not ben ab'l tm supl| it in ds foloin egzqmp'l, hwic; contanz ten 
ljnz from an episod in ddt jjgantic epic, Mahq-bhqrata. We hav egzibited 
de tecst acerdin tm Bop, and hav translated ds verbal translajun from ds 
verbal Latin translajun hwic, lis haz furnijt. 3s italic ljn givz ds tecst az 
ws wij tm ss it printed and pronsnst fer ds purpusez ov etimoloji ; ds 
roman \[\s. egzibits hwot ws bslsv tm bs ds curent Indian pronunsiajun. 
3s wurdz qr not seperated in Sanscrit, but ws adopt Bops seperajun, fer 
ds fasilitajun ov etimoloji ; hwen a wurd endz wid y and ds necst wurd 
bsginz wid a vsel, ds y iz red az pqrt ov ds necst wurd. Tm avod con- 
fil3im in ds ecsprejun ov ds nazal v^elz, a iz restord in ds combinafun an, 
hwiq rqder aprocjez ds etnical on dan ds etnical an. 3is distiucfun wiad 
ov cors bs unneseseri in Sanscrit wurcs simbolicali transcribd, az it mjt 
bs ecspland, wuns fer el, dat an iz rit'n fer an. 

From Nalus. 
Bwc 9, Sloca 25—29, Bops edifun.O 

(1) tatah sq wqfpacalayq icqcjq duflchaina carfitq 
tutu sq vqjpuculuyq vqqq dmchanu cuijitq 

(2) uwqcja damayante tan nqifadhay caruna?i wacjah 
uvqCjU dumuyunts tun njjudhurj cura^um vucu 

(3) udwaipatai mai, Jirdayan ssdanty aygqni sarwakah 
ladvaputa ma hriduyum ssdunty uijgqni survuju 



1. Verbal Translaftm, (qfter Bops verbal Latin.) — (1) clen Je, wid-a-ter-oprest vers, 
2 bj-gref Hed, (2) sed, Damaydnte, tra-him, Ncdjadbus, a-ldmentab'l specj ; (3) 3 Tremb'lz 
2 ov-me 1 d:e-hqrt, 2 wider-awa ^dej-limz el-tuigeder, 



§36, nr. 1. Egzqmjj'lz — Sanscrit. 135 



(4) taioa(~) pqrthhca saycalpanj cjintayantyqfi punati 
tuvu pqrthivu suijculpunj cjmtuyimtyq puuu pumu 

(5) tirtarqgjyaii lirtadrawyeul wiwastray cfutt'rfeinwiteun 
hriturqjyum hritudruvyum vivustruij cfiattrijqnvitum 

(6) catham uts'rgjya geicjcjJiaiyam ahan twqn nirgjanai waned 
cuthuin latsrijyu gucjcjkayurn uhun tvqn nirjuna vuma 

(7) krqpdasya tai cfud/icp'tasya cfintayqnasya tat sucham 
Jrqutusyu ta cfiadhqrtusyu qiiituyqnusyu tut siaclium 

(8) wanai ghaurai mahqrqgja nqkayifyqmy ahay clamant 
vima ghora mukqrqju nqjuyijyqmy uhui) ckimum 

(9) nacja b/icp'yqsamag cinjejid zoidyatai bhijagjqm matam 
nucju bhqryqsumui) cinjgid vidyuta bhifajqm mutum 

(10) qufadhan sarivaduhcJiaifu satyam aitad brawemi tai. 
sjudhum survuduichaju sutyum atud bruvsmi ta. 



Fre Tramhfun. 

<Ien dus Damydnti spoc tm Nj/adus, 
Oprest wid terz and grevirj woz her ve-s : 
" Mj hart dut tremb'l, el mj nieniberz wider, 
" Hwjl i tac tet ov hwot &5 bast propozd. ( 3 ) 
" Cirjdumles, weltles, naced, hirrjgerd, tersti, 
" In a dq.rc wiad, hwar no men congregat. — 
" *? Hs can i lev de dus and turn awa. 
" O mj grat cin ! do hunger ne dj vjtalz, 
<l S'l qq,rm dj wsrines awa wid ple3iir. 
" Fer no dis tnufc : no cunirj leg ar fend 
" A drug for soroin man ]jc wumanz luv." 



2. Verbal Translafun, continiid. — (4) ^ov-me] 3 dj, 5 o-cirj ! 4 advjs -considerirj agen 
[and] agen. (5) [<Ie] deprfvd-ov-[dj]-cindum, deprjvd-ov-[dj]-welt, robd-ov-[dj]- 
dres, wid-hurjger-and-wid-terst-afected, (6) V\£S ^Levirj 6 ma- 8 depq,rt 'j 3 de 4 in-de- 
men-emti 5 wud. (7) 2 Werid 1 ov-de, wid-hunger-aflicted, meditatin-on ddt pk^ur, 
(8) in-de-^wud Herib'l, o-grat-cirj ! 2 wil-blot-irt a j de-werines. (9) 2 Not- 1 fer 10 tui- u a- 
12 wjf- 9 ecwal 3 eni 8 egzists ^j-fizijanz 5 estemd (10) 4 medicament "in-el-grefs; 3 truife 2 dis 

j-tel 4 tiu-de. 

3. Namli, dat Je Jud lev biin. 



136 Egzqmplz—Bnfent G.rsc. § 36, nr. 2. 

2. Rufent Grec. 

<Ie Grec caracter bsiij (liferent from de Roman, it iz convenient tra uz 
a simbolical transcripjun. We Jal darfor reprezent de leterz ov de Grec 
cilfabet in order bj 

(a, b y g, d, e, z, e, t, i, c, I, m, n, cs, o, p, r, s, t, u, f, k, ps, o.) 
Hwar non-Latin fonotjps qr uzd, da reprezent de ssnd jenerali giv'n tin 
de leterz in modern Grec ; de old Latin leterz qr doz hwiq wer emplerd bj 
de Romanz, in dar simbolical transcripjun. cle set ov de acsent iz variusli 
reprezented bj ( v A ) bj de anjent Grsc gramarianz. Meni persunz wmd 
omit dez metres eltuigeder ; but az de modern Grecs red entjrli h\ acsent, 
plasiij de acsent in spec; on de silab'l hwar it ust tui be rit'n, we prefer 
indicatiij its set bj de acqt in el casez. 3e aspiret, or spiritus asper ov 
gramarianz, we unifermli reprezent h\ preficsix) an li ; dns, (he, hripto, 
erhripte.) cle jent'l bredirj, or spiritus lenis, sr x, we hav nniformli omited. 
cle iota subscript, we bav reprezented bj an undoted i plast after de leter 
under hwiq it iz rit'n in de old ortografi ; dus, (th.) cCe inverted periud 
iz uzd for de mqrc ov omifun. 

cle trui pronunsiajun ov anjent Grec iz lost, and varius qr de conjecturz 
and practisez ov diferent najunz and individualz, hui red anjent Grec 
tecsts. We dm not advqns eni conjecturz ov sy on, but we Jiad prefer 
rediij Grec az de modern Grecs red it, becez we tiijc dar iz undated 
evidens ov dis pronunsiajun beiij 1,800 yerz old, and haviij ben uzd h\ 
meni lira rot in anjent Grec az dar nativ laijgwej (se nr. 3). We sertenli 
dm not supoz dat Plato and Demostenez spoc in dis wa, ner dm we supoz 
dat Sacsper, GJeser, and Wiclif pronmist az we dm ; yet, az we dm not 
liezitat tin red cle rjtinz ov dez Tr)gliJ ehirz wid de modern pronunsiajun 
and acsent, hwar de meter wil al^, and onli cjanj de acsent hwar it iz 
agenst de meter (se nr. 15), we tiijc dat de modern Grecs or justifjd in 
tretin anjent Grec rjtirjz in de sam maner. We darfor giv de modern 
Grec pronunsiajun ov de fdloirj pasej, obzervin dat it iz de custum ov 
modern Grecs, hwen redirj anjent Grec poetri, tm substitut acsent for 
cwontiti, and darfor plas de spoc'n acsent on de silab'lz hwiq resev de 
metrical ictus, az dis corespondz tm de acsentual stres on modern vers- 
ificajun. In redii) anjent Grec proz da strictli obzerv de rit'n acsent, az 
elredi remcirct. 

In order tm complet vr vu ov de Grec pronunsiajun, we giv Dr. Baps 
leriled atemt at restorajun, and we elso giv de comun Etonian (and veri 
bqrberus) pronunsiajun, hwiq iz jenerali uzd in Ingland. 

cle lpiz contanhj dez pronunsiajunz qr mqret (8) for 8t'n, (R) for Rap, 
(M) for Modern Grec. 



§ 36, nr. 2. Egzqmtflz—Bnfmt Grec. 137 

From Homer z Odisi. 

Buc 9, vers 181—192. ( 4 ) 

(1) all' Jwte de ton koron aficomet', eggm eonta, 
(8) al hoti de ton coron af|comet, eijgus eonta, 
(E) al ote eta torj koron aficomet, eijgus eonta, 
(M) al ote de torj koron afecomet, erjgis eonta, 

(2) enta d' ep' eskatiei speos eidomen, dgki taldsses 
(8) enta d" ep escdtie speos ^domen, aijci taldsez 
(E) enta d* ep eskdtiai speos iiidomen, aijki taldssas 
(M) enta d* ep eskqtie spaos edomen, aijki taldsss 

(3) kupselon, ddfnsisl caterefes : enta de polld 
(8) hiipselon, dafnesi caterefes ; enta de pola 
(E) hupsalon, dafneisi catarefes ; enta de polla 
(M) ipseldn, dafnesi caterefes ; enta de pola 

(4) msl', die's te cat aiges iauescon : peri d' mils 
(8) mel, oies-ti cqj qjges jeescdn : peri d' els 
(E) mal, oies te cqyaiqes isescom : peri &• aula 
(M) mel, oies te ca ayes iqvescon : peri d* avis 

(5) hiipssle dedmsto catorukeessi litoisin, 
(8) hqpsele dedmeto catoruceesi litosin 
(E) hupsala dedmato catorukeesi litoisin 
(M) ipsile dedmeto catorikeesi litesin 

(6) macreisin te pitussin ide drusin luipsicomoisin. 
(8) macresin-ti pitiisin ide drrasin hiipsicomosin. 
(E) jnacraisin te pitusin ide drusin upsicomoisin. 
(M) macresin te pitisin ida dresin ipsicomesin. 

(7) enta d' aner eniause pelorios, lios hrd te mela 
(8) enta d' aner eniese pelorios, hos-ra-ti mela 
(E) enta d" anar enidue pelorios, os lira te mala 
(M) enta d" aner enidfse pelorios, os-ra-te mela 

4. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) But hwen inded 2 de 3 /or Ve-aproct, ^er ^eirj (2) cEen 
agen on [d£]dqst-pqrt-ov-ds-Jc>r 2 a-cav hvs-se ner [de]-se (3) Lofti 2 [wid]-lorelz ^uverd- 
over : hwar agen nieni (4) Floes, 2 jep ] bot and gats, pqst-de-njt ; 2 el-rand a agen 2 pen 
(5) x [A]-lofti woz band (woz bilt) 2 let-intai-ds-gr^nd Hvid-stonz (6) 2 [wid]-tel 'and j^n- 
ixtz, and 2 ocs 1 [wid] -lofti-levd (7) 3av agen 'man ^ojrz ' [a]-monstrus, hm inded olso ^locs 



138 Mgzqmflz—Bnfent Grec. § 36, nr. 

(8) oios(*) poimainescen apoproten : onde met' dllous 
(8) oos perniqjnescen apoproten : sde met alss 

(E) dios poiniainescen apropoten : made met almas 
(M) cos pemenescen apoproten : mete met alms 

(9) poleit, all' apdneuten eon atemistia eide. 
(S) poljt, al apanrtten eon atemistia ede 
(R) poljt, al apaneiaten eon atemistia aida 
(M) pokt, al apaneften eon atemistia eds 

(10) cai gar taum' etetucto pelorion : oude eoicei 
(S) ccti gar tern etetucto pelorion : tfdi eoc^ 

(R) cai qar taiam etetiacto pelorion : made eoicni 
(M) ca qqr tavm-eteticto pelorion : aide eoci 

(11) andri ye sitofdgoi, alia lirioi hideenti 
(S) andri-gi sjtofago, dlci-rio hiilienti 
(R) andri-ge setofagoyaldrhrioyuikenti 
(M) andri-ye sitofaqo, alcx reo elienti 

(12) hupselon or eon, Ii6,te fainetai own ap' dllon. 
(8) hupselon orion, hote fainetai eron ap alon. 
(R) hiapsalon oreon, ote fainetai oion ap alon. 
(M) ipselon oreon ote fanete eon ap alon. 

Sitiebiz {Sotheby's) Fre Translafuu. 

Sum de ner for we rect, dar fond a cav 
Clos on de mqrjin ov de biloi wav, 
Or buiz bj rraf de lorelz street dar /ad, 
Hwjl jep and gots dar floct in slumber lad — 
Bilt ov bun stonz a cort enclozd it rend, 
Wid loftiest pjnz and ocs jjgantic crsnd. 
3ar dwelt a monstrus form, hui lonli fed 
Hiz floes hwar fqr remot de pqstqrz spred. 
He jeend not uderz, but from el apart 
Held coimrn wid biz on inhuman hqrt ; 
Not man biz form, but ljc a wud-gert crest 
Ov sum huj roc dat tserz abuv de rest, 
Lon in its vqstnes. 



5. Verbal Translafun, contin%d. — (8) 3 S6literi Hendz [and]-apqrt, neder 2 wid 3 uderz 
(9) ^az-intercors, but 2 afqr-of T beirj 4 unlefial-tinz *ny, (meditated) (10) Ya fer Vunder 
1 [be] -woz-created 2 [a] -monstrus, neder woz- [be] -ljc (11) 2 Man 3 at-lest Hui- [a] -bwet-etin, 
but 2 sumit Hui-[a]-wudi (12) Ov-lofti myntenz, hwic, aperz alon [and awa]-from uderz. 



36, nr. 3. Egzq.ni/lz — Modem Qrec. 139 



3. Modem Grec. 

We studid de proiiunsiajun ov modern Grec, in Koni, from Patros 
Matrdngos, den (1840,) vis-rectur ov de Grec Colej, (sins suprest,) from 
liuim we had a seriez ov lesunz in proiiunsiajun onli. Az de rrnlz ov 
modern Grec pronunsiajun or veri strict, so dat de ssndz can be dediist 
imedyetli from de rit'n form, we belev dat de fdloii) spesimen ma be tdlerabli 
wel depended upon. cEe dificulti ov modern Grec ertografi aqzez from 
de grat varjeti ov modz hwic, egzist for ecspresin de sam s^nd ; dis, 
lrsever, iz a dificulti tiu de rjter onli, for, (az in de Irene] larjgwej,) de sam 
combinajun ov simbulz jenerali reprezents de sam ssnd, under de sam ser- 
cumstansez. cEe pasej sjted iz a defens ov de modern Grec pronunsiajun, 
h\ wun ov de most elocwent ov modern Grec rjterz, de venerab'l Corae. 
It iz tui be obzervd dat we nz q insted ov >tr, for de modern Grec soft 
trild and gutural pronunsiajun ov de terd leter in de alfabet. Az de 
modern Grecs uz de anfent Grec alfabet, de simbolical transcripjun wil be 
de sam az in de last egzqmp'l. 

cLe foloir) rudz wil enab'l de reder tin determin de pronunsiajun ov eni 
modern Grec wurd from its simbolical ertografi : 

(a, e, i, o, u,) hwen loi), =#, a, s, o, s ; liwen Jort, = a, e, i, o, i. 

(ai, si, oi, s, o)=q, s, o, s, o, on el ocagunz. 

(ei, oi, ui)=s on el oca3imz. 

(ai)=d. 

(ou)=2it. 

(au, eu, su)=qf, ef, sf, befor mut and hwisperd consonants, but uderw^z 

= av, ev, eii. 
cle leterz (if, if) qr uzd insted ov (i, u), tui Jo dat da dm not ferm combina- 

Junz wid de presedhj vselz ; so dat (ai, au) qr tui be pronsnst ai, ai, 

insted ov a, av, az (ai, au) wiad be pron^nst. 
(z, t, I, m, cs, r, s,f, k, pi) hav elwaz dar etnical valuz. In sum parts 

ov Gres, Wever, (c) iz pronsnst cj, er ev'n g befor palatal vselz. 
(b)—v, 
(d)=c£. 
(g)=q, jq, er rq,der dr, befor non-palatal vselz, and =.y befor palatal 

v?relz. But de combinajunz (gg, gc, gcs)=yg, yg, yes, and (gk)=yk. 
(c)=c in jeneral ; but =g qfter (n) er (g), de presedirj (n) er (g) beirj den 

pronsnst y. In Gresizin foren wurdz, (gc) iz uzd inifali fer de ssnd g. 
(n)=.n, jenerali; but befor de ssndz c, g, h, q, it iz pronsnst y. It iz 

ciistumeri in rjtiij tui qanj (n) intui (g) on sue, oca3iinz, ecsept hwen it 



140 Ugzqmp'lz— Modem Grec. . §36, nr. 3. 

endz a wurd; dus, (ton caldn)=ton galdn. Befor an inifal (p) in cte 

foloin wurd, (n)=m, d£ (p) beii) den pronsnst b. 
(p)= p, jenerali; but it iz pron^nst b qfter ra, er after a fjnal »; dus, 

(ton polemon)=tom bolemon. cLz combinajun (mp) iz uzd fer ds ssnd b 

in Grssjzii) foren wurdz; dus, (Mpauardzoi, J3itmpreddios)= Bqvarqzi, 

Vitbreqdios, m£nin Bavarianz, Hwitbred. 
(hr) iz pron^nst az r ; d£ (h) iz never pronsnst on eni ocagun, eldo elwaz 

rit'n. 
(t)=t, jenerali. Hvven prcseded h\ (n)=d, dus, (to6nti) = todndi ; (nt) iz 

uzd inifali fer ds ssnd ov d in Gr£sizirj foren wurdz. 
cIe combinajunz (ts, tz)=g. 

It iz evident from dis acsnt, dat de Grec langwej iz fctr from bsir) spelt 
foneticali ; and, in consecwens, grsvus erurz ov spelin ma be ecspected 
on ds pqrt ov de ignorant, <Jus, de wurd (einai)=ene, m-jt bs rit'n (ene, 
oinai, uinai, tine,) ets. ; and if dsz spelinz wer fond on old inscripjunz,, 
da wiad prinv dat (e, oi, id, u) wer prcmsnst al|c b£ ds rjter. It iz tui 
mistacs ov dis qnd dat Coras macs alu3un in de fdloirj pasej. 

Coras ; Hellenices Biblioteces Tomos Protos. ( 6 ) 
Come ; EknicES V£vliot£C£s tomos protos. 

(1) Sozontai pollotatai epigraphai palaiai ton hopoion he cace grafe 
Sozonte polotate epeqrafe pajea ton opeon £ cace qraf£ 

(2) apodeiknei, lioti ton semerinon Hellenon tes Hellenices glosses he 
apodfikni, oti ton simarinon Eknon tes Eknices qlos£s £ 

(3) proford einai he aute cai he proford, hetis Hon sis kresin catd tons 
proforq, £iie £ aft£ ca £ profora, stis £ton es kr£sin catq, tuis 

(4) Caisaricous, cai isos anotera cat' autous toils Ptolemaicous kronous, 
Cesqricius, ca esos qnotara cat aftuis tras Pntolemqicuis kronuis, 

(5) egoun cat' eceinen holen ten periodon toil krdnou, eis ten hopoian 
£qum cat ecmsn okn t£ii per£odon tui kronui, £s ten op£an 

6. Verbal TransUfun. — Coras; 3 ov-ds-Grsc 4 ljbreri 2 voliim ^erst. (1) [cEar-q/j- 
prszervd veri-meni 2 inscripjunz ^nfent, ov-de hwig ds bad r%tiy (spelirj) (2) demonstrats, 
dat (ov)-ds iis-daz (prezent) Grecs 2 ov-ds 3 Grsc 4 lai)gwej (ds) (3) ^pronunsiajun iz ds sam 
and (az) de pronunsiajun, hwig woz in u,s abst ds (4) Sssarian [tjmz B.C. 32 tui A J). 95], 
and perhaps hjer-up ab^t 4 demselvz J de 2 Tolemaic 3 tjmz [B.C. 323 tui B.C. 31], (5) namli 
abst dat hoi (ds) psriud ov-(ds) thn in ds hwig 



§ 36, in-, 3. Egzqmp'lz — Modern Cfrec. 141 

(6) ezesanfj) catecses ho Poldbios, ho Halicarnesseus Dionusius, ho Sikeliotes 
aziscm cqfcecsEs o Polevios, o Alicqrnesefs ckonssios, o Sicaliotss 

(7) Diddoros, ho Strdbon, cai an eltomen catotero mekri tes deuteras 
cCiodoros, o Strqvon, ca an elfeoinen cqtotaro makri tss deftaras 

(8) apo Kristou hecatontaeteridos, Dion ho Krusostomos, ho Plodfarkos, 
apo Kristin, acatontaatirsdos, Seon o Krisostomos, o Pkutarkos, 

(9) ho Arhrianos, ho Pausanias, ho Lowlands, ho Galends, Secstos ho 
o Ariands, o Pafsaneas, o Liuciands, o Qqlinds, Secstos o 

(10) Empeiricos, cai dlloi polloi acsiologoi suggrafeis. " Edn enai bdrbaros 
Einbericds ca ali pol£ acsioloyi ssijqrafES. " Edn £ne vqrvaros 

(11) he semerme hemon proford, ehr eceinoi ok hemeis hoi aitioi tes 
£ simarins imon proforq, en ecsni ok imcs z atis tss 

(12) barbaroseos" emporoumen nd apokrinomen pros tons categorous, cai 
vqrvaroseos," emboruimen nq apocrmomen pros tuis cateqarais, ca 

(13) nd to us paracalesomen nd hupoferosin me ' macrotumian nd proferomen 
nq tras parqcalasomen uq epofarosin ma macrotimsan nq profaromen 

(14) cai hemeis, has eprdferan eceinoi. . . . Met' ecseuro, mete nd mdto 
ca im£s, os eprofemn ecsni. . . . Mst ecsevro, mete nq mqto 



7. Verbal Translafun, contin%d. — (6) livd in-erder (de) Polibius, [ov Megalopolis 
in Arcadia, a jeneral, man ov lernirj, diplomatist, and wel-non historian ; he livd 
from B. C. 204 tin B. C. 122], (de) 2 ov-Halicqrndsus ^jonijius, [hm rot a wurc on 
Boman anticwitiz, and livd in de ferst senturi B. C.,] de Sisihan (7) Djodorus, [bern 
at Arjirimn in Sisili, and livd in de ferst senturi B.C. ; he rot a Universal Histori, in 
forti bucs, d^n tui de tjm ov Ggustus,] (de) Strabo, [de jeografer, bern at Amajia, in 
Capadojia ; he livd ab^t de comensment ov de Cristyan era ;] and if we -cum dynwerdz 
until de fecund (8) *from (after) 4 Crjst 2 senturi, Djon de Gold'n-nrsdd, [Djon Crisos- 
tom, de oratur, flurijt durirj de ranz ovDomiJian and Nerva, abit 80 or 90 yerz A.D.;] 
(de) Phutqrc, [de bjografer, hiu flurijt at de beginirj ov de secund senturi A.D.,] 
(9) (de) Arian, [ov Mcomedia in Bjtinia, historian and filosofer, djd ab^st 161 A.D.] 
(de) Pesanias, [rjter ov an jtinereri, djd after A.D. 173,] (de) Liujian, [selebrated fer biz 
Djalogz, djd dhst A.D. 190,] (de) Galen, [de selebrated fizijan, bern A.D. 131,] Sccstus 
de (10) Empiric, [a selebrated Grec filosofer and fizijan, flurijt abst A.D. 200,] and 
nider hneni %urdi-ov-menJun 3 rjterz. " x lf 6 iz 'bqrberus (11) 2 de z dis-daz (prezent) 
5 ov-us ^ronunsiajan, 4 ar l dk ^ot %e de cezez ov-de (12) barberiz'm," vve-qr-ab'l tat 
u-e-fud-repU (tui replj) tui is (sr) acuzerz, and (13) tat tem-ws-fud-entrst (tui entret 
dem) dat da-Jud-bar wid pajens dat we-Jxad-pron"sns (14) elso vjs (we, tui), az ^ironsnst 
2 da . . . Neier i-inctofr, neier Sat %-fud-no 



142 Egzqnqflz— Modern Grsc. § 36, m\ 8. 

(15) me( 8 ) melei, pos eproferen ho Isocrdtes, ho Platan, ho Demostenes, cat 
ma mali, pos eproferen o Ssocrqtes, o Plqton, o clmiostanEs, ca 

(16) hosoi dlloi ecmasan eis auten tes glosses ten acmen ; cat, hotan 
osi ali Ecmasan £s aften tes qlosss ten acmm; ca, otan 

(17) huperaspizo ten semerinen prof or an, den diisJcurizornai hotiproferoumen 
Eperaspezo ten simarinm profordn, den di£skir£zome, oti profanamen 

(18) aparalldctos hos eceinoi, epeide pitanon einai nd esunebe cat eis ten 
apqraldctos os ecmi, apid£ petandn ene nq esinavi ca es ten 

(19) Hellenicen, ho,ti snmbainei eis hola ton antropon td erga cai poihtata. 
Elenicen, oti simvani es ola ton antropon ta erqa ca piEmata. 

(20) ToiUo monon adistdctos pisteuo, hoti an he proford tes glosses elloiote, 
Tuito monon qdistdctos pistavo, oti an £ profarq tes qlos£s elioti, 

(21) nd ten apocatastese eis ten arkaian antes fusin den einai calos pard 
nq ten qpocqtastesi es ten arkaan aftes f£sin den me calos parq 

(22) monoi hoi hopoioi ten eldloun, cai ten egrafon hos metricen auton 
moni £ opei ten elqlmn, ca ten aqrafon os metricm afton 

(23) glossan. Heos nd anabiososin eceinoi, cai eis hemds sugkoremenon 
qlosan. £Los nq anqviososin ecmi, ca £s £mds sinkorimmon 

(24) einai nd proferomen, hos ten eproferen ho bdrbaros Se'cstos, ho 
me nq profaromen, os ten eproferen o vqrvaros Secstos, o 

(25) agrdmmatos Ploutarkos, ho amatestatos Galends. 
aqrqmatos Plratarkos, o qmatestatos Qqlinds. 



8. Verbal Translafim, contimid. — (15) ms ca,rz (j neder incwjr ner car tui no) lis 
pronsnst (de) isocratez, (de) Plato, (de) Demostenez, and (16) ks-mmi uierz (el de 
rest bui) flurijt at 5 itself 3 ov-de 4 larjgwej ] de 2 flurijii)-periud ; and, hwen (17) j-defend 
de iis-daz (prezent) pronunsiajun, 2 not ^-asert dat we-spec (18) unelterdli az da, sins 
2 credib'l ] [it]-iz dat [dar]-Jud-hav-hap'nd elso tui de (19) Grec [langwej] hwot hap'nz 
tra el 5 ov-(de) 6 men x de 2 dedz 3 and 4 wnrcs. (20) efts onli und^tirjli j-belev, dat if Ae 
pronunsiajun ov Ae larjgwej woz-elterd, (21) tot it he-fud-restor (tta restor it) tin As 
^nfent 3 ov-it 2 natnr, not iz gud ecsept (no wun iz ab'l but) (22) onli is hwig (doz onli bui) 
2 it ^poc, and ^t x rot, az muderli ov iem (23) laygwej (az dar muder-tun) . Until dat 
2 Jud-cum-tui-ljf-agen x da, 5 elso 3 tui 4 us 2 permited (24) a [it] -iz dat we-Jiad-pronisns, az 
it promnst (it woz pron^nst bj) As bqrberus Secstus, de (25) unleterd Pluitajrc, de 
most-ignorant Galen. 



§ 36, hit. 3, I. Eg:qjiq/I: — Modern Grec, Latin. L43 

cLe foloiij iz a fre translajun ov ds prESEclirj pasej : 

From ie prefes tm Coraez sdifun ov tFsocratsz, in cteferst volym ov hiz 
Grec Libreri. 

cEe bad spelirj ov meni anjent inscripjunz hwig liav ben prezervd, demonstrats dat de 
pronunsiajun ov de Grec larjgwej hwig iz curent amurj de Grecs at de prezent da, iz de 
sam az ddt in n,s under de Sezerz, and perhaps stil mor anfentli, under de Tolemiz ; ddt 
iz tra sa, dirrirj ddt hoi periud ov tjm hwig product Polibius, Djonijius ov Halicqrndsus, 
Djodorus Siculus, Strabo, and tra desend tra de secund sentn,ri qfter Crjst, D jo Crisostom, 
Plratqrc, Arian, Pesanias, Lmjian, Galen, Secstus de Empiric, and meni uder rjterz ov 
not. " If sv prezent pronunsiajun iz barberus, da, and not we, or de cozez ov dis bar- 
beriz'm," iz de replj we can giv ^r acitzerz ; and we hav a rjt tui qsc dar pajens hwjl 
we pronsns az doz rjterz pronsnst. ... 5 neder incwjr, ner dui j car tux no, hwot woz 
de pronunsiajun ov fEsocratez, Plato, Demosteuez, and el doz lira flurijt at de brilyaut 
periud ov sr larjgwej ; and hwen j defend de prezent pronunsiajun, j dra not asert dat 
we pronsns presjsli ljc de rjterz hraz namz j hav sjted, sins it iz probab'l dat de sam 
tin hap'nd tra de Grec langwej hwig hap'nz tra el manz wurcs and dedz. But j hav 
no dst in de wuiid on dis peent, dat if de pronunsiajun ov de larjgwej haz ganjd, de onli 
persunz capab'l ov restorirj it tra its fermer condijun, qr doz hra spoc it and rot it az 
dar muder-tug. Until, den, dez rjz tra Ljf agen, let us be permited tra pronsns ljc de 
barberus Secstus, de unleterd Plratqrc, and de ignorant Galen. 



4. Latin. 

We giv dis in its simbolical ferm, wid ds roman leterz, hwicj qi* pEculier 
tui ds larjgwej. cIe pronunsiajun iz uterli lost, and grat dispiits egzist az 
tm hwot it woz. clar ssniz rsz'n tin deIev dat ds vsel caracterz wer not 
elwaz uzd in wnn uniform sens ; but az it wiad bs imposib'l tm metre de 
diferensez, we content srselvz, in eni restorajun, wid prszervirj wun uniform 
s?rad, onli distirjgwifirj it intra, loij, bref, and stopt. We giv Dr. Raps and st 
on atemt at restorirj ds pronunsiajun, but elso anecs d£ 8tonian or comun 
Irjglif, an ecsesivli barberus pronunsiajun, trageder wid d£ Italyan, hwiq, 
we tine, haz everi clam tra bs adopted, not az ds corect, but az a con- 
VEnient jeneral pronunsiajun for ol najunz. Az it iz, a Jerman or Italyan 
can not understand an Inglifman lira toes Latin. In fact, dz varius 
najunz ov Urupssm tra bs situated wid rEgctrd tra ds Latin larjgwej, az 
ds varius provinjalz in ©jna wid respect tm ©jnsz ; da hav wun sistem ov 
r^tin, but sue; a diversiti ov wurdz az tm bs unintelijib'l tra wun anuder. 

cEe Latin alfabet onli contanz ds leterz {a } b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, (k,) I, 
m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, x, (y,) z), ov hwig (k, y) or onli uzd in wurdz tac'n 
from ds Gi'ec. 5e distirjejun ov (i) intra (t, j), and ov (u) intra (u, v, w), iz a 
moderniz'm; but az ds elistirjcjun ov (i) intra (i,j), and («) intra {u, v), iz ns 



144 Egzqmph— Latin. §36, nr. 4. 

mad in el IrjgliJ" sdijunz ov Latin wurcs, and infhuensez cis IrjgliJ" pro- 
minsiajun ov Latin, we hav retand it. We hav elso distirjgwijt de log 
vselz traist bj ds sercunrflecs acsent ; and it wud be a grat advqntej if 
dis plan wer jenerali adopted in editirj Latin wnrcs. 

In cts anecst spesimen, &e ljnz qr mqrct (8) for 8t'n, (R) for Rap, (liui 
coiisevz hwot iz her printed s tm hav ben " indiferent," ctdt iz, sz er zs, 
and de v tin hav ben cts Jerman v; he elso dub'lz dte consonants tui ecspres 
cts stopirj ov de pressdirj vsel, in hwig cas we hav ov cors omited wun 
consonant, in st translajun ov hiz simbulz ; we hav elso qzd an, on fer 
hiz en, an, hwiq hav &t sam rasnir) ;) (E) fer Elis, (I) fer Italyan. 

From Catulus {Catullus). ( 9 ) 
Qd 3, " On 4s Defc ov a Sparo," acerdirj tm de tecst ov JDorin £Doering.) 

(1) Ltigete 6 Veneres Cupidinesque 
(8) Lujsti o Venersz Cup^dinEscwi 
(R) Luigat* o Veneras Cupedinescve 
(E) Lragjate o Veneras CupEdinascue 
(I) Lujate o Yaneras CupEdinascue 

(2) Et quantum est Jwminum venustiorum, 
(8) Et cwantum est hominum vinustiornm, 
(R) Et cwant* est ominian venustiorun, 
(E) Et cuantuii est ominun venustiorun, 
(I) Et ciaantiam ast ominiim venustiorum, 

(3) Passer mortuus est mece puellce, 

(8) Paser mertuus (merqiuis) est iuee pqels, 

(R) Paser martuus est medi puelai, 

(E) Passer mortuus est medi pu-ellai, 

(I) Passer mortuus ast maa pu-ella, 



(4) Passer deliciae 

(8) Paser dilijis m£E puek 

(R) Paser daliciai medi puelai 

(E) Passer dalicjiai medi pu-ellai 

(1) Passer dekqia (dekjia) maa pu-ella 



9. Verbal Translajun. — (1) Wep, o Vsnusez and-Cupidz (2) And az-mug-az 
[ia,r\-iz ov-human-beiyz mor-grasful (el ys ov ds mor grasfial clcts ov human beinz), 
(3) l [3.e] -Sparo 5 ded % 2 ov-mj 3 gerL (4) [cEg] -Sparo, [de]-del|t ov-mj gerl 



§ 36, nr. 4. Egzqmp'lz — Latin. I l.~> 

(5) Quem(} ) plds -ilia ocnlis sins amdbat. 
(8) Cwem plus ila ocuiis suis amabat. 
(E) Cvan pluus il* ocuks sues cimqbat. 
(E) Cuen pirns ilia ocuks su-£s ainqbat. 
(I) Cuem pluus ilia ocuks sui£s amqbat. 

(6) Nam mellitus erat, suamque norat 
(8) Nam meatus Erat, sndmcwi norat 
(E) Non mektus erat, sudncve norat 
(E) Non melktus erat, su-dncue norat 
(I) Nam melktus erat, su-dmcue norat 

(7) Ipsam tarn bene quam puella mdtrern^ 
(8) Ipsam tarn bsni cwam puela matrem, 
(E) Ipson ton bene cvoii puela mqtran, 
(E) Ipson ton bene cuoii pu-ella mqtren, 
(I) Ipsam tarn bane cuam pu-ella mq,trem, 

(8) Nee sese a gremio illius movebat, 
(8) Nee ses£ a gremio ilius movebat, 
(E) Nee sas* a gremr ilius movabat, 
(E) Nee sase ci gremio illius movabat, 
(I) Nee sase q gramio illius movabat, 

(9) Sed circmnsiliens modo hue, modo Hide, 
(8) Sed sercumsilienz modo hue, modo iluc, 
(E) Sed circunsiliens mod 1 uc, mod* iluc, 
(E) Sed cjircunsiliens modo me, modo illmc, 
(I) Sed g£rcums£liens medo me, medo iliuic, 

(10) Ad solam dominam usque pipildbat, 
(8) Ad solam dominam uscwi pipilabat, 
(E) Ad salon domnr uscve pgpilqbat. 
(E) Ad solon dominon uscue pepilqbat, 
(I) Ad solam dominam uscue pEpilqbat, 

(11) Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum, 
(8) Cwj mnjc it per iter tenebricosmn, 
(E) Cv£ nurjc it per iter tenebricosun, 
(E) Cue nuijc it per iter teneb-ricosun, 
(I) Cu£ nunc it par £ter tenabricozum, 

10. Verbal TransUJun, continy,d. — (5) ^uim ^lor 2 je 5 [dan] 7 jz 6 her ^st-tra-luv. 
(6) Fer hunid woz-[he], and-hiz n% (7) Herself (and mi hiz mistres) az wel az [de]- 
gerl [her]-muder, (8) Ner %imself ^om 4 [de]-lap 5 ov-her ^st-flisj-tm-miuv, (9) But 
hopirj-arind, ves hider, ny dider, (10) Tw 2 alon J [hiz] -mistres ehvaz pjpt. (11) Hux 
irs goz triu 2 wa 1 [de]-dqvcsum, 

11 



146 Egzqmp'lz — Latin. § 36, nr. 4. 

(12) IlMc,(} 1 ) unde negant redire quenquam. 
(8) Hue, imdi negant rid^ri cweijcwam. 
(E) Iliac, unde negant redere everjevon 
(E) Illuic, unde negant redere cuerjeuon 
(I) Illrac, unde nagant redsre cueijcuam. 

(13) At vobis male sit, mala tenebrce 
(8) At vobis mali sit, mali tenebrs 
(E) At vobis male sit, malai tenebrai 
(E) At vobes male sit, malai teneb-rai 
(I) At vobes mqle sit, mqla tenabra 

(14) Orci, qua omnia bella devordtis, 
(8) OrsJ, cwe omnia bela devoratis, 
(E) Ores, cv omnia bela davorq,tis, 
(E) Orcjs, cms omnia bella davorqtis, 
(I) Orqi, cue omnia bella davorqtis, 

(15) Tarn helium mihi passerem abstulistis ! 
(8) Tarn belum mjj paserem abstulistis ! 
(E) Ton belun mihi paser abstulsstis ! 
(E) Ton bellun mii passeren abstulsstis I 
(I) Tarn belham mei passerem abstulestis ! 

(16) " factum male ! 6 miselle passer ! 
(8) O factum mali ! o miseli paser ! 
(E) O factun male ! o misele paser ! 
(E) O factun male ! o miselle passer ! 
(I) O factum mq,le ! o miselle passer ! 

(1 7) Tud nunc opera mece puellce 
(8) Tua nmjc opera mss puek 
(E) Tmq nunc operq medi puelai 
(E) Tuq nunc operq medi pu-ellai 
(I) Tuia nunc opera maa pu-ella 

(18) Flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli. 
(8) Elendo turjidqlj ruibent oselj. 
(E) Hendo turgiduls rubant ocele. 
(E) Flando tiargji dials rubant ocjells. 
(I) Elendo turjsduli rrabent oqelli. 

11. Verbal Translafun, contin%d. — (12) clider, hwens [da]-den| tm return eni wun 
(dat eni-wun retumz). (13) But tra-n il be- [it], il /adz (14) Ov-hel, dat 2 el 3far- 

[tiijz] ^evxr, (15) x So 2 far 5 from-m8 3 [a]-spctro 4 hav-[y8]-snagt. (16) O dun il! 
o mizerab'l-lit'l sparo! (17) Fer-dj 2 ny ^ac mj gerlz (18) 3 Bj-wepig 2 rcider-swol'u 



§ 36, nrr. 4, 5. Egzqinp'lz — Latin, Italy an. 147 

Fre Translafun. 
Wep j o ys Venusez and Luvz ! 
01 beinz ov a grasful mold ! 
3s sparo ov mj lav iz ded j 
M| lavz del|t, her favrit berd, 
Hram Je luvd derer dan her |z : 
Fer swst he woz, and nil hiz dam 
Az wel az Je her muder nu. ; 
He never wonderd from her lap ; 
But hopirj rand, ns her, n^ dar, 
Tra her and her olon he pjpt. 
And its he goz ddt dqrcsum wa, 
Hwens nun return tui ljt agen. 
Aciirst be ye ! ye cursed Jadz 
Ov 0rcus ! bau ov el dat"s far ! 
So swet a sparo hav ye ravi/t. 
O ded ov wo ; Unhdpi berd j 
For dj der sac mj luvz brjt jz 
Swel up and red'n wid her terz. 

5. Italy an. 
We Jal her uz ds sani syi fer d£ bref and stopt vselz strictli, becez tte 
pozijun ov consonants ckrli pemts st hwen a vsel iz brsf and hwen it iz 
stopt. cEus, i vvil reprezent d£ bixf and de stopt i ov ds complet alfabet ; 
a wil be de brsf and stopt a ov de complet alfabet ; and so on. We Jal 
uz g, o fer d£ Ion Italyan (o ajperto, o chiusd), and o, o fer ds brsf and 
stopt ssndz ov ds sam vselz. If we wer mErli introdusiij a fu Italyan 
wurdz amun sum fonetic Inglif, we Jud not adopt dis mod ov reprszentin 
bot d£ bi'Ef and stopt vselz h\ ds sam caracter, az it mjt led tui meni 
grsvus mispronunsiajunz ; dus, posssbile mjt b£ pronynst az if rit'n 
posebile in ds complEt alfabet ; d£ notajun possebela wild bs a beter gjd 
tui msr IngliJ rsderz. 5e etnical alfabet snpozez a lit'l mor nolej. We 
hav not distiijgwijt d£ href ssnd ov a from ddt ov d, simpli bEcez w£ hav 
not ben ab'l tui obzerv d£ diferens in spoc'n Italyan. If it r£ali egzists, 
den d£ leter e must b£ introdiist tm mqrc d£ br£f and stopt ssnd ov a. 
It iz serten dat ds dicjuneriz diii distingwif d£z tui stopt <?, e ; dus, da 
mqrc mettso, (doi, overrjp,) and meddzo, (mid'l,) bot beiij rit'n {mezzo); but 
it ma bs sufifent in sue; casez not tui stop d£ vnel, but tm sa mattso, mdddzo. 
Se d£ obzervajunz on ds Scoq e, e, in nr. 14. Jenerali ds stopt vselz in 
Italyan qr muc; longer dan ds stopt vselz in Inglif. cLe Italyan licwid lj 
ma never bs compted intui %, az in Frenq, and ma never b£ pronsnst ftlj. 
cEe leter z ov d£ Italyan alfabet qr 

{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, I, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, z.) 



148 Egzqmp'lz — Italyan. § 36, nr. 5. 

Ov dsz (b, d,f, I, m, n,p, r, s, t, v) hav dar etnical sens. 

3s vselz (a, i, u)=q, s, m, hwen Ion, and a, i, u, hwen Jert. 

3e vsel (e)=a er a hwen Ion, and e er <? hwen stopt. 

<Is v^el (o)=o er e (proper p er o) hwen Ion, and o er o hwen stopt. 

No ruilz can bs giv'n hwig wind enab'l ds rsder tui discuver hwen 

(e, o) hav dar bred voluz, a, e, and hwen dar fjn voluz, a, o. 

<Is onli rssors ov ds rsder iz a gmd dicjuneri in hwiq ds tui ssndz qr 

marct. 

(c, g)=g, j, bsfor palatal vselz, but uderwjz — c, g. Tn Rom and Florens, 

(c) bsfor palatalz iz mor comunli pronMist /. In Florens, (c) bsfor 

non-palatalz iz pronsnst h ; but dis iz considerd a veri grsvus erur. 
(ch, gh) qr uzd tui ecspres ds ssndz ov c, g bsfor palatal vselz. 
(gl)—lj, and(ffn)=ny. 
(h) inijal iz never pronsnst, and it iz ms seldum rit'n ; ds onli rsal us ov 

dis leter iz tin ferm part ov ds combinajunz (ch, gli). 
(j)=8 Ion, er ii, dus, (principj)—pringepiL It iz seldum uzd. 
(r) iz elwaz smqrtli trild wid ds tip ov ds tun ; it iz ds rufest ssnd in ds 

Italyan langwej. 
(s)=s most jenerali, but ==z bstwsn tui vselz, ov hwic; ds ferst rsssvz ds 

acsent. 
(sc)=f bsfor palatal v^elz, but uderwjz =sc ; hw^l 
(sch)=sc bsfor palatal vselz. 
(z)=ts, most jenerali; but in a fu wurdz, hwig must bs lernt bj practis, 

it iz =se er dz. 

No ruilz hwotever can bs giv'n fer dsterminii) ds plas ov dz acsent in 
Italyan, and yet dar iz hqrdli a mor important element in ds langwej. 
Italyan wurdz bscum perfectli unintelijib'l hwen felsli acsented. If 
Italyanz cud onli bs indust, 1) tui marc ds acsent hwenever it duz not 
fel on ds last silab'l but wun, hwic; iz sertenli its most jeneral pozijun ; 
and 2) tui distingwif bstwsn ds bred er op'n, and naro er clos (e, o), bj 
plasirj ds grav acsent over ds bred s?mdz, so dat (e, b) Jmd —a, e hwen 
Ion, and e, o hwen Jert, hw^l (e, 6) wiad reprszent ds <?, o er e, o, in 
acsented silab'lz ; and 3) tui marc ds distincjun bstwsn ds tui pronun- 
siajunz ov (z), h\ rjtin (dz) fer dz, and lsvin (z) fer ts ; — ds langwej wild 
bs az foneticali rit'n az cud bs dsz|rd ; fer ds distincjun bstwsn loij and 
brsf reelz wud bs Jon h\ ds acsent, and ds diferens bstwsn brsf and stopt 
vselz wild bs mqrct bj ds dub'ld consonant. 

Hwen a consonant iz dub'ld in Italyan spelin, it iz elwaz dub'ld in 
Italyan spsq; dus, (hanno)—an-no, and not ano, ds tui leterz n bsin pro- 
ntfnst az distinctli az in ds TijgliJ wurd imnon. But if ds dub'l leterz bs 



§ 36, nr. 5. Egzqmp'lz — Italy an. 1 J. ( J 

(cc, gg,) and de secund (c, g) hav ds valuz £, j, cSirj tui beirj folod b^ a 
pcdatcd vsel, de ferst (c, g)=t, d respectivli; dus, (ucciso, oggi)=utgezo> 
odji, and not uggezo, ojji, ner ucgezo, ogji. Similerli (zz)=tts er <ftfe. 

cLe pronunsiafun ov de foloii) pasej iz giv'n tm de best ov sr on nolej, 
after a rezidens ov fiftsn mnnts in diferent parts ov Itali. We hav not 
had de opurtiiniti ov rjthj it dsn from de mst ov an Italy an. 



ieri. La Scienza delta Legislazione. ( 12 ) 
Felanjiari. La Xientsa della Lajislqtsione. 

(1) Quail sono i soil oggettl die hanno Jino a questi ultimi tempi occupatl 
'iCuqli seno i soli odjetti ca anno feno a cuesti ultimi tempi occupqti 

(2) I sovrani dl Europa ? TJn arsenate formidabile, wC artiglieria 
i sovrqni di Europa. KJn arsenate formidabile, urn arteljierea 

(3) numerosa, una triippa bene agguerrlta. Tutti i calcoli die si sono 
nmmeroza, mna truppa bane agguerreta. Tutti i calcoli ca si seno 

(4) esaminatl alia presenza de* principi, non sono stati diretti die alia 
ezqniinqti alia prezentsa da prinqipi, non seno stqti diretti ca alia 

(5) soluzione (Fun solo problema : " Trovar la maniera di uccidere 
solmtsione d*iun selo problama •. "Trovqr la mqniara di utgedere 

(6) pin uomini net minor tempo possibile." Si e proposta per oggetto 
pirn uemini nel minor tempo possebile." Si a proposta per odjetto 

(7) di premio la scoverta d'una "evoluzione" piii micidiale. Non si 
di pramio la scoverta d'rana "avolmtsione" pirn mecjidiqle. Non si 

(8) e pensato a premiare V agricoltore die ha tirati due solchi nel mentre 
a penscito a pramiqre 1-qgricoltore ca q tirqti dme solci nel mantre 



12. Verbal Translafun. — (1) IHwot qr de sol objects hwic, hav up tui dez last tjmz 
ocajpjd (2) de sovrenz ov Urup. X R 3 qrsenal ^ermidab'l, J a 3 qrtileri (3) humerus, a 
trrap wel trand-fer-wer. 01 de ealculajunz hidg ctemselvz qr (4) egzamind, (hwic, hav 
ben egzamind) in-ds prezens ov-(de) prinsez, not qr ben directed iat (hav onli ben directed) 
tm-de (5) solujun ov wun sol problem: "Tra-fjnd de maner ov tui-cil (cilir)) (9) mor 
men in-ds les tjm posib'l (de gratest number ov men in de lest posib'l tun)." Tui-vmnz- 
self iz (It haz ben) propozd for [an]-object (7) ov reword de discuveri ov an "evolujun" 
mor murderus. Not tm-wunz-self (8) iz tot (pep'l hav never tot) tm reword (ov rewerdin) 
de agriculturalist hui haz dron tm furoz in-de men-tjm. 



150 Egzqmp'ls — Italy an. § 36, nr. 5. 

(9) che(} s ) gli altri non ne tirano die un solo : ma si e raddoppiato il soldo 
ca lji altri non ne tsrana ca um selo ; ma si a raddoppiqto il soldo 

(10) all' artigliere die ha avuta Varte di cw^icare un cannone fra lo spazio 
all* artdjiare ca ct avuita l'arte di cqricqre um cannone frq lo spqtsio 

(11) di quattro secondi. Noi cl siamo addestrati tanto in un mestiere 
di cuattro secon'di. Noi gi sicimo addestrqti tanto in uin mestiare 

(12) cost distruttore, die noi siamo in istato di distruggere ventimila 
cose distrattore, ca noi siqmo in istqto di distradjere ventimda 

(13) uomini fra lo spazio di pochi minuti. La perfezione delV arte la 
uemini frq, lo spqtsio di peci ininuiti. La perfatsione del arte la 

(14) piu funesta all' umanitd ci fa vedere senza dubbio un vizio nel 
piui funesta all* uinqnitq cji fq vedare sentsa dubbio uin vstsio nel 

(15) sistema universale de' governi. 
sistama uiniversqle da governi. 

Frs Translajun. 

From Felanjiariz Sjens ov Lejislajun. 

% Hwot hav ben de onli objects dat hav hidertui eugrost de Sovrenz ov Urup. 
A formidab'l qrsenal a nqmerus qrtileri, a wel-trand qrmi. Gl de calcqlajunz hwiq 
hav ben egzdmind in de prezens ov prinsez, hav ben solli directed tordz de solujun ov 
wun sing'l problem : " Tui fjnd de mod ov cilirj de gratest number ov persunz in de lest 
posib'l tjni." 3.e discuveri ov a mor murderus " evolqjun" haz ben propozd az de object 
ov reword. 3a hav never tet ov rewerdin de agriculturalist hui haz phrd tui furoz hwjl 
uderz onli pis wun ; but de pa ov de qrtileri-man haz ben dub'ld hui haz had de scil tui 
lod a canun widin for secundz. We hav renderd srselvz so scilful in dis destructiv 
trad, dat we qr ab'l tui cil 20,000 men widin a fq, minqts. <Ie perfecfun atand in de qrt 
hwiq iz de most destructiv tui hqmaniti, joz us dat dar must most sertenli be sumtirj 
rorj in de hoi sistem ov guvernments. 



13. Verbal Translajun, confined. — (9) dat de uderz not ov-iem dre ctat wun sol 
(onli dro wun ov dem) ; but tm-wunz-self iz (wun haz) dub'ld de pa (10) tut-is 
(ov de) qrtileri-man hui haz had de art (scil) (ov) tui-lod a canun widin de spas 
(11) ov for secundz. 1 We %rselvz 2 qr (hav) 3 renderd- 6 decstrus 5 so-fqr in a trad (12) so 
destroer (destructiv), dat we or in [a]-stat ov (tui) destro- twenti-tezend (13) men widin 
de spas ov [a] fq, minqts. cle perfecjun ov-de qrt de (14) mor (most) djrful tvi-ie (tui) 
hqmaniti, 2 us ^nacs se widst dst a vis (felt) in-de (15) 2 sistem 1 q J niversal ov-is (ov) 
guvernments. 



§ 36, nr. 6. Egzqmplz — Span if. 15 J 

6. Spatiif. 

We fel veri dstfial wid respect tui d£ minuJiE ov cte SpaniJ pronunsiajun, 
az we hav gsfli dsrjvd sr instracjun from bucs, and hav onli had wun 
srz instrucjun from a Spanyerd. We ma az a jeneral ruil, hsever, tac de 
SpaniJ {i, e, a, o, it) tui =s, a, q, o, m, liwen Ion, and i, e, a, o, u, hwen 
br£f er stopt. 

Wid regqrd tm d£ consonants dar iz not mug dificnlti. cEe SpaniJ 
(5) iz never distingwijt from (v) in ds spsq ov d£ psp'l, bot leterz bsin 
proirsnst y; ds SpaniJ academi liaz not bm ab'l tui fors ds disthjcfun 
intui egzistens. cTe leter (c) befor (e, i), and (s) bsfor ol vyelz, iz st t, 
er so nsrli so dat we can mac no diferens. In SpaniJ America, lvsever, 
it haz sunc intm s. (c/i) iz elwaz = £. (d)=d hwen inijal, and ct hwen 
f|nal. Bet win tin vselz it iz so jentli pronynst, sumtin X\o, ct, dat its 
ssnd iz scarsli herd, and it iz of'n ent^rli dropt. {/)■=/. (g) haz d£ 
gutnral ssnd ov (j) bsfor (e, i.) (gu)=g b£for (e, i.) (h) iz never 
pronynst. (j) haz a p£culier gutnral ssnd, aserted tm b£ dE sam az sr k, 
but hwig tm us ssndz mor lq,c yr h. It iz serten dat d£ ssnd hwen spoc'n 
jentli, dsjenerats intm h, no trm A ocuriij in SpaniJ. Az, hyever, d£ 
Spanyerdz demselvz consider d£ synd tm b£ k, it must be ecsprest bj k, 
hwen rjtin etnicali; dus, MaJcico, Takas = (Mejico, Tejas). (I) iz sr I; 
but (11) iz sr lj, hwig never dqenerats intm tily er %, Ijc d£ Freng I muilja. 
(m, n,p, t) qr d£ sam az sr m, n, p, t. (h)=?ij. (qu) iz elwaz = c, er 
c] ; it list tm b£ elso =cu at tjmz, but in dsz casez it iz ns ciistumeri 
tm rjt (««}. (r) iz sed tm hav tiii syndz, a hqrd and a soft, az d£ gram- 
arianz term dem ; but dsz mug abiizd wurdz dm not tro mug ljt on d£ 
diferens ; dus, d£ SpaniJ gramarianz eel ds synd ov (g) soft, blanda i suqve 
hwen it = sr g, a ssnd hwig Iijglif gramarianz eel hqrd. It s£mz prob- 
ab'l dat d£ hqrd SpaniJ r ma b£ ds tip-turjd r, and d£ soft si rmt-tund jr. 
3e rml iz : (r) iz hard p=r) hwen inijal, az in (rosa); hwen msdial, 
qfter ?, n, s, az (ftonra)=onra; and bstwm tm vselz, hwen it iz rit'n (rr), 
dus, (terra)=tera ; — dis cas iz ranqrcab'l az bmj ds onli wun in hwig d£ 
Castilyan laijgwej admits ov a dub'ld consonant in rjtiij. On &z uder 
hand, (r) iz soft, and perhaps =.tr, qfter ecsplodents, az (gra?ide)= 
gjrande ; bstwm tui vyelz, hwen it iz not rit'n dub'l, az (caro)=ca./ro ,■ 
hwen fjnal, az (amo?')=a?n6.ir. (s) iz elwaz si s. (v) iz sr v, etnical v. 
(x) list tm hav tui mEninz ; namli, b£for a \sel hwig woz sercumflecst 
and bsfor a consonant, it woz —cs; but uderwjz it had d£ synd ov (j), 
hwig we wil reprszent h\ k; it iz ns ii3ual tm r^t (j) in sug casez. (g) iz 
elwaz =i. 3e pozijun ov d£ acsent iz elwaz mqret hwen it can not b£ 
determind b\ a fn ficst rmlz. 



152 Egzqmp'lz—Spanif. § 36, nr. 6. 

Ortografia de la lengua Castellana, 
Qrtografea da lq lerjgua Castaljqna, 

compuesta por la real Academia Espahola.f} 4 ) 
compuesta por la req,l Xcadamia Espanjola. 

(1) Si las lenguas se formasen de una vez y tuviesen en su principio 
Se las lenguas se formasen de rana vat i tuiviasen en sm printspio 

(2) toda la abundancia y perfection de que son capaces, cada nation 
toda la abundantia i perfection de ca son capites, cq,da nation 

(3) pudiera con facilidad haber arreglado su ortografia particular por 
pmdiare con fatelidctd avar qreglq,do su ortografsa part£culqr por 

(4) medio de un sistema universal, fijo y perfecto; pero casi todas 
madio da um sistama umiversal, fsko i perfecto ; paro casi todas 

(5) las lenguas con el tiempo se han aumentado de muclias voces tomadas 
las lenguas con el tiempo sa an aumentado de muigas votes tomadas 

(6) de distintos idiomas, mediante el preciso y natural comercio que 
da distintos Ediomas, madidnte el pretsso i natural comertio ca 

(7) tienen unas naciones con otras, para su trato y conservation. De 
tianen uinas nqtiones con otras, para su trato i conservation. De 

(8) estas voces, unas se han mantenido con los caracteres propios de 
estas votes, uuias se an mantenedo con los cqractares propios de 

(9) sus origenes, y otras dejdron estos y tomdron los de la lengua que 
sus orekenes, i otras dekaron estos i tomqron los de la lerjgua ce 

(10) las adopto. Las voces antiguas experimentdron tambien su 
las q,dopto. Las votes antsgiaas ecsparimentqron tambian su 



34. Verbal Transfafun. — 6rtografi ov de ^arjgwej ^astilyan, compozd bj de r&al 
2 Academi ^panif. (1) If As larjgwejez iemselvz fermd (wer fermd) ov wun turn 
(at wuns), and tuc in dar beginirj (2) el de abundans and perfecfun ov hwig [da] 
qr capab'l, everi najun (3) wud-be-ab'l wid fasiliti [tin] hav regulated its 2 ertografi 
^qrticuler triu (4) [de] medium ov a 5 sistem Universal, 2 ficst 3 and ^perfect ; bsever, 
nerli el (5) [de] larjgwejez wii te tint (in de cars ov tjm) 3 demselvz x hav 2 egmented ov 
(b|) meni wurdz tac'n (6) from distinct idiumz, b|-menz-ov de neseseri and natural 
comers hwic, (7) %old 1 sum 2 najunz wid uder [najunz], fer its frendli-intercors and 
prezervajun. Ov (8) dez wurdz, sum 3 demselvz *bav 2 mentand wid de 2 caracterz J proper ov 
(9) dar orijinz, and uderz lost dez and tuc doz ov de larjgwej hwic, (10) 2 dem Adopted. 
<Ie 2 wurdz ^njent ecsperienst elso dar 



§ 36, nr. 6. Egzqmp'lz — Spanif. 153 

(11) mudanza,Q^) por haberse alterado su pronunciation y escritura . . . de 
miaddnta, por avarse alterqdo sia promantiqtion i escrituira . . . de 

(12) forma que para escribir correclamente son muchas las dijicultades que 
forma ca para eswribsr corectamente son mmcjas las dp.fi cultqdcs ca 

(13) se ofrecen, por que no basta la pronunciation, ni saber la etimologia 
se ofraten, porce no basta la proniantiqtion, np savar la atimolokpa 

(14) de las voces, sino que es preciso tambien averiguar si hay uso comun 
delas votes, seno ca es pretpso tambian ava.iriguqr sp qi uiso comum 

(15) y constante en contrario ; pues hab'u'ndole lia de prevalecer como 
i constante en contrq.irio ; puies aviendole q de prevqletar como 

(1 6) drbitro de las lenguas. 
qrbitrq de las lerjguias. 

Frs Translafun. 

3e 0r|ografi or de Castilyan langwej, compozd bj de Keral SpaniJ Academi. 

If larjgwejez wer fermd at wuns, and resevd el de copiusnes and perfecjun ov hwiq da 
Or capab'l, at de -stset, everi najnn wud hav ben ezili ab'l tui rediis its on ertografi tm 
rudz, in acerdans wid wnn universal, ficst, and perfect sistem ; but elmost el larjgwejez 
hav ben egmented in de proses ov tjin bj meni wurdz tac'n from varius idiuniz, oil) tm 
de neseseri and natural intercors hwig tacs plas betwen nafun and najun, fer comers 
and mutual defens. Ov dez wurdz, sum bav retand de peculier caracterz ov dar orijinalz, 
and uderz hav rejected dem, and asumd doz ov de langwej intm hwiq da bav ben adopted. 
Old wurdz, tui, hav ecsperienst a qanj, oirj tm elterajuuz in dar prommsiajun er spelirj . . . 
so dat dar iz considerab'l dificulti in spelirj corectli, fer neder pronunsiajun, ner a nolej 
ov de etimoloji ov wurdz, iz a sufijent gjd, until we hav investigated hweder invariab'l 
custum iz not on de uder sjd; fer if it iz, it must prevail, az de acnolejd arbiter ov 
larjgwejez. 



15. Verbal Translafun, contin^d. — (11) qanj, fer havir)-(demselvz) elterd dar pronuu- 
siajun and rit n-ferm . . . (12) ovferm dat (so dat) fer tm-rit (rjtirj) corectli 3 ar 4 meui 
] de 2 dificultiz, hwiq (13) 2 demselvz x ofer, becez not svjizez (it duz not sufjz tm no) de 
prommsiajun, ner tm-no de etimoloji (14) ov de wurdz, icift&t iat iz neseseri elso (but 
it iz elso neseseri) tra-incwjr if dar-iz 4 u,s 'comun (15) 2 aud 3 constant in contreri (on 
de uder sjd) ; sins haviy-it haz ov preval (if it egzists, it must preval) az (16) arbiter ov 
(de) larjgwejez. 



12 



154 Egzqmpl: — Pert%gsz. §36, nr. 7. 

7. Pertiigsz. 

15y opurtiinitiz ov acwjrirj eni nolej ov ds pronunsiajun ov dis larjgwej 
hav bsn so sl^t, consistirj onli in a referens tin comnn gramerz, and in a 
fil srz instrucfun from a Spanyerd, dat we prefer not venturirj an opinyun 
on cte subject. 75i spesimen, darfor, consists ov sum ljnz from ds Liifiad, 
wid a transcripjun intm sr on simbulz ov Dr. Raps fonetic reprszentajun. 
We must on dat dis acsnt ov ds pronunsiajun diferz veri considerabli 
from ddt hwig we Jmd hav asjnd from sr on imprejunz derjvd from ds 
sorsez elredi menfund. cEs combinajunz onu, one, qr tm bs pron^nst 
monosildbicali, az trm diftorjz ov hwicj d£ ferst element iz a nazal v^el. 

Gamoes. Os Lusiadas. ( 16 ) 
Cemones. Os Luisiades. 



(1) As armas, e os Baroes 
"Es armes, i us Berois esinelq,dias 

(2) Que da occidental praia Lusitana, 
Ci de osidentql praie Lrasitqne, 

(3) Por mares nunca de antes navegados, 
Por maris niarjcc d* antis neveqqdias, 

(4) Passdrdo ainda aleni da Taprobana ; 
Pesqroina uinde' alan de Taprobcme ; 

(5) Em perigos e guerras esforcados, 
An perauas i qares isforsqdias, 

(6) Mais do que promettia a forca kumana, 
Mais dui ci prometEe e forse mmcme, 

(7) Entre gente remqta edijicdrdo 
Entri 3enti rimote edificqronia 

(8) Novo reino, que tanto sublimdrdo .• 
Novm reino, ci tantia smblimqrorna : 



16. Verbal TransUfwi. — (1) 3e qrmz, and ds 2 barnnz Mlnstrius (2) Hai from-de 
western 2 Jor ^usitanian (3) "Irra scz never (ov) bsfor navigated (4) Pqst stil beyond 
(ov) Tqprobqna (Selon) (5) In danjerz and worz encurejd, (6) Mor ov-iat hwig (dan) 
promist {&&) 2 fors ^unian, (7) Amtir) 2 najun Vremot bilt-np (8) (a)-nn cindum, hwig 

fda] so-mvQ sull'imd (renderd so snblprn) ; 



§36, nr. 7. Egzqmp'lz — Pertygez. 155 

(9) EQ" 1 ) tamhem as memorias ghriosas 

I tofibcm es memories glorioses 

(10) Daquelles Reis, que fordo dllatando 
Decalis lleis, ci foroiiu diletdndia 

(11) A Fe, o imperio ; e as terras viciosas 

"E Fa, u impario ; i es tares visiozes 

(12) Be Africa, e de Asia, anddrdo decastando ; 
Di Xfrice, i di Xzie, andqrorna divastdndia ; 

(13) E aquelles, que por obras valerosas 

I ecalis, ci por obres velerozes 

(14) Se vdo da lei da morte libertando; 
Si voma de lei de morti libertdndu ; 

(15) Cantando espalharei por toda parte, 

Cantdndu ispailjerui por tode parti, 

(16) Se a tanto me ajudar o engenho e arte. 
Si e tantu mi e^udqr u ar^enjia i arti. 

Frs Traashfttii. 

Armz aud doz fqr-ren^ned gefs j sit), 
3at from de western Lqsitanian for, 
Irm sez hwar yet no Jip had ph'd de man, 
Adventqrd fqr pqst Taprobqnaz \\ ; 
Bold in dar danjerz and dar werz, beyond 
Hwot human pser unaded had prejiijd ; 
Hm mid fqr na/unz fended a nu, relm, 
And razd it nobli tm a hjt sublpn. 
3e glorius memoriz ov doz mjti cinz, 
cEat darirj said tm spred in distant clnnz 
3e Cristyan fat, and dar imperial pser, 
Africs and RJaz sinful landz tm wast ; 
And doz hmz valnrns dedz, magnanimus, 
Did libcrat dem from de le ov det ; — 
01 dez j'l sir), ner pqs in sjlens et, 
If but mj wit and art can reg so hj. 

17. Verbal TransJafim, cout/n//d. — (9) And elso de 2 memoriz 'glorius (10) Ov- 
doz cinz, hm wer spredirj (11) <Ie fat, de empjr; and de ^andz 'vifus (12) Ov Africa, 
and ov Aja, went devastatig ; (13) And doz, hm bj 2 \vurcs 'volurus (14) 3em went 
ov-ctt- (from de) le ov-(de) det liberatirj ; (15) Sigh) [j]-wil-ecspafiat-up6n trm even 
pqrt, (16) If tm so-muq -me 'help is (mj) miud and qrt. 



156 Egzqmp'k— Freng. §36, 



8. Freng. 



We egzibit ds foloig p.asej ov Freng, acerdin tra ds etnical alfabet, tui 
ds best ov w nolej, ajter havin vizited Frans on meni ocagunz, and pad 
mug atenfun tui d£ pronunsiajun ov d£ langwej ; yet we dst not but meni 
felts wil bs fond b.j Frengmen, and doz Irjglifmen lnu hav a cwicer £r, or 
hav had beter opurtimitiz ov acwjrin ds lqngwej, dan srselvz. We Jal 
repi-Ezent el ds vselz az fort hwig dm not strjc sv £r az dssjdedli Ion. 
Tm dis ds us ov e" fermz a jeneral ecsepjun, az we hav not emplerd its Jert 
ferm, u, ecsept in d£ ecsprejun ov ds nazal vsel, uh. cCe egzistens ov o az 
distinct from o, iz dstfial in dis az in uder langwejez ; ner can we elwaz 
fsl Jrar ov havin distiijgwift a, and *'. We hav not sv'n atemted tui 
distingwif e from e, from inabiliti tui cag ds distirjcfun dcnretli in spsg. 
cEe leter a iz elwaz tm be tac'n az a, ecsept in ds nazal ah, in hwig it 
haz its IijgliJ sens. 3e leter i iz, ov cors, elwaz =i, and never sr IijgliJ' i. 
No acsent iz mqrct, bscez nun iz acnolejd bj Freng rjterz. 

Volney. U Alfabet Eurojpeen applique anx Langues Asiatiques. ( 18 ) 
Volna. I/Alfabat "Oropean aplicje o Long Asiatic. 

(1) // est clair que cette diversite \_des alphabets Asiatiques] est un 
II a clar cje set clivarsite [daz alfabaz Asiatic] at unn 

(2) obstacle materiel a la communication des esprits, par consequent 
obstacF materiel a la comiinicasion diiz esprs, par consecon 

(3) a la diffusion des connaisances, aux progres de la civilisation; 
a la difiizion da conasons, o progre de la sivilisasion ; 

(4) d'ailleurs elle subsiste sans aucun motif raisonnable; car si, comme 
d'qjljor el subsist sonz ocun motif razonabl' ; car si, com 

(5) it est de fait, le mecanisme de la parole est le meme pour toutes ces 
il a de fa, le mecanism' de la parol a le mam pur tut sa 

(6) nations, quelle utilite, quelle raison y a-t-il de le figurer par des 
nasion, ? cjel utilite, % cjel razon i a-t-i de le figure par da 



18. Verbal Transhfun. — Volna. 3Es 2 Alfabet 1 HrQpean apl|d tra-de 2 Larjgwejez 
J iljiatic. (1) it iz clsr dat dis diversiti [ov-de 2 alf abets HJiatic] iz a (2) 2 obstac'l 
] material tra ds cotnixnicajun ov-(de) mjndz, bj consecwens (3) tra de difij^un ov-(de) 
acwjrments, tra-de progres ov (de) siviljzajun ; (4) ov-ehhwar (besjdz) it egzists widst 
eni 2 motiv J reznab'l ; fer if, az (5) it iz ov (in) fact, de mecaniz'm ov is wurd (spec) 
iz &z sam fer el dez (6) najunz, 'iliwot ivtiliti, Shwot rez'n fiar haz it (iz dar) ov it 
tm-fig%r (fer figurir) it) bj (sum) 



§ 36, nrr. 8, 9. Egzqmplz— Irene, Gotic. 157 

(7) systhnes( l<d ) si differens ? Si le modele est un, pourquoi ses copies 
sistam si diferon. Si le model at un, Spurcuq, sa cope 

(8) n auraient-elles pas la meme unite ? et quel immense avantage pour 
norat-el pet la mam unite : e cjel iinons avontag pur 

(9) Vespece humaine si de peuple a peuple, tous les individus pouvaient 
Tespas iiman si de pdpl-a popl', tu liiz andividii puvii 

(10) se communique)' par un meme langage ! Or, le premier pas vers ce 
se' comi'micje par un mam longag ! 0r, le premie pq var se 

(11) but eleve, est un seul et meme alphabet. 
but elve, at un sol e mam alfaba. 

Frs Transhfun. 
Volua <£Volney}>. 3e Uropean alfabet apljd tm HJiatic langwejez. 
It iz cler dat dis diversiti [ov HJiatic alfabets] iz a material obstac'l tui de inter- 
comirnicajunz ov mjnd, and consecwentli tm de difu^un ov nolej, tra de progres ov sivib;- 
zajun ; and it egzists, tiii, widst eni reznab'l motiv ; for if, az iz de fact, de mecaniz'm 
ov spec, iz de sam for el dez najunz, ? hwot u,s er rez'n iz dar in reprezentirj it bj sue, 
diferent sistemz. If de mod'l iz wun, 1 hwj Jud not its copiz prezent de sam imiti-; and 
hwot an imens advqntej it wud be fer de banian ras, if el de individuate ov diferent 
najunz wer ab'l tra bold convers wid wun amider bj menz ov de sam laggwej ! Ns de 
ferst step tordz dis egzelted end iz, tin bav wun sing'l universal alfabet. 

9. Gotic. 

Sis iz etc oldest laggwej ov cts Jerman stem hwiq haz cum dsn tui us. It 
ssmz tin bsldrj tra cts Hj Jerman sistem ov langwejez, eldo it iz not de direct 
parent ov ds old H£ Jerman langwej. 3e qsf Gotic wurc hwiq haz reqt sr 
t|m iz a translajun ov porfunz ov cts B.jb'l, mad h\ Bijup Ulfilas tordz 
cte mid'l er end ov de fort senturi after Ci-jst; Llfilas iz elso jenerali 
supozd tra hav invented de cdfabet in hwiq it iz rit'n. Most if not el ov etc 
Gotic leterz qr tac 'n from cts Latin and Grec alfabets az tra ferm, eldo 
dar significajun iz ocagunali qanjd. It iz supozd dat at lest wun leter iz 
Eranic. cEe alfabet consists ov twenti-fjv leterz, hwiq, acerdiij tra de 



19. Verbal Transhfun, continqd. — (7) sistemz so diferent. If de model iz wun, ffer- 
hwot (hwj) its copiz (8) not Jud-hav-da a-step (at-el) de sam ujriti ; and hwot [an] 
imens advqntej fer (9) de 2 ras ^urnon if ov (from) pep'l tm pep'l, el de individuals 
cud (10) (demselvz) comimicat bj-menz-ov a (de) sam larjgwcj ! N^r, de ferst step 
tordz dis (11) 2 am 1 lofti, iz vmn sol and sam (wun and de sam) alfabet. 



158 Egzqmplz— Gotic. § 36, nr. 9. 

transcripjun uzd bj Gqbelents and Lobe, in dar sdijuii ov de Gotic 
Testament, (uzin sr t fer dar J>, az a mor convenient tjp,) op az foloz, 
ds subjond leterz givin ds pronunsiajun : 

(a, b, g, d, e, q, z, h, t, i i, k, I, m, n, j, u, p, r, s, t, v, f, x, to, o ;) 
a, b, g, d, a, cw, z, k, t, i, c, 1, m, n, y, wxvl, p, r, s, t, v, f, k, hw, o. 

It iz neseseri tui consider sum ov dsz leterz in dstal. 
(a) iz elwaz iizd for ds Jert a in Gotic ; it iz jenerali brsf 5 but iz capab'l 

ov bsiij stopt h\ (s, z, h)=s, z, k ; (o)=q iz uzd az ds Ion \sel ov (a), 
(i) er (t) iz olso jenerali Jert i, and (ei) iz uzd az its Ion vsel. 3s form 

(«) woz uzd at ds bsginii) ov wurdz onli. 
(u) iz uzd sder Ion or fort for m er u. 
(e) iz elwaz Ion and =&. 
(o) iz elwaz Ion and =o. 
(y) hwiq duz not ocur in ds alfabet, iz uzd in sum Grsc wurdz in ds Grsc 

iipsilon, and ma liav bsn pronsnst e er it. 
(ai) iz a djgraf ; it indicats a vsel ov de s clcis, but nsrer tui a dan a iz ; 

it must darfor be a, e. It iz uzd fer ds Grsc epsilon. 
(au) iz elso a djgraf, and dsnots a vsel ov ds w clas liwic, iz nsrer tui a 

dan o iz ; it iz darfor o, o. 
(ei) If we aplj ds sam prinsip'l tui d£ evolujun ov dis s^nd az we uzd 

fer ds prsssdin djgrafs, den it iz clsr dat it Jud reprszent a vsel ov ds 

a caracter, but nsrer e dan a, and dis ciad bs nun uder dan ds PoliJ i. 

els Gotic den had no loij pur e, but substituted i fer it. 
{ifi) On ds sam prinsip'l az bsfor, dis Jiad reprszent a vsel ov ds s clcis 

aprdcsimated tui w, er ov ds iu clcis aprdcsimated tui f ; it must darfor 

hav bsn ii, and ds us ov (y) in Grsc wurdz ma hav bsn from sum eti- 

molojical fslin, er bscez in Ulfilasez tjm ds modern Grsc pronunsiajun 

s prsvald. R diftoijgal pronunsiajun suq az i, ?/, fer (ei, iu) iz clsrli 

inadmisib'l. 
(g) bsfor a guturul consonant woz pronsnst az y, dus gg=y er yg. 
(h) clar qr sum dsts az tui ds pronunsiajun ov dis leter ; hwen fjnal it 

ssmz tui hav bsn k, but ds d#t iz hweder it woz elwaz so hwen inijal. 

In ds not unfrscwent combinajunz (M, hr, lim, hn) it ma hav bsn ds 

sam az sr %, and hav indicated ds hwisperin ov dsz licwidz. It iz, 

hsever, safest tui asum dat it woz k, sv'n in dsz casez, az an espejal 

sjn. apsrz tui hav bsn invented fer %w. 
(x) onli ocurz in ds wurdz (xristus, pasxa, zaxarias, axaja,) ets., cinseriij 

tui ds Grsc (hristos, pasha, Zalmrias, Akaia,) and woz darfor probabli 

pron^nst az k. 



§ 36, nr. 9. Egzqmtflz — Gotic. 159 

(v) woz probabli &e Jerman c, rq,der dun sr v, bccez ds Latiuz semd unab'l 
tiu ecspres it bj #, and bscez ds Latin b bscam v in Gotic. We tirjc 
ctat it must hav bsn nnit at t^mz ; fer egzqmp'l, in {siggvs)=s'ujs (?). 

(q) woz Ecter c, in disthjcfun tm cj, (clz ds Latin (<?) ma hav ben,) er it 
woz a contracfun fer c?c, liwic, cud not be ecsprest bj ds Gotic (hv), 
bscez c1e s-md ov »=» woz diferent from ctat ov w. R similer rez'n 
m^t be giv n fer ds us ov a pEculier sjn fer fiw. 

(w) clis we thjc woz rsali sr #?6', liwicj siibsecwentli dEJenerated intm w, 
and dens intm v. 

(t) R rsznab'l dst ma bs entertand hwecter dtis Gotic leter woz pron^nst 
t er i, er hwecter it had not bot valuz. cTe arguments adiist fer its 
havin had cte ssnd ov i,, h^ever. rqder go tiu priuv ctat (d) bstwsn v^elz 
ma hav had ctis ssnd. 
Dub'l consonants apsr in jeneral onli tiu hav ben uzd az in modern 

Jerman, tiu indicat ds stopej ov ds prEssdiij weL 

We tac d£ foloiij verjun ov ds Lerdz Prar from Gcxbelents and Lobez 

Edijun ov TJlfilas ; cte pronunsiajun asjnd iz ddt funded upon cIe conjecturz 

elredi ecspland. 

Ss Lerdz Prar, Maty, 6, 9-1 3. ( 20 ) 

(1) atta unsar tu in himinam. (2) veihnai namo tern. (3) qimai 
ata unsar tin in himinam. vikne namo tin. cwime 

tiudinassm teins. (4) vairtai vilja terns see in himina jah ana airtai. 
tii'dmasias tins. varte vilya tins sva in himina yak ana arte. 

(5) lilaif unsarana tana sinteinan gif uns Mmma daga (6) jah ajlet uns 
klaf linsarana tana sintinan gif uns hima daga yak aflat ians 

tatel shulans sijaima svasve jah veis afietam taim skulam miser aim. (7) jah 
tati scialans ssyama svasva yak vis dflatam tern sculam unsarem. yak 

ni brig gais uns in fraistubnjai. (8) ak lausei wis of 'tamma iibilhi. (9) unte 
ns brines uns in frestubnye. ac lesi uns of tama mbilin. unta 

teina 1st tiudangardi jah mahts jah vultus in aivins. amen. 
tina ist tudan-o-ardi vak makts vak vultus in avins. aman. 



20. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) 2 Fqder %r, ds in hev'nz. (2) saijctifjd-be 2 nam x &\. 
(3) 3 cum 2 cinduni a dj. (4) Sbe-dun 2 wil a dj clz in hev'n, and (else) on ert. (5) ^red ^r 
Mis 7 dali a giv 2 us 3 dis-daz 4 da (6) and let-of tui-us kwig deterz we-ma-be (ddt hwiq we 
6,) az elso we let-of (tm-de) 2 deterz %r. (7) and 2 not ^rin us in temtajun. (8) but 
hus us from de ev'l. (9) fer djn iz ciudum and pycr and glori in ajcz. Hmen. 



160 Eyzqmplz — Hi Jerman. § 36, tor. 10. 

10. H{ Jerman — Bavarian Dialect. 

We liav elredi giv'n a sufifent spesimen ov Hj Jerman, fer ds ecstract 
in paj 121 ma elso bs red az if it had been rit'n wid sr etnical simbulz. 
But az ds object ov dez egzqmp'lz iz tui Jo his ds etnical alfabet ma be 
jenerali apljd tui ds reprszentajun ov unrit'n dialects, wid ds introduc- 
Jun, hwar neseseri, ov sum fu simbulz from ds complst alfabet, we tac 
d£ opurtuniti ov introdusin a transcript from a Jort pss in wun ov ds 
meni Bavarian dialects, from Emelerz {Schmeller's) lerned Bavarian 
Gramar, d£ introducfun tra ddt splendid etimolojical wurc, biz Bavarian 
Dicfuneri. In order tui reprszent serten ssndz hwic; hs cud not ecspres 
h\ comun Jerman leterz, Xmeler woz under d£ nEsesiti ov inventin an 
alfabet, hwiq, lrsever, Iie haz mad not msrli fonetic, but elso capab'l ov 
ecspresin sumtin els, in order dat ds Hj Jerman rsder ma se fer hwot 
H\ Jerman leterz ds dialectic sxndz wer substituted. Wid dis, hsever, we 
hav li£r no consern ; it iz enuf tui notis dat dar duz not apsr tui bs a 
sirjg'l fonetic simbul emplod hwic, haz not its scwivalent in sr complst 
alfabet. 3x ton ov ds Bavarian dialect iz tin, sinirj, and nazal. We 
fsnd it veri dificult tui understand hwen spoc'n, eldo it iz szi Enuf az 
rit'n h\ Smeler. els inflecfun iz not unljc ds-Scoq or ds tinest pronunsia- 
Jun ov ds Yercfer -dialect ov IrjgliJ. In ds foloin ecstract we hav giv'n 
ds comun Hj Jerman ertografi in italics, folod bj, ds U5ual Hj Jerman 
pronunsiajun, and in ds terd Ijn we hav giv'n a transcript ov ds Bavarian 
dialect. cEe subject ov ds ecstract iz a Jerman verfun ov ds old stori 
ov d£ trs wernirjz. 

Schneller. Baierische Grammatik, p. 443. ( 21 ) 
Xmeler. B^erife Gramdtic. 

(1) Der Hans Jakob hat einen Bund gemacld mit dem Tode, dafs 
(H.J.) Dar Hans Yqcob hat jnen bund gemdkt mit dam tode, das 
(B) dur han-yecub hod un bunt gumdkt mit urn tod, das 

(2) er ilin nicht Jwlen soil, eh' er ihm drei oder viermal einen Boten 
(H.J.) Sr En nikt holen zol, a ar sm drj oder fErmal jnen boten 
(B) ar m net holu zol, avur um drai odur fsurmol un bodu 



21. Verbal Translafim. — Smeler, Bavarian Gramer, p. 443. (1) (de) Jon Jamz 
^oz 3 a 4 cuvenant 2 mad wid (ds) det, Mat (2) 2 hs 5 him 3 not %q 2 Jal, %for %£ 5 tm-him 



§ 36, nr. 10. Egzqmp'lz — Hi Jermari, 161 

(3) gesckickf^'-) hat. Es geht emeW&He hermn, da wird der Hans Jakob 
(H.J.) gejict hat. Es gat jne vjle herum,dqvirt dar HansYqcob 
(B) g'Jict hot. us gat u vail uram, de vard d urban yecub 

(4) krank. Der Doctor sagt : " Mit dem Pulse ist nlcht richtig, dan 
(H.J.) crane. Diir doctor zctqt : " Mit dam pulse ist nikt riktiq, das 
(B) crane, dur doctur zakt : " mit um pols ij not riktiq, *s 

(5) Wasser sieht gefahrlich am" Bin Paar Tage daranf klagt sich der 
(H.J.) vaser zst gefarlik vs." $n pqr tqqe darcf clqqt zik diir 
(B) vasur zst gufarlik aus." u phar taq druf tlaqt zik dur 

(6) Kranke, dafs er den Wein nimmer trhiken kann, dafs er keinen 
(H.J.) crance, das ar dlin vjn nimer trincen can, das fir ejnen 
(B) craijc, das ur du vani nimur trirjeu can, das ur en 

(7) Appetit hat zum Essen. Jetzt meldet sink der Tod: "auf! du 
(H.J.) apetet hat tsum esen. Yetst meldet zik dar tod: "vf! dm 
(B) aputst hot tsum asu. yatst maldt zik dur tod: "uf! dm 

(8) mufst mit /" "Was?" sagt der Kranke, "das ist wider vnseren 
(H.J.) must mit!" "Vas?" zqqt dar eraijce, "das ist vsder unseren 
(B) muf mit! "vas! 3 " zaqt dur crauc, "das if vidur unsurn 

(9) Bund, Du hast mir noch keinen Boten geschickt, wie wir es 
(H.J.) bund. Dm hast msr nok cjnen boten gejict, ve wet es 
(B) bunt. dm ho J mur nok eu bodu g'.fict, i? murz 

(10) ausgemacht liaben" "Keinen Boten?''' sagt der Tod. "Hat es 
(H.J.) vsgemakt hctben." " Cjnen boten ?" zqqt dar tod. " q . Hat es 
(B) ausgumakt hebu." " cun bodu?" zaqt dur tod. " 1 hots 

(11) dir niclit am Pulse gefehlt, hat der Doctor nicht das Wasser 
(H.J.) der nikt am pulse gefalt, hat dar doctor nikt das vaser 
(B) dur net am pols gnfalt, hot dur doctur net "s vasur 

22. Verbal Transhfun, continiid. — (3) 4 sent 3 haz. It goz a hw'il obit (sum tjm pqsez), 
den 3 becumz (de) ^on 2 Jamz (4) 4 il. 3e doctor sez : " Wid ds puis iz not rjt, de (5) weter 
sez danjerus at (lues danjerus)." B. par (fu,) daz qfterwerdz complanz (himself) de 
(6) sic-man, dat x he 5 de 6 wjn 2 never 4 drinc 3 cau, ! dat %e 4 no (7) 5 apetjt 3 haz Hm-Ss 
etiy^iev hh fmd). Ny amrosez himself (de) det : " Up ! ds (8) must [cum] wid [me]." 
'"JHwot," sez de sic-man, "ddt iz agenst ft (9) agrement. l 3x %ast 4 (tm)-me 
7 [az]yet 5 no 6 mesenjer 3 sent, 'azVe^t (10) 4 cxivenanted 3 hav." " <? No mesenjer," 
sez (de) det. " <\Haz it (11) tm-de vol at-ds pv.lsfold fliaz not ur puis fald), <:haz de 
doctur ] not 3 de Voter 

13 



162 Egzqmp'lz — Hi Jerman, Ayglo-Sacsun. § 36,nrr.l0,ll. 

(12) gefdkrlich( 2S ) gefunden? 1st das kein Bote gewesen? Hast du nicht 
(H.J.) gefarlik geMnden. list das qn bote gevazen. ^Hast dm nikt 
(B) gufarlik funu. ? ij* das cun bod guvast. 1 lioj dui net 

(13) gefpiirt, dafs dir der Wein nimmer sclimeckt, dafs du nimmer essen 
(H.J.) gejpurt', das der dar vjn nimer /meet, das dui nimer esen 
(B) gufpiiurt, das dur dur vani nimur Jmact, das du nimur asu 

(14) hannst? Ware das kein Bote gewesen? Auf! deine Stunde hat 
(H.J.) canst. IVaredas cjn bote gevazen. 3f! d^ne Jtwnde hat 
(B) canst. 1 ver das cu bod guvast. uf ! dani Jtun hot 

(15) gesclilagen ! du mufst mit /" 
(H.J.) gejlciqen ! dm must mit !" 
(B) g'.fla! dm miaj mit!" 

Fre Translafun. 

Jon Jamz haz mad a pact wid Det, not tui fee, him awa until he had sent him a 
mesenjer tre or for tjmz. Tjm pqses, and Jon Jamz folz sic. <Ie doctur sez : " c£e 
puis iz bad, and de weter lues danjerus." £L i\\ daz qjiterwerdz, de pajent complanz 
dat he can not drirjc hiz wjn, and haz no apetjt fer diner. Ns enmz Det : " Up ! &s 
must cum wid me." " Hwot ! " sez de pajent, " ddt iz agenst sv pact ; u, hav not 
sent me eni mesenjer yet, az we had agred." " No mesenjer ! " sez Det. " ^ Haz not 
dj puis fald, and de doc'.ur fond dj weter danjerus. 1 Woz dat no mesenjer. IHast &s 
not persevd dat &s hadst no tast fer wjn, and canst not et. <i Iz not ddt tui be rec'nd a 
mesenjer. Up ! Sj tjm iz cum ; ds must cum wid me." 

11. Ayglo-Sacsun. 

It iz veri unsatisfacturi tm tine dat ws no so lit'l ab^t de pronunsiajun 
ov cts lajggwej from hwiq IrjgliJ woz derjvd. cTs gratest varjetiz ov 
opinyun qr held h\ Ease, Rap, and Grim on dis subject. It iz probab'l 
dat an investigajun ov local IrjgliJ*, espejali in ds nert ov Irjgland, and 
ov local Fijian, ma aford us sum elm. Hwen it iz rememberd hs lit'l 
Jclea a Lunduner haz ov a trm Scoq pronunsiajun ov nert cuntri wurdz, 
hs ma wel be pqrdund fer not noil) de pronunsiajun ov a langwej spoc'n 
in so meni dialects and at so erli a periud az && Anglo-Sacsun. But 
widst atemtin tm estdblij hwot woz de cored pronunsiajun ov dis lan- 



23. Verbal Trcmslajun, conlimid. — (12) 5 danjerus ^nd. f Iz ddt no mesenjer ben 
Cihaz ddt ben no mesenjer.) ^Hast &s not (13) felt, dat tui-de de wjn never tasted 
dat l &s 3 never 4 et (14) 2 canst. ? Wer idt no mesenjer ben (<5 dui u, men tui sa dat ddt 
woz no mesenjer). Up ! dj sr haz (15) struc. 3x must [cum] wid [me]." 






§36, nr. 11. 'Egzqmp'lz — Ayglo-Sacsua. 163 

gwej, it iz usful tun dstermin a practical mod ov uteriy ds wardz it 
contans, az eni wun hm investigats ds histori er etimoloji ov ds IiJghJ 
larjgwej must bs constantli dsliij wid Arjglo-Sacsun. 

els alfabet adopted woz roman, wid ds adijun ov trs consonants, tui 
ov hwiq qnserd tin sr t, ct, and wun, ds vsel (se), most probabli tui sr 
d, a. cLe lor) vyelz wer, it iz supozd, in meni casez distirjgwijt from ds 
fert bj an acsent ; but in ds manuscripts hwic; hav cum dsn tm us ds us 
ov ds acsent haz not ben strictli prszervd, and it haz frecwentli tm bs 
conjecturali restord. It wiad be prdcticali convenient tui pronyns ds 
vselz (a a e i o u y) 

hwen lorj, az a a (er a) a £ o ui ii 

and hwen Jert, az a a e i o (er o) la ii 

distirjgwifirj a from a, az iz sertenli neseseri in dis larjgwej. cEs combinajun 
(ea) woz probabli act-, an-, er rader eu, dz ferst vsel bsirj Jert but acsented, 
and ds secund vyel bsirj veri fantli prommst ; ws ma prdcticali, hsever, 
pronsns it a' ; dus da stil sa dad fer ded in Yercjer, and perhaps ds 
Arjglo-Sacsunz pronsnst dar {dead) in ds sam maner. Ws tirjc, el so, dat 
ds combina/un (eo) woz similerli pronsnst, namli, az ao-, ao, eo, er a\ ets. 
3s vsel i woz perhaps oca^unali uzd fer y bsfor vselz ; dus, (iett)=yet. 

Wid regard tm dz leterz b, d, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, dar ssmz not tm hav 
bsn mug dst dat da wer pronsnst az in dz etnical alfabet. 

Sle leterz (c, g) wer probabli cj, gj bsfor palatal vselz. cLis wiad acsnt 
fer (c) bsfor (e) sumtjniz sirjcirj intm g, (az (ceorl)=cjaorl, cjeorl, ms gurl, 
(cild)=cjeld, ms gild,) and gj sumt^mz sirjcirj intm y, (az (geoug)=gjaoy, 
gjeoy, ms yuy). It wiad elso ac^nt fer c and g bsirj sumtjmz rstand pur, 
az (cepau)=cjapcm, ms cep ; (gifcm)=g)evan, ms giv. Bsfor uder leterz 
(c) woz probabli=c, and (g)=g. It ssmz, hsever, az if (g) bstwsn tui 
vsels, az in ds wurd (liifige), had elwaz bsn pronsnst y, dus, luwiye ; stil 
it ma sv'n den hav bsn orijinali pron^nst gj. In ds combinajun (sc) 
ws must supoz ds (c) tm folo ds sam le az fer ds simp'l (c), and cdn- 
secwentli ws must ecspect (sc) tui fel intm / az in (sceota/i)^=scjaotati, 
scjeotan, msfuit. 3at (c) ma hav bsn pron^nst az cj on uder oca3imz elso, 
sv'n at ds end ov wurdz and silab'lz, ssmz tm folo from ds fact dat (sc) 
corespondz tm / sv'n at ds endz ov wurdz; dus, { Jisc)= perhaps fscj, 
ms fif. In SwsdiJ ws f:jnd / jenerated in ds veri maner hsr prsziimd ; but 
in Danif dz evolujun ov/ haz not tac 'n plas. Comparirj ds Old M\ Jermau 
speliij wid ds Nu Hj Jerman pronunsiajun, a similer dsvelupment ov / 
from sc ssmz tui hav tac'n plas. But in Dug ds evolujim ov /haz not 
yet bsn completed, eldo it iz admfted in ds conversajunal pronunsiajun 
ov serten wurdz in hwig it iz rit'n (sj)=sy, conversajunali /. 



16 4 Egzqmplz — Ayglo-Sacsmt. §36, nr. 11. 

Az tui de leter A, we can not tine dat it ever had a veri hard ssnd. 
We prezum it tin hav ben —liti befor vselz, and tin hav coresponded tui 
tsy ft befor licwidz ; dus, (hwit, hring, Mot, linecca) wer, we tirjc, pronsnst 
hwet y .(&c kvet,) My, Mot, hneca. We elso tine dat at de end ov a silab'l 
and a wurd it woz onli a veri fant hwisper, and at most de latest, jentlest 
ssnd ov k er q; dus, (turh, leoM, doMor) wer probabli turq, fa'qt, doqtor; 
and in dis cas de q rajt Ezili be entjrli omited er pqs intra a vsel, az in d£ 
deqvd IngliJ" wurdz turn, (trm,) lit, deter. 

<Ie leter / woz probabli =v bstwsn tui vselz, dus, (lufian) probabli 
=lmvian; dis wiad arant fer its beig sumtjinz rit'n (u)=u, and fer its 
bein ocagunali lost; dus, (Maford)=Mavord, and den lauord, and necst 
lord; (heafod)=7iaavod, and den Juauod, limd, Tiaud, ha?d, and finali lied. 

cle leter (to) woz probabli de Jermanic v rqder dan de IijgliJ w ; but 
it nrjt hav ben uzd in bat sensez. We suspect dat de Nermanz wer 
not ab'l tra prongs v, and dus sane v intra u hwar it woz posib'l, (namli, 
befor a vsel,) and omited it eltmgeder in uder plasez. 3is leter, hsever, 
semz tra hav ben uzd fer u in diftoijz in de sam wa dat de DaniJ v (hwiq 
iz a cler v befor a vsel) stil iz. It iz remqrcab'l dat de Sacsunz did not 
iiz a roman leter fer (to) hwen da qanjd from de rranic tra de roman leterz, 
but retand a pecujier caracter. 3is ma hav ben becez dar (to) had a 
ssnd not tra be fsnd in Latin, and dis wiad sertenli favur de consonant w 
in preferens tra v, liwkj iz rq,der supozd tra hav ben a Latin ssnd. Stil, 
so mug confu3un egzists betwen de ssndz to, v, v, hwiq rarli if ever egzist 
az a complet trjad in wun langwej, dat el pernts conected wid dem must 
reman in dst hwar we c\x not ab'l tra test de mater bj recurens tra livin 
speq. It ma be most convenient tra rjt, and darfor promms, to, fer de 
Anglo-Sacsun (to); but hwar it wild be dificult tra pronsns de to, az befor 
de consonants I, r, in (wlitcm, wrltan,) v ma be emplod, dus^vletau, or dan, 
eldo it iz \>\ no menz imposib'l tra sa tolstan, wretan. 

cle leterz (]> <5) wer pronsnst f ti. Mug confi^mi iz fsnd in dar us h\ 
diferent rjterz, and it iz dificult tra asert pozitivli hwic, woz hwiq. Stil, 
we belev dat de ferst woz t and de secund ck ; becez de secund s^n iz 
evidentli derjvd from d, and de ferm ov de ferst s|n iz de sam az dat ws 
uzd in felandic, hwar it iz elwaz proirsnst t. 

Az a spesimen, we furni/ hwot iz supozd tra be de jenuj.ii old Sacsun 
ov Caclmon, in tui fermz, az giv'n on paj xxii ov Mr. r Ierps (Thorpe's) 
earful edijun ov Cadmonz metrical parafraz ov de Old Testament. 3ar 
iz a grat diferens ov speliij, but we dst hweder dar woz muq real diferens 
ov pronunsiajim, az wil be sen bj comparin de pronunsiajun hwic; we hav 
asjnd tui eq yer/un. 



§ 36, nr. 11. 



Egzqmplz — Ayglo-Sacsun. 



165 



Tui prevent misconsep/un, we must agen stat, ctat ctis prouuiisiajuii iz 
onli giv'n az conjectural, and iz racier practical clan strictli fonetic. We 
hav not yet cte menz ov restoriij cte Aijglo-Sacsun prouunsiajun in fill, 
but we qr ab'l tui restor it sufifentli for cte purpusez ov etiinoloji, hwiq 
iz rqcter consernd wict grmps ov vselz and consonants ctan wict minut 
modificajunz and Jadz ov ssnd. 



From 


(Cadmon.) p*) 
Badqz er Bedz Echziastical Histori. 


F 


(Cadmon.) ( 2t ) 
rom a manuscript at £lj. 


(1) 


nu we sceolan lierian. 
niu wa scja'lan harian 


(1) 


mi scylun hergan. 
nm sciilian hargjaii 


(2) 


heofon-rices weard. 
ha'von-reees wa'rd 


(2) 


he/an ricaes nard. 
havan recas wqrd 


(3) 


metodes milite. 
mat odes mikte 


(3) 


metudaes maecti. 
matiadas makti 


(4) 


and his mod-get one. 
and his mod-getoijc 


W 


end his mbd-gidanc. 
end his mod-giddnc 


(5) 


wera wuldor-fceder. 
warn wialdor-fader 


(5) 


uerc-uuldnr fadur. 
werc-wuldiar fqdur 


(6) 


sica he wundra gehwees. 
swq, ha wundra gehwds 


(6) 


sue lie wundra gihuaes. 
swa ha wundra gihwds 


(7) 


ece dry Men. 
ace driikten 


(?) 


eci dryctin. 
aci driiktin 


(8) 


oord onstealde. 
ord onsta'lde. 


(8) 


or astelidce. 
or astalida. 


(9) 
(10) 


he arest gesceojj. 
ha arest gescja'p 

eordan beamum. 
a'rdon ba'rniam 


(9) 
(10) 


he aerist scop. 
ha arest scjop 

aelda bar num. 
alda bqraiam 


(11) 


heofon to lirqfe. 
ha'von to brave 


(11) 


heben til hrofe. 
haven til hrovc 



24. Verbal TransUfun. — (1) Ns we ar-b*nd-tui praz, (2) hev'nz-cindumz roerd 
(gctrdian) (3) (de)-createrz mjt, (4) and hiz mmd-tet (providens), (5) menz glori-fader, 
[acerdit) tui is Eli verfv.n, warc-glori fqd-er] (6) az (hs) he ov-wunderz ec, (7) eternal 
lord, (8) beginin instituted. (9) He ferst created (10) 2 erts ] fer- 3 gildi-en [acerdig tut 
is Sli re,-f», r-ov-ott 'for-^ildrcnl (11) hev'nz for [a]-rmi, (12) holi creater ! 



166 



Egzqmp'lz — drjglo-Sacsun, Bug. § 36, nrr. 11, 12. 



(12) halig scyppend.( 25 ) 
hqliq scj upend 


(12) 


halig scepenS^) 
hqliq scjapen 


(13) ta middangeard. 
tq midan-gja'rd 


(13) 


ta middungeard. 
tq midun-gja'rd 


(14) money nnes weard. 
mon-ciines wa'rd 


(14) 


mon-cynnces uard. 
mon-cunas wqrd 


(15) ece dryhten. 
ace driikten 


(15) 


eci dryctin. 
aci driiktin 


(16) after teode. 
after ta'de 


(16) 


cefter tiadce. 
after te'da 


(17) firimi foldau. 
feram foldan 


(17) 


fwiim fold. 
feram fold 


(18) frea celmihtig. 
fraq, almiktiq 


(18) 


frea allmectlg. 
fraq almektiq 


Frs Tra 
Ns qx we bimd tiu praz 
3.E ceper ov hev'nz cirjdum, 
3e grat createrz mjt, 
And el hiz providens. 
Hs he, manz glorius fader, 
Ov everi wundrus tirj 
(He iz de Lerd eternal !) 
Did de beginirj ferm. 
And ferstli den he frarnd, 


nshfun. 

Fer us de sunz ov ert, 
<Ie hev'nz az a rurf . 
(Holi iz de Creater !) 
And den de mid'l ert 
Manqndz eterncd Cirj 
Ss everlqstirj Lerd 
Created in its turn, 
<Ie grand on hwig we stand 
(He iz de Lerd 61m jti.) 



12. Bug. 

Glcto cts glosarial rezemblans ov cte Dug tui cte IrjgiiJ larjgwej iz veri 
grat, cte pronunsiajun ov cte Dug larjgwej prezents veri serius dificultiz tui 
IijgliJ erganz ov spec;, oil) tui cte number ov its vselz, and cte frecwent 
recurens ov veri liqrf guturalz. We hav herd it reported ctat a Ducman 
hui haz livd meni yerz in lrjgland, and haz cfarfor acwjrd cte Irjgli/ laij- 
gwej perfectli, declarz "it macs hiz trot sor tui spec Dug." 3is iz ov 
cors a plafial egzajerajun, but it iz at cte sam tjm most caracteristic ov cte 
larjgwej in cwestyun. 



25. Verbal Transhf an, contimid. — (13) den inid-yqrd (ert), (14) man-cjndz werd 
(15) eternal lerd, (16) after- [werdz] driu-fort, (17) fer-men [de] -grand, (18) rraler 
elm jti. 



§ 36, m\ 12. Efjzq^plz—Buq. 107 

We hav not had opurtmiitiz ov studiiij de pronunsia/un from Ducjmen, 
and we darfor prezent de folohj ecsplanajun and egzqmp'l wid grat dif- 
idens on de etoriti ov a fu lesunz from a Jerman, and d£ obzervajunz in 
Mqrfalz Dug gramer. 

3e mod ov spelin Dug haz ben latli revjzd and mad fonetic, so dat 
hwen de ssndz qr wuns acwjrd lit'l er no dificulti ocurz in pronsnsin de 
wurdz demselvz. cEe prinsip'l ov de vsel notajun iz tui uz eni giv'n 
simp'l sjn, az a bref vsel, 1) hwen it iz not folod b\ eni consonant and iz 
unacsented; 2) hwen it iz unacsented and folod b^ a shjg'l consonant 
hwiq iz in turn imedyetli folod b[ a vsel ; — az a stopt vsel, 1) hwen it iz 
folod bj a sing'l consonant at de end ov a wurd ; 2) hwen it iz folod b\ 
tui consonants er b\ a dub'l consonant in de mid'l ov a wurd ; — and az a 
loy vsel, hwen it iz acsented and not folod bj a consonant, er onli folod 
b\ a siijg'l consonant hwiq iz in turn imedyetli folod bj a vsel. In uder 
casez, a Ion vsel iz ecsprest b\ a d|graf er b\ dubhrj de simp'l vsel s^n. 

3e foloin or de valqz ov de varius simp'l and combjnd vsel s|nz : — 

(a)=q Ion, a bref and stopt. 

(e)=a Ion, e stopt, and sumtin \\o, e er e hwen bref. 

(i)=s Ion, i stopt, and i- bref. 

(o)=q Ion and o (^.o) bref. 

(u)=u Ion and u stopt and bref. 

(aa, ee, oo, uu)=q, «(?), o, v. 

(ai)=ai ; (aai)=qi. 

{au)-=.au j {aau, aauw)=qM. 

(ei}=iu er IijgliJ" i veri nerli, az in loland Scoq. 

(eu)=o ; (eeu, eeuw)=o (?). 

(ie)=e; (ieu. ieuw)=eu (?.) 

(oe)=m ; (oei)=mt, ui. 

(ooi)=oi; (ou)=ou (=s veri nerli). 

(ui)=oi [er uu (?)]. 

<Ie consonants (b, d, f, h, I, m, n, p, r, <<?, t, v, z) qr ssnded az in de 
etnical alfabet, r bein elwaz trild. 

3e leter (c)=s befor palatal and c befor non-palatal vselz, but (c7>) 
elwaz reprezents de heir Jest gutural k, and (sck)=sk. 

3e leter (g) iz elwaz de hen-Jest gutural 'q. 

cTe leter (j)=g, but in de combinajun (ij) hwic, iz ns uzd hwar (y) woz 
fermerli rit'n, it iz onli an egzilieri sjn, fer (ij) iz indistnjgwijab'l from 
de IijgliJ difton %. 

cIe leter (k) elwaz = c, (qu)=cv, (w)=v, (x)=cs, (y) hwen uzd ==|. 



168 Egzqmplz—Dug. § 36, nr. 12. 

3e prezens ov v in adijun tra v in dis langwej obljjez us tra. uz de 
proper sp fer v, and not tra confuiz it wid v. 

cTe fdloirj pasej from Bilderdjc iz cwoted from ds prefes tui Bozwurts 
Arjglo-Sacsun Dicjuneri, p. cix. We hav elterd (in meedeelt) in ds terd 
ljn intra (mededeelt), in deferens tra de translajun hwiq he givz ; dar semd 
tra bs a misprint. 

Bllderdijk. De dieren. ( 26 ) 
Bilderdjc. De dsren. 

(1) vloeibaar IrfaiiJcen, waar, met d' adem uitgegoten 
O vliaibq,r claijcen, vqr met d' q,dem oit-qeqoten 

(2) De ziel (cds Godlijk Held, in stralen afgesclwten,) 
De zel (als Godljc likt, in stralen af-geskoten,) 

(3) Zicli-zelve mededeelt! Meer dan Held of melodij ; 
Zik-zelve made-dalt ! Mar dan likt of malodj ; 

(4) Maar schepsel van H gevoel, in de engste harmonij 
Mqr skepsel van *t gevral, in d" erjste harmonj 

(5) Die H stqfloos met liet stof vereenigt en vermengelt ! 
Ds *t stoflos met het stof veraniqt en vermeijelt ! 

(6) Door wie zicli H hart ontlast, verademt, en verengelt ! 
Dor V8 zik *t hqrt ontldst, verademt, en vereijelt ! 

(7) Gij, band der wezens ; en geen ijdel kimstgetvrocht, 
Q£, band der vazens ; en qan Jdel cianst-gevrokt, 

(8) Door arbeidzaam verstand met moeite en vlijt gezocld, 
Dor drbjdzqjn verstand met muit en vljt gezdkt, 

(9) Maar goddelijke gift, met d' ademtocht van H leven 
Mar qode-ljce qift, met d* ddemtokt van *t laven 

(10) Aan 't schepsel ingestort, zoo verr' er geesten zioeven. 
Sn 't skepsel in-gestort, zo ver er qasten zvaven. 

26. Verbal Translajim. — Bilderdjc. 3.e Bests. (1) O licwid syndz, hwar (in hwic), 
2 wid 3 de 4 bret ^ord-^t, (2) cEe sol, (az god-lje l^ct, in bemz fot-of (emanated) ), (3) Itself 
impqrts ! Mar dan ljt er melodi ; (4) Mer cretijr ov (de) felir), in de closest hqrmoni 
(5) Hiu de im-material wid (de) mater unjts and confsndz ! (6) Txui hram 'itself *de 
2 hqrt 3 unburd'nz, 4 spiritn,aljzez, 5 and 6 anjelisjzez ! (7) Ye, bond ov-(de) beirjz ; and no 
id'l wurc-ov-qrt, (8) Bj industrius intelijens wid labur and panz set--5t, (9) But godlje 
gift, wid de bret-drqft ov (de) l]f (10) upon de cretur pord, so far [az] dar Spirits 
^uver. 



§ 36, hit. 1:2, 13. tyzqmp'lz—Dug, Banif. L69 

Frt- Translafun. 
O licwid ssndz, hwarih, az hcv'nli lit 
Zed of in bemz, ds sol, pord st in bret, 
Imports itself ! Mor dan mer ljt or mtizic, 
Cretiyz ov feliij, dat in strict acerd 
tie imaterial wid mater blend ! 
'lnu huim de unbiird'nd hajt brcdz aujel-ljc 
Ye bond ov mertcilz ! not an jd'l to* 
Wid panful indnstri and ajt completed, 
But divjn gift, pord wid de brefc ov ljf 
On el creajun hwar a sol egzists. 

13. Danif. 

It iz elmost usles atemtiij tui indicat de pronunsiajun ov a kqjgwej 
hwicj, elcto not tiu de sam ecstent az de Irjglif, iz so unfoneticali reprs- 
zented, az de DaniJ iz b\ its prezent speliij. 3r on ecsperiens ov DaniJ h 
conf(nd tui heriij 6te pronunsiajun ov a sirjg'l Dan ; and we Jud M no 
confidens in prezentirj eni spesimen ov DaniJ pronunsiajun on sr on 
etoriti. It iz darfor wid ple3ur dat we tac an opurtimiti ov transcribirj 
a pasej from de simbulz emplod bj Doctur Rap, (fflz. ov Sp., vol. 3, 
p. 256,) hui had de giad fertun tui rezjd for sum tjm in Denmqrc, and 
tui be a pupil ov de selebrated etimolojist Base. It wil be sufijent tui 
obzerv in dis plas, dat {a, e, i, u, y,) qr=#, a, e, w, u, hwen lorn and 
a, e, i, u, it hwen stopt ; but dat a iz veri frecwentli uzd for q, espejali in 
Cop'nhag'n, (er Cjovnhm, az de inhabitants eel it.) cle leter (o) iz sed 
tiu hav for ssnclz, o, o ; p, g. We hav frecwentli fond it veri dificult tui 
distingwij de g ssnd from m, in rediij. cle vsel {<%) iz aparentli mor 
palatal dan (e), and ma =k, e. cle vsel (e), for hwic,, in DaniJ qtiij, de 
cros bar projects on bot s^dz ds leter, iz sed elso tui hav for ssndz, 
o, b ; g, g ; but Rap, in hiz egzamp'lz, onli uzez tui, 6, 6. Tui sr erz, 
de pronunsiajun ov (ee), for egzcmrp'l, woz diferent from and deper dan 6. 
cle combinajun (aa) reprezents de simp'l \se\ e hwen loij, and o hwen 
stopt. It must elso he remqret, dat 

(ae, av, ee, oe, oe, eg, ov, uu, eg) 

qi' jenerali prommst q (or a), au, a, o, g, id, cm, tu, v. 

tie comun wm'dz, (de, mig, dig, sig, jeg) qr pronsnst de, mui, did, sui, 
yui, hwar ui=i veri nail. 

Amur) ds consonants it iz onli neseseri tui remqrc, dat (b) iz jenerali 
surje intui v betwen tui vselz, dat (c) beciimz 6' befor palatal v^elz, dat 
(d) iz frECwentli mqt, espejali after liewidz, and iz =d hwen fjnal, er 
betwrn vz>elz, but uderw^z =d. 3s leter g, az elredi Jon, of'n asists in 

Id 



170 Egzqmp'lz—Danif. § 36, nr. 13. 

fermin diftoijz, and hwen fjnal, iz pronsnst veri softli, ( q . az q or u.) and 
bat de leterz (A, g) qr wec'nd, dat iz 3 bscum cj, gj bsfor palatalz. Sfc 
combinajun (<$/) iz suintjmz pronsnst/, a s#nd hwig uderwjz duz not ociir 
in ds langwej, and iz not notist bj teoretical ortoepists. 3e leter h iz not 
proivsnst bsfor (v) or {/). 

ifyw* Alddin. ( 27 ) 

(1) ^W /^«^ ^er sheer i verden mart for minder, 
Alt vqd dar scjar i varen snqrt forsvinur, 

(2) D£w storste Handling varer Jcun et Blmid ; 
Dan storste hanlin varur cian et bhm ; 

(3) / gamle Rimer som i gamle Minder, 
I gamle rumur som i gamle minnr, 

(4) Ben fromme Saga soger Redning kun ; 
Dan frome sqga sogur radnin cian ; 

(5) At Glemsels-Taagen ei den overvinder 
At glemselz-tegen ui dan ovurvinur 

((*)) Maa Sagnet vtekkes, tolkes mangen Stund, 
Me saianut vecus, tolcus manen stian, 

(7) Og for nu svunde Liv tidt atforynge, 
Oia for nm sviane lev tit at forur/e, 

(8) Gud skabte Sangeren, og lod ham synge. 
Gmd scqbte sanuren, oia lod ham siine, 

Fre Translafun. 
Hwotar haz hap'nd, sum must pas awa ! 
cle gratest acjunz vanif ljc a slep ! 
In anient rumz, er in memorial linz, 
<Ie phis Saga set tin be prezervd ; 
But dat oblivyunz ctsd ma nar enjred it, 
3e tal must be awact, and oft ecspland. 
And dat past ]jf m|t oft be bern agen, 
God mad de tunful bard, and bad him sin. 

27- Verbal Translafun. — (1) 61 hwot $ar (hwotever) hap'nz in Vurld-Me cwicli 
vdnijez, (2) <Ie gratest ded lasts onli a slumber ; (3) In old ruinz [de anjent Scan- 
dinavian leterz], az in old monuments, (4) <Ie pjus Saga [old Scandinavian lejend] 
sees safti onli; (5) In-erder-dat oblivyunz-clsdz 2 not Ht [de ded?] 1 ma- 3 overcum, 
(6) Must de-balad be awac'nd, be-interpreted meni [an]-^r, (7) And Mn-erder 7 ns 
4 vanift 5 ljf 6 of'n 2 tra 3 end^-md-freJ-a,t, (8) God created 2 siner- 1 de and let (mad, bid) 
bim sir). 



§ 36, nr. 14. Egzqmp'lz — Loland Scot;. 171 

It. Loland Scog. 

c£e Loland Scot; djalect haz mcni clamz upon cm Irjglijmcmz atenjnn. 
It iz aniider laijgwej rader dan a msr djalect, fermd from de sain elements 
az de IijgliJ, wid perhaps les intermicstur ov de Frencj, and a grater far 
ov de DaniJ element. It iz in meni respects cm older lcujgwej dan de 
IijgliJ; dat iz tui sa, it iz in a les ferwerd staj ov develupment, becez 
it haz had, compdrativli, f n rjterz ; it elso contanz meni ov de trui 
Jermanic szmdz hwicj q,r not fsnd in de laggwej ov de sst ov Iijgland ; 
and it haz ov lat yerz ben of'n conspicuusli prezented tui de IrjgliJ public 
in Scots novelz, Burnzez and Tomz poemz, and de Scocj soijz wid hwicj 
Mr. Wilsim so liberali entertanz sr erz. If, inded, it wer onli tui b£ 
fsnd in de r^tiuz ov Scot and Burnz, it wud be wurt hw^l for an IijgliJ- 
man tiu acw|r sum nojun ov its pronunsiajun. Nun hwotever iz fur- 
nijt b\ de convenjunal ertografi hwiq haz ben adopted. We hav onli had 
an opurtqniti ov studiirj de pronunsiajun for a veri Jert tjm, from a siijg'l 
Scocjman ; but we belev dat we hav ben enab'ld tiu juj ov de alfabet wid 
tolerab'l corectnes. 

cTe complet Scocj alfabet aperz tuik: 

Loy Vvelz e — a a a, e 6 ouiiio 

Sort Vaeh ' i i e e ft o — o u ii. o u 

Liftoyz ui, oi, oi, an, etu 

Coalesents and Brediij y w, h 

Ecsplodents p b, t d, cj — , c g 

Continuants f v, t ct, s z, J 3, lc — , k 

Licivich r 1, m 11 ij. 

cCe cjef ponts tui be noted bj an Irjglijman q,r : 

cLe prezens ov de vselz 0, ii, 0, z, e, a, o, u, 6, hwicj dm not ociir in IijgliJ' ; 
de natur ov de diftoijz, espejali de diftoijz m, at, neder ov hwicj ociir in 
IflgliJ, and hwicj replas de IijgliJ i at diferent tjmz. Ov etis, 111 iz veri 
nerli de trui IijgliJ i, and Inglifmen ma darfor substitut % for it, hw^l ai 
veri nerli =qi, de ssnd giv'n in Iijgland tui de siijg'l wurd {aye). cTe Scocj, 
hui elwaz substitut a for a, (az da sem tui hav no consepjun ov de ssiul 
ov a,) consev, siugulerli eniif, dat at iz de trui IijgliJ i, and dat ui iz a 
ndroer ssnd (se p. 96, lcist Ijn). cCe fact iz, bot ov de Scocj substituts for 
de Iijgiif 1, or breder dan de IijgliJ i=ai, az wun iz m, and de uder at. 
Wid regard tiu de consonants, de prezens ov de wec'nd cj befcSr palatal 
vselz, iz remqrcab'l ; olso de us ov k, k, and de absens ov de gutural, 
and palatal .ir, m. 

cle grat dificultiz ov pronunsiajun senter in de numcrus vselz, in hwiq 
de Scocj laijgwej iz ev'n ricjer dan de Frencj, if de nazal vselz be ecschuded. 



172 Egzqmp'lz—Loland Scog. § 36, m\ 14. 

cLe s?mcl * iz oca3unali spelt (ee), az in {Auld Reekie)— el rid; but it 
sumtjmz qnserz tui (z), az {pUy)=piti. cLe vsel i duz not aper tui ociir 
stopt, eldo it iz frecwent az a bref vsel. cLe stopt i iz replast bj e. Wid 
regard tui de vselz e, e, hwig we hav hidertui ben unab'l tui seperat, we ma 
remqrc, dat, company de Inglif e wid de Scog e, e, we fjnd Irjglij" e sum- 
hwot deper dan Scog <?, but a giid del h|er dan Scog e. cle Scog e iz 
darfor probabli de sam az de Italy an e, and de Italy anz perhaps distnjgwij 
e, e mug in de sam wa az de Scog. If dis iz reali de cas — but we hav 
not sufijent ecsperiens ov dez nu ssndz tui worant us in disturbin si vsel 
seem, — it wud be neseseri tui introdiis seperet sjnz for de Inglif e and de 
Scog e, e. In dis cas we Jiad reprezent de IngliJ h\ e, and de Scog h[ e, a; 
a beiij de trui Jert vsel ov de veri dep a\ and e ljirj betwen de Jort ov & and 
de Jort ov a ; dus : 

£ i R — a 

i i e e a 
cle Scog e iz elwaz reprezented bj (i) in Scog spelhj, and e=0 bj (a) or (e). 
cle Scog a iz «o# a veri bred wun, and ma ezili be confiizd wid a. cle a iz 
never pronsnst ljc sr IngliJ «, and must be cept cwjt distirjct. An Irjglif- 
man had beter pronyns it q er o, dan a. In fact, an Irjglijman jenerali 
acuzez a Scogman ov sail) mon fer «&a», hwards he onli sez man. cle IxjgliJ 
man iz, lnrever, a deper, do a ijner ssnd dan de Scog man wiad be. If de 
difton we reprezent h\ m, be not reali compozd ov dez elements, den it 
must be ai; and dis wud qnser tui de Scog |dea, dat it iz ei, fer de 
Scog el wiad be sr ai ; and in ddt cas, it wud inded be trui dat wun ov 
de Scog {z wer ndroer dan de IngliJ %. Tui tsy erz, lisever, ui semz tui be 
de beter reprezentativ ov de Scog diftorj referd tui. els vsel 6 iz elwaz 
spelt (o), it iz not acnolejd b| de Scog, hui tine da sa o; we hav herd it 
in Yercfer elso, Mm bein sed fer ham. cle lor) u duz not aper tui be veri 
ngual; it iz of'n bred'nd intui 6 er jert'nd intui li ; dus, {guid) iz pro- 
nsnst gud. and bj de pezantri ged=gad, hwjl {puir) beciimz ^or, just ljc 
de Treng {peur). 

Egzqmp'lz ov de tui diftorj z ui, az, wil be fond in de fdloin poem ov 
Burnzez ; we ma ajuir 31* Scog rederz dat it wiad be not onli ron, but 
ludicrus, in an Irjglijman, tui mac de distincjunz hwig it wiad be ron fer 
a Scogman tui omit. We sa cr%, cr%m, ti, tpn, wid presjsli de sam diftorj 
in eg cas ; a Scogman must sa crai, crutm, tat, tmm.( 28 ) 

28. Bj de qndnes ov Profeser Gregori, we q,r ab'l tm fiu-nij a list ov wurdz in hwic; 
de tid diftoijz m, at (er az we Jal mor convenientli reprezent dem in acerdans wid de 
convenjunz in de tecst, ui, ai) q,r discriminated bj Scog speccrz, hwar da or confiizd under 



§ 30, nr. 14. Egzqmp'lz — Loland Scog. 173 

Az Scog iz a lctijgwej we kav veri frscwentli tin reprEzent in IngliJ wuros, 
it iz nesescri tm lmv a practical, etnical mod ov rjtiij it. \Xz propoz, 
darfor, tin redus ds Scoq alfabet dus, fer d£ us ov Scoqmen and Inglijnien : 

Let i be repixzented b^ e; an Iijglifman wiad uderwjz never distirjgwij 
* from i ; h\ maciij it s we sav ds vsel, and a Scoqnian wil inEcdnicali 
pronsns it J"ert. We q,r elso not cwjt serten hweder it iz elwaz pronsnst 
Jort in suq wurdz az liid, fitq, rw, hwiq ma bs best rit'n hsd,fsg, rec. 
Let i bs rit'n fer brsf i and stopt e, ddt iz, let us retail nikt, in, circ, mire, 
fer nekt en, cjerc, 1/ierc, in erder tm csp dem distinct from d£ IijgliJ nekt, 
en, cere, mere, hwiq tm a Scoqman wiad apsr tm ssnd nakt, an, care, marc, 
and darfor b£ incorect. Let e hz rit'n fer ds Scoq d=e. Let a bs nzd 
fer a, az it jenerali iz in ds etnical alfabet. 3e vsel 6 ma sder fel intui 
o er o ; fer Inglifmen ds simboljzaj'un o iz preferab'l. cTe nder vselz ar 
el etnical. 

3e diftoijz had beter not bs reprszented b[ ds contracted fermz /, 'o, 8, y, 
on acsnt ov ds dub'l femi under hwiq i apErz. It wiad bs darfor beter tm 
uz ds sjnz ui ai, oi, au, im; fer d£ % iz not so distirjct az sr im. At ds bs- 
giniij ov wurdz and silab'lz, ym wiad bs mor corect dan im. 3e consonant 
cj wud not bs distingwift from c, b£cez d£ fdloirj palatal vsel iz sufifent 
tm marc ds distiijcjun ; and dar iz elso no n£d tm disthjgwij k from k, 
az d£ distincfun duz not s£m tm bs jenerali felt bj Scoqmen. It wud 
aper dat k iz sumtjmz nzd after non-palatal and k after palatal vselz, in 
Scoq ; perhaps in bot casez widst conjusnes on ds pqrt ov cIe sp£cer. 



de shjg'l s^snd ov j bj Inglij'men. 3s list iz aranjd acerdin tui de fjnal consonants, 
and de wurdz aj reprezented etnicali. Be/or j), puip, tuip, truip, wuip ; befor b, bruib, 
gnib, cuib, truib ; befor t, buit, truit, cuit, suit, ruit (and hwen in imitajun ov Ingli/ 
pronunsiajun ds gutural s^nd ikt iz not pronynst hwar in Inglif we sa it, de Scog sem 
tui sa uit) ; befor d, wuid, buid, bruid, tuid, quid, guid, buid, raid, suid ; in pa.st pqr- 
tisip'lz, cvoid, daid, fraid, laid, said (bwen not sikt), spaid, taid, fraid, paid, dendid ; 
befor c, duic, luic, puic, tuic ; befor f fuif, luif, nuif, wuif ; befor v, daiv, faiv, laiv (aj.), 
aldiv, ardiv, jraiv, traiv; but wuiv (v.), luivz (s. pi.) ; befor i, bluid, luid, suid; befor s, 
duis, luis, muis, nuis, pruis, ruis, truis, twuis, truis, spuis, vuis, wuis (wiz) ; befor z, 
saiz, praiz, gaiz, uderwaiz, raiz ; and in pliuralz and verbz, az paiz, taiz, fraiz, di*aiz, 
daiz, spaiz, laiz, dendiz, vaiz, saiz (bwen not siks), gaiz, baiz, Jaiz ; befor 1, puil, tuil, 
gnil, fuil, muil, nuil, vuil, bwuil ; guild ( ? ), muild, wuild, puild, tuild, fuild, beguile! ; 
befor al, traial, daial, vaial, dendial ; befor r, bair, baier, daier, fair, tair, sair, dezdir, 
Jail 1 {hwen alon), lair, laier. 

It wud dus aper dat ai iz jenerali fsnd bwen not Mod bj a consonant, and de ssnd 
iz retand hwen d, z folo bj gramaticol inflecjun ; and dat ai iz elso fond befor r, z , 
but dat uderwjz v.i iz mor comun. Au Tnglijman, haz, hyever, a dificidli in ev'n 
aprebcndiij suq a disthjefuu, aud be sertenli never obzervz it. 



174 Egzqmp'lz — Lolancl Scog. § 36, nr. 14. 

3~£ etnicctl reprezentajun ov de Scog alfabet wil darfor be : 
Loy Vaelz g a a q, e o ra u , 6 

Eert Vaelz — ieaoouudu 

Diftoyz ui ai, oi, au, im 

Coalesents and Brsiiy y w ; h 

Ecsplodents p b, t d, c g 

Conthuiants f v, t d, s z, J 3, k 

Licwidz r 1, m n rj 

Iii cte fdloin egzqmp'l from Burnz, hwig ws liav rit'n dsn from cte dict- 
ajun ov a Scogman hm iz olso a giad fonografer, d£ italic l|nz giv Burnzez 
ertografi ; &£ ljnz mqrct (F) prezent de complet fonetic reprezentajun ov 
de pasej, az wel az ws wer ab'l tin colect it h\ &t er ; (E) givz ds practical 
etnical form, acerdin tin cte abuv convenjnnz ; and it iz dis mod ov spelirj 
hwig we Jiad jenerali adopt in printirj Scots novelz and Burnzez poemz, 
No atemt, hsever, iz mad tin indicat d£ p£cnlier Scog ton, &e hof drel 
and hqf sin -son maner in hwig da sp£c, wid d£ rjzirj inflecfun or intonajun 
tordz d£ end ov d£ sentens, hwig iz so turoli un-lnglij dat a Scogman iz 
jenerali dfitected b| it Ion qjtter m£r diferensez ov vsel ssndz hav bm 
overciim. 3is can not b£ convad b\ simbulz beter dan h[ d£ wurdz 
"wid d£ Scog intonajun." L|c ol uder materz collected wid ssnd, it 
must hav bm herd b£for it can b£ aprejiated. But el de vsel and con- 
sonant stmdz in Scog ociir in uder langwejez, and darfor doz hm can 
promms IiJgliJ, Freng, and Jerman, can lern lis tm pronsns Scog, in- 
tonajun ecsepted, b\ nrniz ov a complet fonetic reprezentajun. 

Burnz. — Buy can Gra,. ( 29 ) 

Buncan Gray came here to woo, 
(F) durjcan gra cam her tu win, 

(E) Duncan Gra cam her tu wui, 

On blithe yule night ivhen we toere fou, 

(F) on blait yiil nekt hwen w£ wer fin, 

(E) On blait yul nikt hwen w£ wer fin, 

Maggie coost her headfii heigh, 

(F) magi cjost her hid fu Ink, 
(E) Magi cost her h£d fu li£k, 



29. Verbal Transl&fun. 

Durjcan Gra cam her tm ww, 

On bljt ifl [Crismas] njt bwen wc wcrfiu [mad, rjutus, tipsi] 

Magi cast her hed fial hj } 



§ 36, nr. I -I Egzqmp'lz — Loland Scog. 175 

( 30 ) Look'd ankle at and unco skeigh, 
(F) luct asclent an mjcu scjik, 

(E) Luct asclent an uijcu seek, 

Gart poor Duncan stand abe'ujh. 

(F) gert por dun can sten abik. 

(E) Gert por Duncan sten abek. 

Duncan fleecJi d and Duncan pray d ; 

(F) duncan fliqt an duijcan priid ; 

(E) Duijcan fkcjt an Duncan prad ; 

Meg was deaf as Ailsa Craig, 

(F) meg wuz dif az yelza crag, 

(E) Meg wuz def az Yelza Crag, 

Duncan siglid baitli out and in, 

(F) duncan sekt bat uit an en, 

(E) Duncan sikt bat uit an in, 

Grat his een baitli bleer't and bliu , 

(F) grat hcz en bat blsrt an bleu, 

(E) Grat biz sn bat blsrt an blin, 

Spak o' lowpin o'er a linn. 

(F) spac o lopen aur a len. 

(E) Spac o lopin aur a lin. 

Time and chance are but a tide, 

(F) tmm an qans qr but a tuid, 

(E) Tuim an qqns qr but a tuid, 

Slighted love is sair to bide, 

(F) slekted luv ez sar tu buid, 
(E) Slikted luv iz sav tu buid, 

30. Verbal Transhfun, continnd. 

Luct ascent and vcri/i [disdanfial], 

Mad purr Duijcan stand a-bi [asjd, at a distans]. 

Duncan flaterd [beset in a flaterin, smdin, cajolin maner], and Duncan prad ; 

Mag woz def az Blsa Crag ; 

Duncan sjd bat xt and in [bot sjlentli and aMd?], 

Crjd liiz \z bot blerd and bljnd, 

Spoc ov lepiij over a weter-fel. 

Tjm and qq.ns ar but a tjd, 

Sljted luv iz bqrd tui bjd ; 



17C Egzqm/lz — Loland Scog. § 36, m\ 14. 

( 31 ) Shall I, like a fool, quoth he, 

lis, 
he. 



(F) 


? Jal ai, luic a fiil, cwo 


(E) 


'iSal ai, luic a fiil, cwo 




For a haughty hizzie die ? 


(F) 


for a hekti hezi ds. 


(E) 


For a hekti hizi de. 



She may gae to — France for me ! 
(F) Je ma ga tu-— Frqns fur ms ! 

(E) Xe ma ga tu — Frqns fur ms ! 

How it comes let doctors tel, 

(F) hui et cumz let docturz tel, 

(E) Hui it cumz let docturz tel, 

Mag grew sick — as hs grew heal, 

(F) meg greui sic — az he greui hal, 

(E) Meg grim sec — az hs grim hal, 

Something in her bosom wrings, 

(F) sumterj en her boz'm rerjz, 

(E) Sumtirj in her bez'm rirjz, 

For relief a sigh she brings ; 

(F) for rilef a sek Je brerjz ; 

(E) For relsf a sik Je brirjz ; 

And 0, her een, they spak sic things 

(F) and o, her eh, da spac sec terjz ! 

(E) And o, her En, eta spac sic tirjz ! 

Duncan was a lad o' grace, 

(F) duijcan wuz a led o gras, 
(E) Duncan wuz a led o gras, 



31. Verbal Translafun, cord 

SEctl \, ljc a fiul, cwot he, 

Fer a heti huzi dj. 

Ee ma go tm — Frqns fer me ! [fer hwot j car] . 

Hs it cumz let docturz tel, 

Mag grui sic — az lie grm hal [hqrdi, stron, wel,] 

Sumtin in her buiz'm riyz [tarz, pialz, hurts], 

Fer relef a sj Je brinz ; 

And, q ! her |z, da spoc sug tinz. 

Duncan woz a lad ov gras ; 



§ 3 G, nrr.1 4,15. Egzqmp'lz — Lola ml Scog, Old Tyglif. I 7 7 

( 32 ) Maggie's was a piteous case, 
(F) magiz wuz a pitius cas, 

(E) Magiz wuz a pstius cas, 

Duncan could na be her death, 

(F) duijcan cud na be her dat, 

(E) Duijcan cud na be her dat, 

Swelling pity smoofd his wrath ; 

(F) swelin piti smord hcz rat ; 

(E) Swelin psti smord hiz rat ; 

Now they 're crouse and canty baith . 

(F) nui eta t crius an canti biit. 
(E) Nui eta t crms an canti bat. 

15. Old Ljglif and Qeserz Iyglif. 

Glcto Duq and Danif cu' bot veri modern kujgwejez, desendants ov de 
Old Fijian and Old Ners respectivli, we hav giv'n clem ds prsssdens ov 
Iijglif, becez eta retan mug mor ov ctar orijinal Jermanic fermz, bot 
gramatical and fonetic, dan st on laijgwej ; cts Scog dialect iz elso mor 
Jerman, foneticali considerd, dan cte Iijglif, and haz darfor ben mad tui 
prEssd it. 

Ov modern IngliJ etc hoi ov ctis wure iz a sufifent egzqmp'l ; but it iz 
interestin tin egzdmin ds fonetic caracter ov ds langwej, at tui psriudz ov 
transi/un; ferst, sum qjter cts Norman concwest, and secundli, at cts tjm ov 
(Ueser, hwen Aijglisizd Frenq wnrdz ssm tui hav bsn sistemdticali introdiist 
az an integrant part ov cts laijgwej ov coman ljf. Ov Inglif in cts ferst form, 
we hav a veri curius and instmctiv egzqmp'l, in a wui'C cold cte Ormuluim, 
hwiq " consists ov a metrical parafraz ov ds Gospelz, intersperst wid 
moraLjzaJunz, b£ an eckziastic namd Orm, or Ormen, bj huim it iz adrest 
tui hiz bruder Welter. It iz widst rjm, in l^nz ov fiftsn silab'lz, hwiq for 
smuidnes ov rit'm ma vj wid meni modern producfunz." ( 33 ) 3le sub- 
stans ov dis wurc haz nuthj veri rEmcircab'l tui distingwij" it from ds grat 



32. Verbal Translajim, conti?md. 

Magiz woz a pityus cas ; 

Dag can cud not be her det, 

Swelig piti smuierd [ecstiggwift] hiz ret; 

Ny da eir smart and joli bot. 

33. r Ierp. Anal Set a Ayglo-Sacsoniea. Lundun, 18 ±6. p. xi. 



i? 8 Egzamtflz—Qld Iycjlif. \ 36, rir. 15. 

mas ov monastic compozijunz luvicj hav cum dsn tui us ; but it iz most 
rgmqrcab'l in beiij nt'nfomticali. It iz d£ ferst ate'mt mad in ds Inglij 
langwej tm reprszent everi wurd wid strict fonetical consistensi. 3e qsf 
pcmt tm hwiq d£ rjter directed hiz atenfun, woz an acuret mod ov dis- 
tingwijnj de stopt from de nder vselz. He did not atemt tm distingwij 
bstwen lorj and bref v*elz, az ddt distincfun woz elredi sufifentli mad 
tm an Inglij sr, sv'n at sue, a distant psriud ov tjm, b\ ds pozijun ov ds 
acsent ; and befor de introducjun ov a number ov Frenq and Latin wurdz, 
ck pozijun ov d£ acsent prszented no mor dificulti in Inglij dan it n* 
prszents in Due;, DaniJ, and Jerman, bsiij entjrli determine! bj etimolojical 
considerajunz, hwiq qr evident tm d£ merest tjro. 3is prosEdin on ds 
pq,rt ov a rjter at so erli a psriud ov sr langwej,— at lest sev'n hundred 
ysrz ago, — Joz hs rmted ds Inglij f&tin iz in favur ov ddt mod ov simbol- 
jziij bref vselz hwiq we hav adopted in de practical Inglij fonetic alfabet 
(se p. 92). Ormsn distingwijt &t stopt vselz bj invariabli dublin de fdloiij 
consonant, clat Iie atdqt grat impertans tm dis mod ov rjtii), wil bs 
evident from ds ferst part ov ds fdloin ecstract, in hwiq h£ recwests dat 
el transcriber?, wil qt eq leter twis hwar Iie haz so rit'n it. 3e onli difi- 
culti dat we hav, den, iz in dEterminin hwot woz ds relajun bstwrn c1e log 
and stopt vyelz hwiq Ormm dus reprszented. Tm us dar semz lit'l dst 
dat d£ reel sjnz (a, a>, e, i, o, it) wer q, a, a, s, o, m, hwen log, and 
a, a, e, i, o, v, hwen stopt. But Mr. "Iorp, from hmz wurc we ecstract 
ds pasej ov de Ormulmm cwoted belo, ssrnz tm ht ov a diferent opinyun. 
OrmEn, sez Iie, " qts (min) wid a siijg'l n, b£cez ds (i) iz Ion or dif- 
tdijgal, az in sv {mine)=mi?i. So elso in {kinde), pron^nst az sr {kind) 
• =cpid, (dom, hoc, had, lif) pronsnst az tjt (life)=lif. On d£ uder hand, 
hwarever d£ consonant iz dub'ld, ds vsel prEsedin iz Jert and Jqrp, az in 
(qett), pronsnst az sr yet, not yd, az if it iver rit'n wid a sing'l t; (Godd) 
pronsnst God, not God, ets. 3us, (kus) iz tm bs pronsnst Mas, hwards 
{tuss), wid a dub'l s, iz w ins." cEez rsmqrcs serv tm Jo dat Mr. "Ierp 
consider? ds vselz (a, e, i, o, u) tm hav bm a,, e, i, o, m, hwen Ion, and 
a, e, i, o, u, hwen Jert. 

Ormm u_zez tm leterz not ns emplexl in d£ Inglij alfabet ; dsz we Jal 
transeqb b^ (f, q.) 3e s?md ov (t) ma hav b£n sumtimz t and sumtjmz 
d, and in ds fdloin ecstract we Jal consider its ssnd tm b£ d£ sam az in d£ 
corespdndiij wurdz ov modern Inglij. In ds tecst ov "Ierp, hwiq iz stated 
tm b£ an acuret transcript ov d£ manuscript, (t) apgrz in meni casez tm 
Lav ben feltili rit'n fer {£} ; we hav den restord ds t er i in d£ fonetic 
transcript. Sumtimz a dub'l leter ssrnz elso tm hav bsn omited, but we 
hav rEtand dz stopt v^el in ds fonetic verjun. cTe leter (q) veri jenerali 



§ 36, nr. 15. Egzamtflz—Qld Ipglif. 1 79 

sines intui cts. modem y ; it ma darfor hciv ben pronsnst az de veri Latest 

Jernian ^, hwiq, az wel az de ljt &, of'n felz intui tiy ev'n in Jennani ; 
dus, (berhge, cirtiye) for for^, cirke=(berge, kirche.) 

cEe fjnal (e) woz ov cars jenerali pronsnst, but it semz, ljc d£ modern 
Frenq {<?), tin hav ben elided bsfor a fdloiij vsel, hweder aspirated er not. 
^Cud (ch) in (tachett) hav bsn pronvnst £. 'cfe old Anglo-Sacsun form 
ov de wurd iz (ttece#)=Ucjed ? 

Front de Ormulmm. ( 34 ) 

(1) And whase loilenu shall tiss boc efft oterr site writenn, 
and hwqse welen Jal dis boc eft oder ssde vreten, 

(2) hhnm bidde ice tatt het write rihht, swa summ lis boc him tachetf, 
him bid ic dat het vrete rikt, swq sum dis boc him taqet, 

(3) all twerrt ut affterr tatt itt iss uppo tisjlrrste bisne, 
al twert uit after dot it is upo dis firste besne, 

(4) witt all swillc rime alls her iss sett, witt all sefele wordess ; 
wid al swile rem als liar is set, wid ol se fale wordes ; 

(5) and tatt he loke icell tatt he an bokstaff write twiqqess, 
and dat he loce wel dat ha an bocstaf vrete twiqes, 

(6) eqqiohcer tar itt uppo tiss boc iss writen o tatt wise ; 
eqhwar dar it upo dis boc is vreten o dat wese ; 

(7) loke he well tatt het write swa,forr he ne maqq nohht elless 
loc ha wel dat het vrete swq, for ha ne maq nokt eles 

(8) on Ennglissh writenn rihht te word, tatt witt he wel to sote. 
on englij vrsten rikt de word, dat wit he wel to sote. 

(9) Ice tatt tiss Ennglissh hafe sett Ennglisshemen to tare, 
ic dat dis englij have set englijemen to lore, 



34. Verbal Translafun. — (1) And huiso hvil \fal (Jal intend), dis biac, qfterwerdz 
uier wa, (a secund tjm) tui-rjt, (2) him bid (pra) j, dat 2 it %8-rjt a-rjt ; so az dis buc 
2 him Hecet ; (3) el twert st (trurst) qjfter dat it iz upon dis ferst egzqmp'l, (4) wid 
el sug rpn (rit'm, numberz) az her iz set, wid el so meni wurdz ; (5) and dat he luc 
wel dat he wun buc-stqf (leter) rjt twjs, (6) everi-hwar $a,r (hwar) it upon dis buc iz 
rit'n on dat w\z (in dat maner) ; (7) luc he wel dat 2 it 1 he-rjt so, fer he 2 not 'ma not 
els (8) in IngliJ rjt a-rjt de wurd, dat wit (no) he wel tm suit (az suit, fer a truir). 
(9) S dat dis IngliJ hav set (compozd), Iyglifmen tm lor (az an iustrucjuu for 
Inglijmcn), 



180 Egzqmtflz—QU hjglij. § 36, nr. 15. 

(10) ic( 35 ) mass, tar tar i crisstnedd wass, Orrmin bi name nemmnedd : 
ic was dar dar ic cristned was, ormm bi name nemned. 

(11) and ice Orrmin full inwarrdliq, witt mut and ec witt kerrte, 
and ic ormm ful inwardiq, wid mint and ac wid herte, 

(12) her hidde td Crissiene-menn tatt Jierenn oterr redenn 
har bide dq cristane men dat haren oder raden 

(13) tiss hoc, Jiemm bidde ice her tatt teqq forr me tiss bede biddenn — 
dis boc, hem bid ic liar dat deq for ma dis bade biden — 

(14) Tatt broterr tatt tiss Ennglissh writt allrceresst wrat and wroliJde, 
dat broder dat dis englij vrit alrarest vrat and vrokte, 

(15) tatt broterr, forr Ms swinnc to Ian, sot blisse mote fndenn. 
dat broder, for his swine to Ian, sot blise mote finden. 

Frs Translafun. 

And huisoar in after tjmz Jed rjt dis buc agen, 

I dm besec he rjt it so az in dis buc iz tet, 

from ferst tm last az it dut stand in dis ferst manuscript, 

wid el de numberz ber set fort, wid el its meni wurdz ; 

and dat be lac rjt wel dat he dm rjt eg leter twjs 

in ev'ri plas hwarin dis buc dut Jo it rit'n das ; 

let him luc wel dat so he rjt, fer he can nowjz els 

corectli rjt an IrjgliJ. wurd ; dis no he ov a trmt. 

And j, dat hav dis Irjghj rit, tm teg el Irjglifmen, 

I woz, hvven dat j cris'nd woz, namd bj de nam Ormen ; 

and j, Ormen, ful inwerdli, wid nrst and ec wid hart, 

her pra dat ev"ri Cristyan man dat herz er redz dis buc, 

her j beseg dem el, dat da ma pra dis prar fer me : — 

cEdt bruder dat dis Irjgiij stjl did ferst invent and rjt, 

ma he, tm pa him fer hiz ted, pqrtac ov hev'nli bhs. 

eido ©eser atdqt considerab'l impertans tui ds ortografi hwiq he haz 
adopted in hiz poemz, yet it bj no menz furnifez us wid so gild a clui tin 
hiz pronunsiajun az dat ov Bruder Grmm. But stil, eni atemt tui restor 
it, iz sufifentli interestirj. Wont ov spas obljjez us tui omit de rsz'nz hwiq 

35. Verbal Translafun, continvd. — (10) j woz, dar tar (hwar) j cris'nd woz, 2 Ormen 
3 bj 4 nam 2 namd; (11) and j, Ormen, ful inwerdli, wid mst and ec wid hert, (12) her 
lid (pra) de Cristyan men dat her er red (13) dis buc, dem bid (pra) j her dat da fer 
me dis bed bid (prar pra)— (14) 3dt bruder dat dis Irjglif rit (mod ov rjtirj) ov-el-erst 
rot and ret (mad, invented), (15) ddt bruder, fer hiz swine (labur) tm rewerd, [dat 
iz, az a rewerd fer hiz labur; {Ian} iz a substanliv], srat bhs mjt fjxid. 



§ 36, nr. 15. JEgzqmp'lz — Qeserz Iyglif. 1S1 

hav led tui meni ov de pronunsiajunz cis^nd in de anecst egzqmp'l. We 
belev dat Geser pronsnst de Frenc, wurdz hwiq he so liberali introdiist, 
mor in de Frenq stjl dan da qr ms pronbnst, and dat, in pqrticuler, hiz 
Frencj wurdz wer jenerali acsented on de lqst silab'l. Hwen lis rot (e) 
at de end ov a wurd, it semz tm hav ben uguali pron&ist az ds Frencj e\ 
for hwicj, hsever, we hav substituted de Irjglijf sjii k ; az u never endz a 
modern IngliJ wurd, its prezens instantli Joz an old pronunsiajun. 3is 
u woz, lrsever, never prommst befoi a foloig vsel (or h ?) and it semz 
elso dat several wurdz, az {hire), hwic; wer elwaz rit'n wid a fjnal (e), wer 
pronsnst widst it. <Ie voccd licwidz 7, 'n, sem tin hav run on tm de 
foloiij vsel, and in sue; casez not tm hav fermd silab'lz, az simp-land co, 
for simp'l and co. 

We dm not ofer dis az a spesimen ov a fonetic edijun ov Geser for de 
us ov de prezent ras ov Iijglijmen. In order dat da Jiad enjc? ©eserz 
poetri, it wwd be neseseri tm mac it az modern az posib'l, widst dbsolutli 
elteriij wurdz, ( 36 ) and darfor in el casez tm giv de most modern pronun- 
siajun ov a wurd, ecsept hwar anuder woz recwjrd for d£ mEter. In de 
not we hav darfor giv'n a spesimen ov a modern edifun ov ©eser, hwicj 
wil elso serv insted ov a verbal translajun, de obsolet wurdz bein ecspland 
az da ociir. cle tecst ov de foloiij pasej iz egzdctli transcribe! from Tints 
(Tyrwhitfs) wel-non edijun. 

Se Nun. ( 3 ?) 

Titer was also a Nonne, a Prioresse, 
dar was also a non, a preoresu, 

That of hire smiling wasful simple and coy ; 
dat ov her smjliij was fial simp-land co ; 

Hire gretest othe n as hut by Seint JEloy ; 
hsr grstest ot nas but b^ sant elo ; 

And she teas cleped madame Eglentine. 
and Je was cleped madam eglentsnu. 

36. Ecsept ov cars, hwen, den, dan^ da, dem, dar, her, fer hwan, dan, den, ha, hem, 
luir, her, and suc-ljc, hwar de retenjau ov de old wurd renderz de pasej cunbiguus or 
incomprehensib'l tm de modern reder. 

37. Modernizd Fonetic For in. 

2ar woz elso a mm, a prjures, 

<Iat ov her smjlii) woz ful siinp'l and co ; 

Her gratcst ot niooz but (woz onli) bj Sant Eld' ; 

And Je woz cleped (cold) Madam Eglantjn. 



182 Fgzqmp'lz — Qeserz Iyglif. § 36, nr. 15. 

( 38 ) Ful wel she sange the service devine, 
fuil wel Je saiju de serves divenu, 

Entuned in hire nose fid swetely ; 
entijned in hsr noz f til swetule ; 

And Frenche she spahe ful fayre and fetisly, 
and frenf Je spac ful far and fatezle, 

After the scole of Stratford atte boioe, 
after cte seal ov Stratford atu bou, 

For Frenche of Paris was to hire unknowe. 
for frenj ov pares was to her un-cnon. 

At mete was she wel ytaughte withalle ; 
at matu was Je wel itet wiclol ; 

She lette no morsel from hire lippesfalle, 
Je let no morsel from her lipez folu, 

Ne wette hire fug res in hire sauce depe. 
mi wet her fingerz in her sosu depn. 

Wel coude she carie a morsel, and wel cepe, 
wel cud Je car-ya morsel, and wel cepu, 

Thatte no drope ne fell upon hire brest. 
ctatn no drop nn fel upon her brest. 

In curtesie was setteful moclte lure lest. 
in cmrtese was set ful moj her lest. 

Hire over Uppe wiped she so clene, 
her over lipu wiped Je so clenu, 



38. Modemizd Fonetic Term, coidimid. 

Ful wel Je sarju de servis divjn, 

Entuned in her noz ful sioelu-li (swetli) ; 

And Frenc, Je spac, ful, far, and fatiz/i, (in a wel dun maner,) 

After de scuil ov Stratfurd atu Bo, 

For Irene, ov Paris woz tui her unno. 

At metu woz Je wel i-tet wide! ; 

Xe let no morsel from her lipez (lips) fel, 

Nu wet (weted not) her fingerz in her sosu dsp ; 

Wel cud Js cari a morsel, and wel cep 

clatu no drop mi fel (no drop Jud fel) upon her brest. 

In cortesi woz set ful mug her lest (deljt). 

Her over (upcr) lipu wjped Je so clen, 



§ 36, nr. 15. Egzqmjflz — @eserz Tgglif. 183 

( 39 ) That in hire cuppe was no ferthing sene 
ctat in her cupu was no fer-tin senu 

Ofgrese, whan she dronken hadde hire draught. 
ov grasn, hwan Je droijc'n had her dret. 

Ful semely after hire mete she raught. 
ful ssmule after her mat Je ret. 

And siherly she was of grete disport, 
and sicerle Je was ov gret disport, 

And ful plesaut , and amiable of port, 
and fial plazdnt, and amab'l ov port, 

And peined hire to contrefeten cliere 
and paned her to conterfat'n Jar 

Of court, and ben estatelich of manere, 
ov cort, and ben estatlik ov manar', 

And to ben holden digne of reverence. 
and to ben hold'n den ov reverens. 

But for to speken of hire conscience, 
but for to spac'n ov her consiens, 

She was so charitable and so pilous 
Je was so Jaritab-land so petiis 

She wolde wepe if that she saw a mous 
Je woldu wep if dat Je se(?) a mss 

Caughte in a trappe, if it were ded or bledde. 
cot in a trap, if it wer ded er bledu. 



89. Modemizd Fonetic Form, continyd. 

oLat in her cupu woz no fqrcliy (lit'l spec) sen 

Ov gresu, hwen Je drunc'n had her draft. 

Fial senw-li (semli) after her met Je regt. 

And sicerli (sertenli) Je woz ov grid disport (veri ljvli ?) 

And fial plezdnt, and amyab'l ov 'port (demenm-) ; 

And paned her (tiac panz) tiu canterfefn (imitat) csr 

Ov cart (cort livin), and hen (be) cstatli (statli) ov maner, 

And tui be hold'n (held) dpi (wurdi) ov reverens. 

But for tui spec'n ov her conjiens, 

Xe woz so cdritab'l and so pityus (iuclnid tui piti) 

Xe wudu wep, if dat Je se a nrss 

Cot in a trap, if it wer ded or bled. 



184 Egzqmp'lz — Goserz fyglif. \ 36, nr. 15, 

( 40 ) Of smale houndes hadcle she, that shefedde 
ov smqju hsndez had Je, dat Je fedn 

TFith rosted flesh, and milk, and wastel brede. 
wict rosted fief, and mile, and wast'l bradn. 

But sore wept she if on of hem were dede, 
but sor wept Je if on ov hem wer dadu, 

Or if men smote it with a yerde smert : 
er if men smot it wid a yerdu smert : 

And all was conscience and tendre herte. 
and el was consiens and tender hert. 

Ful semely hire wimple ypinched was ; 
fial SEmuk her wimp-lipinqed was ; 

Hire nose tretis ; hire eyen grey as glas ; 
hsr noz tratsz ; hsr j'n gra az gias ; 

Hire mouth ful smale, and thereto soft and red ; 
her mst ful smqj, and chirtra soft and red ; 

But sickerly she hadde afayreforehed. 
but sicerls Je had a far forhed. 

It was almost a spanne brode I trowe ; 
it was elmost a spanu bred \ trou ; 

For hardily she was not undergrowe. 
fer hqrdilE Js was not undergrou. 

Ful fetise tvas hire cloke, as I was ware. 
ful fatEz was hsr cloc, az j was war. 

40. Modernjzd Fonetic Form, contini{d. 

Ov smelu hsndez had Je, dat Je fed 

Wid rosted fief, and mile, and wast'l (cac) bred : 

But sor (mug) wept Je if wun ov dem wer ded, 

0r if men smot it wid a yqrdu (stic) smqrt ; 

And el woz conjiens and tender hqrt. 

Fial semu-li her wimp'' I (necergef) i-pinged woz ; 

Her noz tratez (wel-Japt) ; her j'n (jz) gra az glq.s ; 

Her mst fial smel, and dartiu soft and red ; 

But sicerli (sertenh) Je had a far fored, — 

It woz elmost a spanu bred j tro ; 

Fer hqrdilife woz not (Je woz scarsli) undergro. 

YxAfatiz (wel-mad) woz her cloc, az \ woz war. 



§36,nrr.l5,16. Egzqmp'lz-—6!e$erz lyglif, Rufan. L85 

( 41 ) Ofsmale corall uboute hire arm she bare 
ov smql cordl abst her qrm Je bar 

A pair of bedes, gauded all with grene ; 
a par ov bsdez, geded el wid gram ; 

And theron heng a broche of gold fid shene, 
and daron heij a broj ov gold fwl Jeiiu, 

On whiche teas first y written a crouned A, 
on hwicj was first irit-na crsned q ? 

And after, Amor vincit omnia. 
and after, qmer vsnsst omniq. 

16. Rufan. 

We had wuns an opurtuniti ov acwjrhj an ins^t intiu de varius Rufan 
and PoliJ s^ndz, hwic; qr rsprodiist in (liferent gruips tnust de hoi ov de 
Slavonic larjgwejez ; bnt we Jud not hav felt it in tst p^er tin rami/ reljab'l 
egzqrap'lz ov de pronnnsiajun ov eni pqrticqler pasejez : it iz darfor wid 
ple3ur dat we tac advqntej ov a publicajun upon universal fonetics b^ a 
Slavonic rjter, Mqtuijec ov Ro3njav, tin transcrjb sum ov hiz spesimenz 
intm ?iT etnical leterz. He haz coz 'n ds Lordz Prar az an egzqmp'l, 
but hs haz neglected tuu furnij de 1131101 simbolical reprezentajim ov ctez 
larjgwejez ; and az hiz veijun ov de Lerdz Prar duz not coinsjd wid ddt 
in a Rufan Testament tut hwicj we hav acses, we qr unab'l tin supl| hiz 
oniijun. cLe Slavonic egzqmp'lz darfor, dat iz, d£ spesimenz ov Rufan, 
Servian, Dalmatian, Slovac, Croajian, Bohemian, and PoliJ, hwic, we 
prosed tui giv, wil onli aper in a fonetic dres. <Ie alfabetical sistemz 
ov dez larjgwejez qr, hsever, so ecsedinli (liferent, dat it wild hav ben 
imposib'l tm persev de etimolojical conecfun betwen dem in ctar simbolical 
form, eldo it iz so veri aparent hwen da qr egzibited foneticali. So grat 
inded iz de similariti, dat it iz sufijent tm furnij a verbal translajun ov 
de Rufan onli, in order tm giv de redcr a sufijent elm tra de interpretajun 
ov el d£ rest. 



41. Modemjzd Fonetic Form, contin%d. 

Ov smel cordl ab^t lier cu*m Je bar 

B. par ov bedez, geded (ornamented ?) el wid grni ; 

And dartra hun a brog ov gold i\Afsn (Jjni), 

On hwig woz ferst i-rit'n a craned A, 

And qfter, Amer vinsit omnia, (mv coijcevz el tiijz). 



16 



180 Fgzqmp'lz — Riij'an. § 36, nr. 16- 

3e ssndz ov ds vselz i, i cp- rijidli seperated in ds Slavonic larjgwejez 
from doz ov e, i ; it iz darfor neseseri dat dis distirjcfun Jiad be prszervd 
in etnical printir) . 

cEe old Slavonic( 43 ) langwej woz rit'n wid forti-fjv leterz, invented bj, de 
Bijups Sirilus and Metodius (Cyrillus, Methodius), for ds translafun hwic; 
da mad from ds Septuajint verfun ov de Bjb'l intra de old Slavonic. cCe 
foloiij iz a simbolical transcripjun ov ds terti-fjv Sirilic or old Slavonian 
leterz hwkj ns constitut ds Eujan alfabet; c1e leterz bsirj numberd fer 
fasiliti ov referens. 

(1 a, 2 b, 3 v, 4 q, 5 «?, 6 e, e, 7 3, 8 «, 9 e, ?, 10 j, 11 c, 12 2, 
13 m, 14 rc, 15 o, 16 p, 17 r, 18 s, 19 tf, 20 w, 21 /, 22 k, 23 c, 
24 ^ 25 / 26 fg, 27 (■), 28 i, 29 ;, 30 a, 31 d, 32 v , 33 q, 34 f, 
35. y). 

Ov dsz, ds leterz (5, d, 5, 0, c, ;m, n, p, r, s, t, f, g,f, fg, %) hav dar 
presjs etnical valiiz ; ds leterz (q, k) hav olwaz d£ hqrd valuz £, &. 3e 
leter {£}, hwiq we reprszent h\ dis s^n bscez it replasez de Grsc Ma, iz 
singiilerli emif olwaz pronsnst /, probabli from an organic dificulti on 
de part ov ds Slavonianz tra pronsns (t); de leter (y) iz uzd tra rsplas 
ds Grec iipsilon, and iz sumtjmz pron^nst az e or z, at uder tjmz » ; dns, 
(Fedor, Ateni, Femestocl', Frac'iq, ymw , eyanqelie) qr prommst Fjodor, 
Afeni, Famistocl, Frqcw, imn, yavayqallye, eldo da ar d£ sam wurdz 
az sr Feodor, Atenz, Femistoclez, Fras, Mm, ev&njel. 

cEe leter (v) iz pronsnst az / bEfor (•), bfifor d£ mut and hwisperd 
consonants, and bsfor amader (v), dus, (vvertdtj)=fvert£ty. 

cEe leter (q) iz sumtjmz pronsnst v, in d£ terminajunz (aqo, qqo, eqo, 
oqo) prommst qvo, yqvo, yavo, qvo. 

3s leter (e)=ya, ye at d£ bsginin ov wurdz and qfter vselz; after 
consonants, liwen acsented, it iz =p, je ; hwen unacsented, =e. In 
meni casez it iz pronsnst yo, but den it iz custumeri in modern spelirj 
tra plas tui dots over d£ leter, dus, (if). Tra indicat ds ssnd a, e at d£ 
bEginin ov a wurd, &z terti-ferst leter (d) iz uzd insted ov {e) ; d£ actual 
form ov d£ leter (d) in d£ Rujan alfabet iz elso a m£r inverjun ov ds form 
fer d£ sicst leter (e). 

42. 3!e nam ov de Slavonic najunz iz sed tui bs derjvd from slovo, a wurd, and dis 
opinyun iz suported bj ds term bj hvnq ds Rujan Slavonianz designat ds Jermanz, 
{namegcify = n]am]a,tscii, from {namify = njamii, dum. Not understdndir) ds foren lan- 
gwej, ds Slavonian contemtimsli celd doz hm spoc unintelijibli, dum. Acordirj tui 
anuder jdsa ds term iz dsrjvd from slqvq, glori. It iz singiiler, if it iz corect, dat sr 
wurd shv Jud liav bsn dsrjvd from ds prsd nam ov dis najun, in consecwens ov sum ov 
its memberz bavin bsn rediist tin servitud bj ds Jermanz. 



§ 36, nr. 16. Egzqmplz—Rufan. 187 

cle leterz (e, i) qr prommst in de sain mauer, f, /, but {*") iz (wid wun 
ecsepjun) ouli qzd betor vselz, and (f) befor consonants. Hwen (•) iz 
plast befor (s), hwiq of 'n liap'nz in compsnd wurdz, (e) iz pronxnst /, i ,• 
hwen rit'n (i), it fermz a diftoij wid de presedirj leter. 

<Ie leter (I) iz pronsnst az sr Z, or rqder az Ij befor palatal vselz 
(<?, ci, e, i, %, q); dus, (lenta, lera, liiblif, Iqqufca)=(l]euta, Ijera, Ijmblyw, 
Ijqqiufca); but in uder casez, dat iz, hwen (a, o, u, i) er a consonant 
foloz, er it standz at de end ov a wurd wid (•) qfter it, it iz prommst 
Ijc d£ PoliJ I. 

<Ie leter (c) iz prommst ts. 

3.8. leter (o) iz =o, o hwen acsented, and in el silab'lz fdloiij de acsent ; 
but =a in silab'lz presedirj de acsent. <Ie comun wurdz (do, ot', o, po, 
vo, co, so) qr elso elwaz prommst da, at, a, pa, va, ca, sa. 

3e niqrcs ( ■ j) qr opozd tui wun anuder ; de ferst Joz dat a consonant 
haz its hqrd ssnd, er a spoc'n consonant its rnqt er hwisperd efect ; de 
secund Joz dat de presedirj consonant iz wec'nd; dus, (brat brat), mat' 
matj, molot molotj)=brqt, bruder • brqtj, tac ; mat, mat (in cjes); maty, 
muder; malot, malet ; malotj, grjnd in a mil; and so on. 

cle leter {/) iz de wel-non Slavonic t, i. 

cle leter (a) iz pronsnst LJC (e) bred, dat iz, it iz sumtjmz yd, sumt^mz 
e, but it never asqmz de ssnd ov (o). 

Hw T en de leter (%) ocurz qfter consonants it iz pronsnst jm, but uder- 
wjz it iz ym. 

cle leter (q)=?a qfter consonants, uderwjz yq. 

Ov cars eni wun ov de vsel s|nz reprezents bot loij, bref, and stopt 
vtfelz, but hwen da dui so must be fond st bj practis. cle abiiv remqres 
on de pronunsiajun qr Cjefn tac'n from Emits grenner (Russische Sprachlehre, 
von J. A. E. Schmidt. Leipzig, 1831). 

Az a spesimen ov Rufan simbolical transcripjun, we anecs de Lerdz 
Prar az it standz in de Eujan Testament pub lift in 1838, h\ Tsknits at 
L^ptsiq (Tauchutz, Leipsig.) 

{ (1) Otqe haf", sufg'ii na nebesak" ! (2) Da svqtetsq, snia tvoe ; (3) da pri'edet' earstvie 
tvoe ; (4) da budet* volq, tvoq,, e na zemla, cac* na neba : (5) Klab" naj" nasufcjsii dai 
nam* na sei den] ; (6) e proste nam' dolqe naje, cac e mi projejaenr do^necam - najem" ; 
(7) s ne predai nas' escujeniiu (8) no szbavj nas ot lucavaqo. (9) £bo tvoe est] 
earstvo, e sela, e slava vo vace. Amenj.) 

It wil be sen dat dis diferz veri considerabli from de fdloiij fonetic 
verfun, hwiq, hsever, agrez wid dat giv'n in Adelmjz Metredqtes (Mith- 
ridates), vol. 2, p. 632, hwiq iz sed tui be in de Rujan qurcj-laijgwej, dat 
iz, old Slavonian. Adeliaij aserts dot dnr i/ no rccognj/.d fennqla in dc 



188 Egzqmp ' Iz — Rufan, Slavonian, Croafian . § 3 6 , nrr . 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 . 

langwej ov de pep'l, becez everi wun uzez de old lurjgwej hwen repetirj it ; 
de abuv darfor must be considerd az a modernjzd verjun ov de foloirj. 

It must be obzervd dat Mqtrajec, from hmm we giv dis and de uder 
Slavonic spesimenz, seldum macs eni distil) cjun betwen de lorj and Jert 
vselz, and never indicats de plas ov de acsent. We hav darfor preferd 
mctrcirj everi vsel az lorj, ecsept i hwen Mq,tmjec haz indicated dat it 
fermz an improper diftorj wid de foloirj vsel. 

Se Qld-Rufan Lordz Prar. ( 43 ) 

(1) Qtgja nqf, e$a yase nq nabjasiak ! (2) Dq svjqtet siq emiq tvoya : 

(3) dq preedat tsqrstveya tvoya : (4) dq bwdat voljq tvoyq, yqcp ( u ) nq 

nabjase, e nq zjamle. (5) KMab nqf nqswfgniy dq$dj nqm dnasj .- (6) e 

pstqve nqm dolqi^) nqfiq, yqcpja e mi pstqvljqyem dol^necpm nqf em : 

(7) e nevvade nqs vo ezcmfjania : (8) no ezbqve nqs pt Imcqvqqo. (9) Yqcp 
tvoya yestj tsqrstvo, e selq> e slqvq, vo viaci. Amen]. 

17. Slavonian ov tie Provins ov Slavonia. 

We giv dis on de sol otoriti ov Mqtuijec. 

(1 ) Qtgja nqf ciy yase nq nabjase ! (2) Svjate sja emja tvoya : (3) prede 
crqljastvo tvoya (4) bmde voljq tvoyq cqco nq nabjm,. e nq zjamle. (5) Crmlia 
nafjagq ffjqcdqnniagq dqy nqm gq dqnqsj : (6) e odpmfgjqy nqm dmqa nqfja, 
cqco e mi odpwfgjqmo dw^necpm nqfem : (7) e napaljqy nqf v'nqpqst : 

(8) dq ezbqve nqs od napriqzne. Aman. 

18. Croafian. 

cLis we elso giv on de sol etoriti ov Mqtuujec. 

(1) Otatsj nqf coy se nq nabjasjak ! (2) Svjate sja emja tvoya: (3) doyde 
crqljastvo tvoya: (4) bmde voljq tvoyq, cqc nq nabjm, e nq zjamle (5) Crmhq 
nqfjagq fsjqcdqfnjagq dqy nqm danasj : (6) e odpmste nqm dmqa nqfja, cqc 
e mi odpmfgjqmo dm^necpm nqfjam : (7) e navpaljqy nqs vm scmfjqvqnja .• 
(8) nago oslobode nqs od 3jlq. Aman. 

43. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) 2 Fader Hr, hui art in hev'n ! (2) *Ma 5 halod 4 be 3 nam 
2 dj ; (3) 2 Ma 4 cum 3 cindum 2 dj ; (4) a Ma 4 be 3 wil 2 dj, az in hev'n, and (so) in ert. 
(5) 6 Bred %r 5 dali *giv 2 us stui-da ; (6) and fergiv ns 2 dets %r, az elso we fergiv 2 deterz 
1 sv. (7) And Snot^led 2 us intra, temtajun : (8) but deliver us from ev'l ; (9) az (fer) 
din iz cindum, and pser, and glori, in eterniti. Amen. 

44. Mqtuijec haz mqrct de s^nd'hwic, we hav transcrjbd p, az if it wer a difton uo. 
We belev dat it iz a leter sumtjmz pronsnst o, and sumtjmz m, er dat it iz de {6 } ov 
de. Polz, and {u°} ov de Bohemiauz, etimolojicali o, but foneticali ta. 

45. We hav tac'n de liberti tra substitut q fer Mq,tux|ecs g truist de Slavonic 
egzqmp'lz, becez de synd g duz not ocur in eni ov dem. 






§ 36, nr. 19. Egzqmp'lz — Servian. I s '- 1 

19. Servian. 

Acerdiij tui Dr. Yiuc Stefanovic;,( 46 ) de Servian laijgwcj iz rit'n wid 
Sirilic leterz, and sum modificajunz ov dem ; but onli a porfun ov de old 
fermz qr retand, az de alfabet consists ov no mor dan twenti-at leterz 
and wun egzilieri sjn. cle simbolical transcripjun ov dis alfabet iz elso 
fonetic az far az it goz, but ec; vsel must be understiM az capab'l ov 
aperirj in el tre fermz ov lorj, bref, and stopt. Numberiij de leterz, de 
alfabet wil be az foloz : 

1 q, 2 b s 3 i>, 4 #, 5 d, 6 f/y, 7 a, S j, 9 0, 10 e, 11 ,y, 12 c, 13 Z, 14 /;, 
1,5 m, 16 0, 17 nj, 18 0, 19 7?, 20 r, 21 s, 22 /, 23 ^ 24 w, 25 (c)=ts, 
26?, 27;, 28/. 

<Ie leterz r and I qr elwaz qzd befor consonants az de vocalz V, 7, and 
hwen dis ssnd liaz tui bs ecsprest befor er qfter vselz, de egzilieri sjn (•) 
(de sam az de twenti-sev 'nt leter ov de Rufan alfabet) iz emplod, and it iz 
rit'n betwen de r er I and de Tsel, tin Jo dat de ?• er Z iz vocal ; dus, (rfjq, 
rcq, rvqnje, erst, dlq, qroca, tiitro, zq , rzqte)='"rtjq, "rcq, "rvqnje, c"rst, 
oV'lq, qrotsa, mt'ro, zqrzqts ; menirj : — rust, snor, restlin, cros, det, trot, 
he iz rubd, na (az a hers), — respectivli. 

3ar semz tui bs rqder a complicated sistem ov acsentin wurdz, hwicj, 
hsever, iz veri inddecwetli ecspland bj Dr. Vine, and probabli duz net 
admit ov uder dan oral ecsplanajun. cle acsents, eldo impertant in de- 
terminirj de sensez ov wurdz, qr not ii3iiali rit'n, and Dr. Yuic onli emploz 
hiz fjv acsent mqres in hiz declenjunz, conjugajunz, and dicjuneri. Az 
befor stated, we qr unab'l tui supl| de orijinal ertografi ov de foloirj 
egzqmp'l. 

&e Lerdz Prar in Servian. 

(1) Qtga nqf, s^a yase nq nabjastak ! [?] (2) Dq svjatet sja emja tvoya .- 
(3) dq preedat tsqrstvia tvoya ; (4) dq buidat voljq tvoyq, yqco nq nabjase, 
s nq zjamls. (5) Kllab nqf nqsiafqstvniy [?] dq$d nqm d'nasj .• (6) e ostqvs 
nqm d'lqi nqfja, yqco^a, s mi ostqvljqyam d'lpiecpm nqfem : (7) e nevvads 
nqs vnqpqstj [?] ; (8) nszbqve nqs ot Imcqvqqo. (9) Yqco tvoya, yast 
tsqrstvia, s sslq, s slqvq fvlaci. Amen. 

We hav a suspijun, ferst, dat dis haz ben tac'n from a Servianz pro- 
nunsiajun ov old Slavonic ; and secundli, dat de rjter Mqtiufec haz ben 
desevd in qziij de leterz k, i, tj, hwiq qr foren tm de Servian laijgwej, and 
ov wun ov hwic; (?) Dr. Ymc ecspresli aserts dat no Servian iz capab'l ov 
prommsin it. We hav, hsever, no menz ov corectin dez erurz. 

46. {Wuk's Stephaiwicitsch, klelne Serbische Grammatik, cercleutscld unci 'mil einer 
Vorre.de von Jacob Grimm. Leipzig, bei Reimer, 1824.) 

17 



190 Egzqm/lz—Dalmafian, Bohemian. § 36,nrr.20, 21 

20. Dalmafian. 

clis we belev tra be onli a djalect ov Servian. We qr ignorant liwot 
alfabet iz emplod in rjtin de larjgwej. Adeluy, inded, sez dat de Dal- 
majianz hav borod muc; from de Italyan ertografi, and dat darfor dar 
qthj must be red ljc Italyan, — hwic, wiad sem tra impr| dat da uzd de 
Latin alfabet. cTe foloin iz de Lerdz Prar acerdin tra Mqtuijec. 

(1) Otgja nqf, coy yase nq nabjaseJc ! (2) Svjate sja emja tvoya: 
(3) preede crqljastvo tvoya : (4) bwde voljq tvoyq, cqco nq nabjm, tqcs nq 
zjame. (5) Crmha nqf/agq sjqcdqnnjagq dqy nqm dqnqsj : (6) e odpmfqqiy 
nqm dmqi nqfe, cqco e mi odpitXfqiqmo diuynecom nqfem : (7) e navpaljqy 
nqs vnqpqstj : (8) dq ezbqve nqs od napriqzne. Aman. 

21. Bohemian.. 

5e Bohemianz, er Cjeks, at prezent mac lis ov a modificajun ov de 
roman alfabet tra ecspres dar larjgwej. clar leterz qr 
(a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, I, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, to, y y z. 
a, e, i, 6, u, y' — u° — e\ — c , d\ g\ n, r , s\ f, z'). 

II war de rnddifjnj mqrc iz in dez simbolical transcripjunz plast after 
de leter, it iz in de caracter in actual us plast over it. In de casez ov 
e\ c\ g\ n\ r\ s\ z' an inverted sercumflecs ( v ) iz uzd insted ov de s.jn ('), 
but de mqrc apended tra d, t, in order tra form d\ t\ iz veri 13c a mutilated 
coma. 

cle acsented leterz (a, e, i, 6, u, y') reprezent de lor) vselz q, a, e, o, m, i, 
ov hwiq (a, e, i, 0, u, y) reprezent de fort a, e, 1, o, u, i. cle leter (u°) 
iz pron^nst m ; de us ov de lit'l (°) iz onli tra Jo dat it iz etimolojicali 
derjvd from o. cle vyel (e')=je rqder dan ye. 

cle leterz (b, d, f, h, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, z) liav de sam meniij az de 
corespondin etnical S311Z; (ch, w, c, k)=k, v, ts, c; (g, j)=g, y ; but 
hwen de Gotic leterz qr emplod, (g\ g,j)=g,j, s, respectivli. 

cle leterz (c\ s\ z\ r\ n , d\ tf)=g,f, 3, j%, nj, dj, tj respectivli. 

cle vocalz 7, V qr rit'n I, r simpli, and qr cold semivselz; dar duz 
not aper tra be eni contrjvans for mdicatirj de vocal natur ov de I, r befor 
er qfter a v^el, az in Servian; we preziim darfor dat da never ocur in 
dis pozifun. In Tseacs Gramer,{f 1 ') from hwiq we boro de forgoirj detalz, 
it iz stated (j) iz not pron^nst in for wurdz and dar derivativz, namli, 
(jsem, jsi, jsme, jste, jsau, ets. ; jdu, ets. ; jmenuju, ets. ; jme'ni, ets.) 
We menfun dis becez Mqtrajec mqrcs de wurd (jsi), menin ctx qrt, tra be 

47. {Bohmische Sprachlehre fur Deutsche von Vincent Paid Ziak. Briinn, lei 
Winiker, 1846). 



§ 36, nrr. 21, 22. EgzympHz-— Bohemian, Poll/. 191 

prommst ysi, hwig iz aparentli not pronsnsib'l. Tseac elso sez dat (w) 
iz not pronsnst befor z folod h[ amider consonant ; and dat {ivz'dycky, 
wsdycky) meniij ehcaz, qr pronsnst ditsci. 

cEe plas ov ds acsent iz stated tui b£ on cte fcrst silab'l ov everi wurd 
widst distiijcfun, and dis rail iz folod £v'n in foren wurdz hwig qr 
introdust. 

01d6 from ds sercumstansez just stated, namli, dat (j) in (jsl) iz not 
prommst, we dm not fsl veri confident in &z corectnes ov &z fdloirj verjun 
ov ds Bobsraian Lerdz Prar giv'n bj MqtuifEC ; we prefer maciij us ov it 
tui givin eni conjectural pronunsiajun ov sr on. Az MqtuifEC ssmz tui 
hav intended discriniinatin d£ Ion and fort vselz in dis verjun, we hav 
folod hiz direcfunz az nerli az posib'l. 

Ss Lerdz Prar. 
(1) Gtgje nqf, yen?, ysi na nebjesek / (2) Posvjet sje ymjeno tva : 
3) p^iydj crqlwvstve tva j (4) budj vplje tvq, yaco v'nebi, tac i na zjemi. 
(5) Kljab nqf vesjdeyfiy dey nqm dnesj : (6) a odpust nqm nqfje vini 
yac&j i ml odpouftime nafem vinnicpm : (7) a neuvodj ?iqs fpocouf/ene : 
(8) alje zbav nqs ode zjlaho. Amen. 

22. Polif. 

Kz Polz uz a modificajun ov de roman alfabet. clar leterz qr 
(a, a c , b, c, c', d, e, e, e e , f, g, li, i, j, k, I, 1-, m, n, n', o, 6, p, r, s, s' } 
t, u, w, x, y, z, z', z'}. 

cEe qfter-mqrcs in &z leterz (c 1 , n\ s', z', z') qr in PoliJ wurcs printed 
over d£ leterz ; d£ after-marcs in de cas ov (a t , e c ) qr plast under d£ leterz ; 
and in &z cas ov 1-, &z bqr iz dren trm &z I. Ov cors it recwjrz psculier 
t jps tui print dsz leterz ; but it iz beter tui plas d£ metres after ds leterz 
dan, az iz tui comunli a£ cas in IrjgliJ" wurcs, omit ds mqres eltuigeder. 

0v d£Z leterz (b, d,f, g, I, m, n,p, r, s, t, z) hav dar etnical valuz. 

3e vselz (a, e, i, o, u, y) qr ecwivalent tui sr q, a, e, o, m s i hwen 
Ion, and a, e, i, o, u, i hwen Jort ; (e')=i, (6)=m, u. 

Kz v^elz (a c , e ( ) qj properli dz sam az ds Irene; nazalz on, an, but da 
qr veri frEcwentli pron^nst on, en simpli. 

3.z leterz (c, c', h, j, k, 1-, n', s', x, z', z') 

qr olwaz pron^nst fo, tsj, k, y, c, I, nj, sj, cs, zj, j, respectivli. 
And {w) iz prommst (/) hwen it prssEdz a hwisperd er mut consonant, 
clar qr elso a sehez ov compsnd leterz hwiq r£cw.fr atenjun ; dus, 

{cz, rz, rz\ sz, szcz, cli, sell, pli, rli, th, qu) 
qr prommst g, .iz, .15, f, fg, k, sk, f, r, t, cv, respectivli. 



193 Egzqmtflz — PoTif, Hungarian. § 36, nrr.22, 23. 

It iz tut be obzervd, dat ds leterz (b, m, n, p, s, to, z) qr elwaz wEc'nd 
in pronunsiajun hwen && vsel (i) foloz, dat iz, or pronvnst bj, mj, ets., 
and dat ds leterz (d, h, c7i, 1-, r, t) can not prsssd de leter (i) wid^t bein 
elso wsc'nd in ertografi; so dat (di, l-i, ri, ti) bscum (dzi, I, rz, ci)=dzi, 
I, .iz, tsi respectivli. 

Bsemdtsci, from huiz Gramer^ 8 ) de prsssdir) ecsplanajunz hav ben tac'n, 
sez dat d£ vsel (e), bj hwiq we prszuui he ms msiiz ds murmur ('), iz of'n 
inserted betwen consonants in order tin render dar pronunsiajun posib'l ; 
dus (piore/c, matek, byl-em, byl-es , czytal-em) insted ov {piorJc, math, 
byl-m, byl-s', czytal-m), pronsnst darfor we supoz, pimr'c, mqtfc, Iffim, 
biYsj, gltqYm, (msnii), ov de fqderz, ov d£ muderz, j hav ben, ds hast 
ben, I hav red). 

cle acsent iz stated tui be invariabli on de lqst silab'l but wun. 

We tac de fdloirj from MqtraJEc. 

c£e Lerdz Pr&r. 
(1) Qygjai 49 ) nqf, c'torij yasj v'njabjassk ! (2) Sjviantsj sje miono tvoya: 
(3) pjzssdzj croljastvo tva : (4) buidzj vol'jq tvq, yqco v'njabja, tqc e nq 
zjame. (5) Kliab msj ( 50 ) povfjadnsy duty nonm dzesiqy : (6) s odpuiftsj 
nonm nqfja vsni, yqco s mi odpmfgiqmi nqf em vsnovqyts^pm : (7) s njavozj 
nqs fpocmfjqnje : (8) qlja zbqv nqs oda zjlaqo. 



23. Hungarian 

Sins d£ RuJ'an egzqmp'l (p. 185) woz printed of, we hav discuverd dat 
Roznjav iz d£ sam az ds Jerman Itozens (Bosenau), d£ sst ov a bijupric 
in d£ nert ov Hurjgeri. Mqtraj£c, lira iz a profeser in d£ episcopal sem- 
ineri in dis ten, iz darfor probabli an Hungarian, and not a Slavonian ; 
hiz JEografical sitqajun, hsever, sursnded az Hurjgeri iz bj Slavonic 
najunz, haz most probabli enab'ld him tui obzerv veri dcuretli d£ diferent 
pronunsiajunz ov d£ Slavonianz. Yet we tiijc it wiad not b£ drain justis 
tra hiz wurc if we did not giv hiz spesimen ov hwot ma bs hiz nativ 
laijgwej, Hungarian. 



48. {Theoretisch—praktiscJte Grammatik der polnischen Sprache, von Johannes 
Biernacki. Breslau, bei Mend, 1837). 

49. We rjt ay, ets., becez Mqtuifec haz dim so ; but ws belev dat in el sue, casez de 
y iz pronsnst az z. 

50. We hav u,zd a tui interpret Mqtuifecs diffeorj ao, becez he macs u,s ov dis veri 
diftorj in fonetisjzii) de IrjgliJ wurd sr ; az, bsever, he sez dat dis ssnd iz veri frecwent 
in Italyan, it ma bs simpli o, and we hav darfor u.zd dis interpretajun in de necst wurd 
but tui, nonm. 



§ 36, nr. 23. Egzqm/pHz — Hungarian. 193 

cle Hungarian alfabct iz wun ov de most fonetic in de wurld, and 

consists ov de foloiij elements : 

(a, a, b, cz, cs, (ch), d, e, e, f\ g, gy, It, i, z, /, k, I, ly, m, a, uy, o, o, 
a, q, b, ts, cj, (k), d, e, a, f, g, dj, h, i, b, y, c, 1, lj, m, n, nj, o, o, 

o, u, p, ?', s, sz, t, ty, u, u, ii, u ', v, z, zs.) 
6, 6, p, r, J, s, t, tj, u, m, ii, ii, v, z, g. 

cle Ion vselz qr hsx sistemdticcdi distingwijt bj an aciit acsent, (de dub'l- 
doted vselz bein qanjd intm dub'l-acqt,) and (y) iz qzd az de marc ov 
wecnin. cle consonants qr emplod in hwot wud be jenerali considerd az 
veri un-Uropean combinajunz ; dus, (cz)=ts, insted ov g, az in Pali/, 
hwjl (cs) iz emplod for g. <Ie us ov (gy) for dj, (s) for /, (sz) for s, and 
(zs) for 5, qr dezervin ov pqrticqler atenjun. 

cle plas ov de acsent iz not mqrct, but de vselz (a, e)=q, a elwaz liav 
de acsent hwen da oeur in a wurd ; uderwjz, we belev (we qr bj no menz 
serten,) de acsent iz elwaz on de ferst silab'l. 

<Ie Hungarianz col demselvz (Magyar)=Madjcir. cle spesimen furni/t 
b[ Mqtuijec duz not entjrli ogre wid ddt giv'n in Adelianz Metrsdqtez 
(v. 2, p. 786), but we prefer fdloin de later, becez Adelian kaz giv'n its 
sors (de Hungarian Protestant Bjb'l ov 1776), and haz furnijt a complet 
pracsis, liwiq we olso subjern on acsnt ov its interestiij natqr, and de 
jeneral ignorans kwiq prevalz wid regqrd tui dis remqrcab'l langwej. 

We can not olwaz fel Juir dat de Ion v^elz qr rjtli plast in dis spesimen, 
for Mqtmjec and Adeknj disagre, and dar qr evident misprints in sum 
casez. Agen, Adehan semz tui liav rit'n (ts) for (cs) trinst, az Mqtmjec 
elwaz egzibits de sisnd g hwar Adehan rjts (ts). 

5e Lerdz Prar. ( 51 ) 

(1) Mi Atydnk, kl vagy a' Mennyekben ! (2) Szenteltessek-meg a te 
Mi atjqijc, ci vadj a mennjecben ! Senteltefjac-meg a te 

Neved ; (3) jojjon-el a te Orszdgud ; (1) legyeu-meg a te Akaratod, mint 
neved ; yoyyon-el a te orsqgod ; ladj en-meg a te acaratod, mint 

a Mennyben, ugy itte' fflldm-is. (5) J! mi minden-napi Keuyeriinket 
a mennjben, mdj itte foldon-ij. A mi minden-napi cenjaruncet 



51. Verbal Transhfuu. — (1) 7Sx fctder-(^Tz), hm cu't 2 de ^lCv'n-Mn ; (2) hctlod-be (de) 
dj nain-(djn) ; (3) let-ciun (de) dj ciijdiun-(djn) ; (4) let-hap'n (de) dj wil-(djn) az 2 de 
•'hcv'n-'in, so her '^crfc-'ou-eLso. (5) (cTe) sr dali bred-(srz), 



194 Egzqmp'lz — Hungarian. § 36, nr. 23. 

add-meg^) minekiink ma ; (6) 'Es botsasd-meg minekiink a' mi Ve'tkeinket, 
ad-meg minaciine ma ; aj boqcijt-meg minacunc a mi vatcjncet, 



mi-is meg-botsdtunk azoknak, a kik mi elleniink Vetkeztenek ; 
micapen mi-ij meg-boqatiarjc azocnac, a cic mi ellenunc vatceztenec ; 

(7) 'Es ne vigy minket a' Kesertetbe ; (8) Be szabadits-meg minket a 
af ne vidj mincet a cajartetbe; de sabadecj-meg mincet a 

Gonosztdl. (9) Mert tied az Orszdg, es a Hatalom, es a' Ditsoseg, mind 
gonostol. Mert tiad az orscig, aj a hatalom, aj a diqoseg, mind 

"Orokke. Amen. 
orocca. Amen. 

els foloiij gramatical rsmqres en- translated from Adelun : — 

Mi atjqyc, sv fader. Atjq, iz, fqder, and miayc, sv, iz properli de jenitiv ov mi er 
miyc, we. In de prezent cas it semz az if de ferst hqf ov miayc wer preficst, and de 
secund hqf subjerad ; mi atjq-yc. But aijqyc iz elso iizd alon, so dat de f jnal pro- 
nominal consonants alon qr u,3uali aficst tra substantivz. It iz uderwjz ciistumeri tui 
prefics de definit qrtic'l {az befor a vsel, and a befor a consonant,) tra a pozesiv pro- 
nsn, dus, a mi atjqyc, but it iz omited in dis instans. 

Ci, hra, de relativ promm, but onli uzd fer persunz, melty beirj de relativ fer tinz. 
[cOs iz similer tra 'sr modern km, hwig ; fer de Hungarian, ljc de Inghj, baz no dis- 
til) ctiv terminajun fer jenderz.] 

Vadj, d^ qrt, de secund persun ov vadjoc, j am, and lennj, tra be. Wid de pronsn 
it wud bav ben te vadj. 

A mennjecben, in de bev'n. A iz de definit qrtic'l befor a consonant. Mennj, hev'ii, 
in de dativ mennjec. Ben iz de aficst prepozijun er post-pozijun, in. 

Sentelteffac-meg, be balod, iz de imperativ pasiv from sentelem, sanctifj, inijiat. 
3e inseperab'l pqrtic'l meg, (nienirj, trra, agenst, but of'n inecspresib'l in a translajun,) 
iz elwaz aficst tra de imperativ, and preficst tra uder tensez ov a verb. 

A te neved, dj nam, wid de definit qrtic'l. 3e pozesiv tiad, dj, iz ber divjded, ljc 
miayc in a previus cas. Nev, nam, te nev-ed, dj nam. 

Y6yybn-el, cum, de terd persun ov de imperativ ov yovoc, j cum. Yoni, tra cum. El 
iz an inseperab'l pqrtic'l ov de sam cjnd az meg ; it menz from, and iz elwaz aficst tra 
imperativz. 

A te orsqgod, dj cindum, from orsqg cindum, wid de pozesiv and de definit qrtic'l. 

Lad 1 ) en-meg [Mqtuijec levz st de meg'] bap'n, de imperativ ov de iregqler verb lesec, 
j becum, wid de aficst pqrtic'l meg. cEe infinitiv ferm iz lenny. 

A te acarat-od, dj wil. 

52. Verbal Transhfun, continiid. — giv us tui-da; (6) and fergiv us (de) sr sinz-farz), 
az we-elso fergiv doz, de hwig 2 us ] agenst hav-sind ; (7) and 3 not %d 2 us (de) 2 tem- 
tajun-'intra ; (8) but fre us (de) WPfrom. (9) Fer djn [iz] de cirjdum, and de pscr, 
and de glori, cwjt etcrnali. Hmen. 



§ 36,nrr. 23, 24. EgzqmpHz— Hungarian, JFelf. L95 

Mint, az. [Mq,tmfec redz mic&pen, az in de sicst' petij'un. ^ metmjben, in .It- 
hev'n, wid de qrtie'l and de post-pozijun £»?/>., in. [Mcrtrnjcc omits de tf.] 

in//, so. Itte, her. Fdldun-if on erf. i-W, de sam az de IrjgliJ feld, ert ; fold-on, 
on ert, wid de post-pozijun <?»; z/iz de conjurjcjun, and, elso, and iz attest. [Matuijec 
redz azon capen afdldd/i-if] 

A mi minden-napi cenjaruycet, sr dali bred. Cenyar, bred ; in de acqzativ, a cen- 
yaret, de bred, wid nyc inserted, beirj de hai ov miayc, sr, a mi cenjariiycet, sy bred. 
Minden-napi, dali, from nap, da, and minden, el. [Mq.tiufec redz ms cenjeriiycet min- 
dennapit.'] 

Ad-meg, giv ; de imperativ from aafoc, j giv, anuder form ov hwiq iz ad), and de 
afics meg. Minaciiyc, us, de dativ from mi er #2^£, we. 31a, tui-da. [Mqttujec redz 
addjad naciiyc ma7\ 

Rf, and. Bogqft-meg, forgiv, de imperativ from bogqtom, \ fergiv. 

Minaciiyc, us. [Sis ward iz omited bj Mqtuifec.] Vetec, felt, sin ; in acusativ 
plurral, vetcet, so dat hqf ov de promsu miayc iz inserted befor de acqsativ terminajun. 

Micapen, az. Jfi-«/J we-elso. Meg-bogqtuyc, de ferst persun plmral imperativ, 
from meg-bogqtom, \ forgiv. 

Azocnac, doz, de dativ ov de demonstrate pronsn «^; pluiral, azoc. A cic, hwiq, 
de plmral ov de relativ cf, wid de qrtie'l. [Mqtrujec omits de wurdz azocnac a cic mi, 
semiijli bj mistac] 

Mi ellenuyc, agenst us ; from ellen, agenst, and miayc, us. Vatceztenec, da hav sind ; 
from vatcezem, \ sin. [Mqtm/ec redz vatettecnecJ] 

Rf, and. Ne, not, befor imperativz; uderwjz its ferm iz nem. Fid), led, de im- 
perativ ov visem, led. Miycet, us, de acqzativ ov mi, miyc, we. j4 cafartetbe, intui 
temtajun : from cafartet, temtajun, and de post-pozijun be, intm. 

_D<?, but. Sabadeg-meg, de imperativ, from sabachtom, \ fire. [Mqtiujec omits meg?\ 
Miycet, us. A gonostol, from evil ; a gonos, ev'l, wid de post-pozijim to/, from. 

iJ/<??-/, fer. Tiad, djn ; de verb, iz, iz frecwentli omited. Az Orsqg, de cirjdum ; af a 
hatalom, and de p^er; af a digoseg, and de glori. Mind, entjrli, cwjt. 'Ordcca, 
elernali, from drdc, eternal. 

U. TTelf. 

3e Seltic larjgwejez at prezent in egzistens qr de WelJ ov "VYalz, de 
Galic ov Scotland, de Ers ov Mand, and de irmorican ov Breton]. It 
hoz not ben yet satisfdeturili Jon dat dez beloij tm de Indo-Jermanic 
seriez ov larjgwejez, eldo a veri considerab'l rezemblans haz ben prravd 
tm egzist b{ Dr. Pricjerd, in hiz Sstern Orijin ov cts Seltic Nafunz.( b3 ) 

61 dez laijgwejez hav ms adopted de roman alfabet wid variajunz ; but 
dar mod ov qzirj de diferent leterz iz so diferent, dat de speliij iz no 
elm tm de prononsiajun fer eni won acwanted wid doz uder Uropean 
larjgwejez hwiq elso qz roman leterz. Hwot de caracter ov de Galic 



53. 3e JErij" jenerali qz a pecqlier caracter fer de Ers, but de roman leter iz elso 
emple'd. 



196 Egzqmp'h—Welf. § 36, nr. 24. 

and Ers speliij ma bs we no not, but d£ Welf iz pecujierli fonetic. Welf- 
men inded bost dat it iz perfectli so, but dis iz not d£ cas. cTe foloii] 
qr d£ leterz ov cte alfabet : 

(a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, tig, h, i, I, 11, m, n, o, p, ph, r, s, 
t, tli, u, w, y). 
Ov d£z (b, c, d, g, h, I, m, n, p, r s, t) hav dar etnical mmiijz ; 

hwjl (ch, dd, f ff, ng, 11, pli, tli) 

qr pron^nst k, ti, v, f ?j, til, f t, respectivli. 
Tra hwitj we must ad {rh, mJi, nil, ngh}=.hr, 'mh, 'nh, 'gh respectivli. 
3e consonant y iz h'Ecwentli inijal. 

3.E vxelz (a, e, i, o, u, w, y) 

qr pronsnst q, a, e, e, i, ?u, i, hwen Ion, 

and a, e, i, o, j, u, u, hwen Jert. 

It must b£ her obzervd, dat wfi hav introdiist a mi vsel s^n, t Ion, i Jert.( 54 ) 
3is vsel iz prodiist h\ plashj dt tun n£rli if not cwjt b£twm d£ Ut, and 
den atemtirj tui proirsns i or s. 3k rsziilt iz an obscur vsel, evidentli ov 
d£ mid'l s£ri£z ; diz iz strictli a dental vsel, fermiij d£ transijun betwin m 
and e . It iz not at el labial, and iz dus distiijgwijt from il > ner iz it 
at el palatal, and it iz dus distiijgwijt from s : it iz strictli a mid'l vsel, 
"but it duz not apsr tui ]\ betwin tui uper and loer vselz. Ke descripjun 
ov dis ssnd on paj 22, az dat ov d£ Wei J (y), iz incorect ; w£ hav had 
an opurtuniti ov carMi studiin it sins dat pasej woz printed. It iz d£ vsel 
(y) hwic; fermz d£ cj£f unfonetic element ov d£ Welf langwej. Hwen Ion, 
it iz jenerali =i; but hwen stopt er br£f in f^nal silab'lz ov wurdz ov 
mor dan wun silab'l, it iz jenerali i. Uderwjz d£ vsel (y) iz pronsnst 
u in stopt silab'lz, and wid a stil d£per ssnd dan dat hwic; w£ hav ascr|bd 
tui e (and hwicj ma darfor b£ designated h\ d) in op'n silab'lz. Tui Jo d£ 
aparent inconsistensi wid hwic, dis leter iz pron^nst, ws giv d£ prezent 
tens ov d£ verb i am ; it iz 

(wyv, wyt, yw ; ym, ych, ynt,} 
prommst uw, wit, uuj im, uk, int. 
Ke Welf profes tui distingwij d£ Ion from d£ Jert v^elz bj a sercum- 
flecs; but dis iz seldum dun ecsept hwen d£ diferens in de lent ov d£ 
v^el cezez a diferens in d£ ni£nin ov &s wiud ; dus, (mor, mor}=mor, me?; 
nunin ha, tie se, respectivli. 

3r instrucjun in WelJ pronunsiajun woz r£S£vd from a nativ ov Cqr- 
nqrvon (Caeryiiarfon)= Caemqrvon, in Nert Walz, hwar d£ pronunsiajun 

54. In p. 123, n. 20, ws propozd &e fermz >', i fer dez leterz; we hav (janjd dem tiu 
I, i fer de sac ov lejibiiiti. 






§ 36, m\ 24. Egzqmplz—Wtif. 197 

sljtli diferz from ddt ugiicd in Ssfc Walz ; Iie considerd it purer, 1)ecoz 
in Sst Walz de inhabitants hav cum mor in contact wid de IijgliJ. Sr 
instructer elwaz uzd. e, o for de WelJ (o), hweder Ion, stopt, or bref; 
and £v'n in sp£cin IngliJ he continuali substituted dez s^ndz for o, az 
notis for »o£i«, ets. It wild darfor aper dat d£ WelJ laijgwej had not 
cte ssnd ov o. 

3e leter (w) iz olmost olwaz a vsel in WelJ. At de bEginir) ov a silab'l 
it iz elwaz («), and formz an improper diftor) wid de foloiij vsel. We 
ssm, ho'ever, sumtjmz tui recognjz d£ consonant w hwen d£ leter (w) iz 
fond bstwm tui vselz : and d£ consonant caracter ov d£ leter, under 
sue; sercumstanses, woz so strorjli mq,rct in m* instructerz pronunsiajun, 
dat it of'n stopt &z prssEdin v^el insted ov diftonjjzin wid it. cOs ma, 
hsever, hav bsn a psculiariti ov d£ sp£cer. 

Ke diftonz in WelJ or ecssdinli perplecsin tui an Inglijman, on acsnt 
ov d£ proper diftonz terminathj in e and ? az wel az i. 

In d£ foloin list w£ giv d£ fonetic repi'EzentaJunz az wel az we end 
colect dem from d£ mst ov sr instructer ; and az li£ understiad de 
prinsip'lz ov fonetic r^tin, w£ pr£zum dat yr acvnt iz tolerabli corect. 
Az it iz of'n ov advantej tui an Tuglijmau tui no hwot IngliJ ssndz li£ 
ma substitut for foren wunz widst bEcumhj unintelijib'l tui nativz, we hav 
anecst IngliJ substituts tui d£ diftoijz, in bracets. For hi, hr an IijgliJman 
had beter uz I, r dan tl, tr. 

WelJ diftogz. I*)gli.f substitute. 

(ae)=ae or qe ; dus, (daeth)=daet, cum j 

(ai)=ai or qi ; dus, {clai)=clai 3 erfe \ 

{au)=ai or qi ; dus, {aur)=ap\ gold \ 

(aw)=au or qu; dus, {llaw)=ftlau, hand s 

(ei)=ui; dus, (eir)z=uir, win { 

(eu)=m ; dus, (lleitad)=Mm-ad, mum j 

(etv)=.eu or au; dus, {glew)=glau, curajus an 

{ey)=ui; we dm not tine dat dar iz eni but an ortografi- 
cal diferens bstwtn dis diftoij and (eu); dus, {feyru}— 

tuirn, cin, tyrant . j 

(ia)=w, iq; dus, (iad)=iad, frost ya 

(ie)=ie, in; dus, {iecJiyd)=xekid, helt ye 

(io)=w, w ; dus, (gweithio)=pMiitio, wurc yo, yo 

(iii)z=u, n • dus, {Iuddew)=tfckeu y Ju y 

(iio)=?m, m, eu ; dus, (briw)=breu, sor U 

(iy)=h, m ; dus, (lyrc/iad) = idrkod, got yu 

{pe)=oe, ee ; {troed)=t?'oed, fiat o- 

IS 



198 Egzqmplz—Welf. § 36, m\ 2 A. 

WelJ diftoijz. I\) glij substitnts. 

(oi)=oi, ei; dus, (ffoi)=fei, escap . er 

(oto)=ou; dus, (trowch)=trouk, turn tt 

(uw)=mi, m, m ; dus, (Duw)=Dm, God il 

(tva)=uq, ua ; dus, {gwartJi)=guq / rt, Jam wq, wa 

(we)=ide, ua ; dus, (gwerth)=guert, vain we, wa 

(tvi)=ue, ui ; dus, (gwi?')=guer, truit we, wi 

(wu}=m, ui ; dus, (gwull)=guiTil, twjljt we, wi 

(ioy)=m } tin ; dus, (dwyn)=dum, tm bor wi 

(yw)=uu in cts wurd (yw), iz ; but uderwjz jenerali =m, 

«?^, az {#yft") = bm, tm liv q, 

It ctus apsrz ctat ctar cir no les dan sics varjetiz ov sr difton $, mm w 
7«0Z£ qr jprssisli de sam az ds Iyglif dtftoy . 3r v apsrz tm hav 2 fermz; 
^r # haz elso 2 fermz ; and % haz 3 fermz ; eu, el so ociirz ; and sr 
silab'lz ye, ice, ets. qr converted intm improper diftoijz. On aesnt ov 
ds vaqeti ov vselz hwicj ma bsgin er end WelJ diftoijz and triftoijz, it 
iz frEcwentli neseseri in fonetic spelirj tm grmp cts silab'lz h[ m£nz ov 
a h|fen er coma ; ctus, cte wurdz (Llyicelyn, gwaew, gwaewawr, lleuad) qr 
best rit'n film-elm, guae-u, guae-uaur, hlni-ad, h\ liwicj msnz el ambigqiti 
iz prsvented. 

5e WelJ til, fir qr ljcli tm cez grat dificulti tm an Iijgiijman, bscez 
ctar must not bs ds sljtest spoc'n cwoliti giv 'n tm I, r ; dat iz, no mur- 
mur hwotever, but a pqr hwisper must bs herd triu ds configqrajunz 
corespondin tm I, r. clis iz most dificult fer us tm uter hwen (11) stops 
a vsel, az in (llall)=filaftl. cEs WelJ clqs dis ssnd az a guturalf 

W r un grat pscqliariti ov ds WelJ laijgwej iz ds fonetic cjanj ov ds inijal 
consonant bv a wurd, oin tm d£ meniy (not ds fonetic valq ov ds ter- 
minajun) ov d£ prEssdii) wurd. clis iz az if wz wer tm sa, a cot, di got, 
mi 'phot, her hot, fer a cot, d% cot, mi cot, her cot, in IijgliJ. cTe lez 
hwiq regqlat d£ (janjez qr veri complecs, but d£ qanjez demselvz qr 
veri simp'l; dus, 123 

inijal c bEcumz g; 'ph; k 

. , J9 . . b ; 'tnk ; f 

. . t .. d; 'nhj) t 
b . . V .; M ; — 

d . . d ; n; — 

• • 9 •• Wry; — 

. , U .. 1; — ; — 

m . . V j — ; 

fir . . r • — ,• — 



§ 36, nr. 24. Eyzitm.plz— //>//'. 199 

cle ferst ov dez qanjez iz celd Z#, de secund aspiret, and de terd 50/'/, 
bj Welf gramarianz. cle mivt ecsplodents als ov el tre ganjez ; de spoc'n 
ecsplodents onli ov de tui ferst ; and ci£ licwidz ov de ferst alon. In de 
spoc'n ecsplodents de cjanj ov g tui ^ liaz gon st ; no leter fer q ociirz 
in de modern Welf alfabet, do it aperz in de anjent caracterz. <Ie leter 
w& Jud not hav ben clqst wid til, fir ; fer in de ferst plas it iz a spoc'n 
insted ov a hwisperd licwid, and in de secund plas de qanj ov m tui v iz 
totali diferent from ddt ov hi tra I, er %r tui /• ; it iz eltuigeder singiiler, 
and can not be clcist wid eni ov de uder qanjez. 

fife considerajun ov de Welf vselz i, o, wil neseserili ental a sljt qanj 
in wc vsel seal on paj 23, bj de adifun ov 1 imedyetli abiiv it, and d 
imedyetli belo e. Perhaps it wiad be mor corect tui consider e az de 
trui mid'l vsel betwen a, e, and plas .? az de trui orijinal vsel, complstiij 
d£ seem dus : 

1 

£ ii m 

i 11 

a, q 

ft 6 



In dis cas bot 1 and y, az de ecstremitiz ov d£ mid'l seri£z wil \\ b£yond 
d£ seal, 9 bdn d£ d£pest gutural and obscur s^nd, i b£for d£ formost 
dental obsciir ssnd. cLz vsel .? fermz d£ transifunal vsel from d£ lahicdz 
tui d£ palatalz, hwiq woz kidertui misin, and corespondz tui d£ /, ^, az 
<? tui c/, and «« tui p. clar iz stil a vsel wontin tui corespond tui t. 

Tecst, pronunsiajun, and translajun ov de fdloiij Welf veijun ov de 
Lerdz Prar wer rit'n dsn from de dictajun ov m\ WelJ instructer. 

2f Ze>Yfe Pr«?r. ( 55 ) 

(1) j&m Tqd, yr liwn wyt yn y nefoedd ; (2) sancteiddier dy enw ; 
uin tqd, or luan xait un nevoed ; sanctiiidier do enui ; 

(3) deued \deled~] dy deyrnas ; (4) gwneler \bydded~\ dy ewyllys ar y 
dui-ed [deled] da diiirnas ; gianeler [buded] do e-uohlis or 

55. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) 75x fq,der, is iis (hui) qrt in de hcv'uz; (2) saijctifjd-be 
dj nam ; (3) enm [cum, is msniy iz is sam, io is verfnn iz diferent] dj cindum ; 

(4) be-dun [be-dun] dj wi] on de 



200 Egzqmp'lz—Welf, "Arabic. § 36, nrr. 24, 25. 

ddaeari*®) megis y mae yn y nefoedd; (5) dyro i ni heddyw ein bara 
dae-ar megis 9. mae un 9 nevoed ; duro s ne hedna uin bara 

beimyddiol ; (6) « maddeu i ni ein dyledion, fel y maddeuvm ninnau i'n 
bumudiol; q madui £ ns uin chledion, vel 9 niadiiT-ian ninai m 



(7) ac nac arwain ni i brofedigaeth ; (8) eiiJir gwared ni 
ctalediiir; ac nac draain ne £ brovedigaet ; uit'r giadred n£ 

rlmg drwg ; (9) cant/8 eiddot ti yw y deurnas, y nerth, ar gogoniant, .yn 
lirag druig ; cams uidot te uia 9 duirnas, 9 nert, qr gogoniant, un 

oes-oesoedd. Amen. 
oes-desoed. qmen. 

25. "Arabic. 

3.E caracterz hwiq qr ms uzd in qtiij 'Arabic, and hwic, hav bm adopted 
b\ d£ Turcs, Perfanz, and Hinduiz, qr comunli cold nesks ; da or rit'n 
from rjt tm left, so dat ds ferst paj ov an 'Arabic biac iz hwar we 
XJropeanz plas de lqst. 01do de alfabet consists ov twenti-at leterz, it haz 
rmiqrcabli fq diferent formz; a number ov dots plast abuv or belo d£ 
leterz, and cold diacritical pmits, servirj tm cjanj de menirj atdqt tm eni 
wun form. cle mmirjz dus ecsprest h\ related formz bar no fonetic rdajun 
liwotever; dus, a niqrc ljc ^ wid wun dot under it iz b, wid tm dots 
over it t, wid tre dots over it t, and wid fere dots under it p (in Per Jan). 
B. serten form hwiq reprezents h, hwen it haz wun dot over it iz Jc, hwen 
wun dot under it j t and so on. cLe formz, hsever, vari considerabli, 
acordirj az da ar conected or not wid uder leterz. 01 dez twenti-at leterz 
qr consonants, d£ soft bixdirj bm) rec 'nd az wun ov dem. cEe vselz qr 
seldum rit'n, ecsept in manuscripts ov d£ Coran and in poetri. 01 leterz, 
inscripjunz, and proz wurcs qr rit'n widst vselz. 3is macs 'Arabic 
ecsti*£mli dificult tui a beginer, becez he can not posibli ges hwot de vselz 
ot tm be. It iz az if we wer tm rjt de ferst ljnz ov Miltun dus : " v mnz 
frst dsbdns nd ct frt v it frbdn tr liz mrtl tst brt dt nt d wrld nd I r w 
sn hvnl mz." It iz trm dat d£ pozijun ov de lorj vselz ar tdlerabli wel 
indicated bj, rjtirj de consonants x (de soft bredirj), y, w for q, e, m res- 
pective. Hwen de vselz qr rit'n it iz onli bj menz ov lit'l mqrcs abiiv 

56. Verbal Translafun, continy,d. — erfc az ds hwar (it iz) in de hev'nz; (5) giv (tin) 
us dis-da ^r 2 bred a dali ; (6) and fergiv (tm) us sv dets, az (4s) we-fergiv we-elso (tui)-sr 
deterz ; (7) and 3 not %d 2 us tm temtajun ; (8) but deliver us from ev'l ; (9) becez iyn, 
tw, is (dp on, holli djn, an emfatic mod ov mqrciy pozefim in Welf, ljc de Freng {c'est 
mon livre, a moi) = s'a man hvr, q muq, it iz mj biac, tm me) iz de ciijdum, de p^er, 
and-de glori, in aj-ajez (eterniti). Hmcn. 






§ 36, nr. 25. Egzqmplz — ' Arabic. 201 

er belo c1e letcrz, but dsz mcircs ar, after el, veri inadecwet. cIe 
ecstrEin complecsiti ov qtin wid dz mel pmits, az da qr celd, must hav 
contributed tui cep literatur in a stat ov sceletun Jert hand amiin dz 
Arabz. We prosed tui giv a simbolical transcripjun, hwiq wil als ov 
el ds ecsentrisitiz ov dis ertografi bsiij clerli egzibited; but it wiad be 
jenerali sniif tui spel ds wurdz foneticcdi, tacin car tui reprszent d£ Jert 
vselz b^ stopt vtfel s^nz, and tui mqrc el dz strent'nd consonants, and 
dz divi3unz ov dz silab'lz, hwen wun silab'l endz wid a consonant and 
dz necst bsgmz wid a vsel er a soft bredirj, az dz Arabz consider and 
figur it ; fer egzqmp'l, alcur-dnu. 

We simboljz d£ 'Arabic consonants dus : 

1 x, 2 b, 3 t, 4t, 5 /, 6 h, 7 k, 8 d, 9 d, 10 r, 11 *, 12 s, 13 /, 
14 s, 15 d, 16 t, 17 z, 18 o, 19 q (=uq), 20 /, 21 c, 22 c, 23 I, 
24 m, 25 n, 26 li, 27 to, 28 y ; 

el ov hwiq hav dar etnical valuz, dz roman leterz bsin uzd instcd ov 
under-doted wunz, and q bsin uzd fer jq. 3e leter li iz sumtjmz pro- 
nsnst t ; in dis cas ds Arabz prszerv d£ ferm ov d£ leter, and ad dz tui 
dots hwiq bdoij tui dz leter t ; in imitajun ov dis we wil prEzerv d£ ferm 
ov h, but ad d£ cros ov t, dus, (K), hwiq must b£ red t. 

Hwenever x (d£ soft bixdhj) iz uzd in its trui sens az bEginin a silab'l, 
it iz acumpanid b[ a metre celd hamza, hwiq egzdctli qnserz tui st brae, 
and ma darfor b£ reprszented b^ dz sam sjn ( : ) plast bsfor d£ x ; dus, :x. 
3.z hamza iz sumtpaz uzd b£for y, w, and d£z leterz qr den tui b£ red 
az if da wer dz soft br£din ; it iz elso sumtjmz uzd alon. 

3ar qr onli trs vsel sjnz, hwiq we Jul reprszent b^ (a, i, u), eldo dz tui 
later qr not unfrscwentli red e, o. Ov d£Z (a, u) qr rit'n abuv, and (i) 
hz\6 dar consonants in neskE ; az, hsever, da qr red qfter dem, we Jal 
plas dem qfter dz consonants. Hwen da qr folod bj dz cognat conson- 
ants, dus, (ax, iy, uw), dz rszults qr promrast q, e, m. £L contracted ferm 
iz sumt^toz qzd fer q, hwiq ma b£ reprszented b[ d. Hwen dz vselz qr 
dub'ld at dz end ov a wurd, dz secund must b£ red n; dus, (aax, aay, 
aa, ii, uu)=qn, qn, an, en, on. In conversajunal 'Arabic, dis tanwm er 
nunafun, az it iz celd, from d£ 'Arabic nam ov d£ leter n, yl jenerali 
neglected. 

cEe combmajunz (:xax, xx) qr ugqali ecsprest in a contracted ferm 
celd madda, h\ drein a loij l|n over d£ mqrc fer (x) ; dis we indicat h\ 
plasiij an acqt acsent qfter dz (x), dus, x . Bot (x) and (ax) qr red a. 

Hwen a leter iz tui b£ dub'ld, (and el dub'l leterz qr r£ali pronsnst 
wid a distinct seperajun ov dz final and inijal efects on c1e pressdii) and 
sucsedii) vselz,) a mqrc (celd tafdsd) iz plast over dz consonant tin b£ 



302 Egzqmp'te — x Arabic. § 36, nr. 25. 

• 

dub'ld ; dis ws ma imitat h\ plashj ds sjii ov omijun (•) qfter ds consonant, 

tin Jo dat ds secund consonant iz omited in rjtirj. Sumtjmz dis dublin 
iz onli ujonic, tui. Jo dat ds prsssdin I iz tui bs asimilated tin ds faloirj 
c9nsonant; dus, (alrab-td}=arrdbbu. 

Hwen a silab'l endz wid a consonant, ds ternrinajun ov ds silab'l iz 
mqrct bj a s|n (celd jezrn) plast over ds f jnal consonant ; dis ws ma 
reprszent b^ ds sjn ov murmur ( ' ), on ac^nt ov ds dub'l us ov ds sam 
simbul for ds murmur and ternrinajun ov a silab'l in ds Hsbrui sistem 
ov r^tin; az wil bs prezentli ecspland. 

Sumtjmz ds inijal (:xa) iz omited on acsnt ov ds f|nal vsel ov a prs- 
ssdin wurd ; in ddt cas, a mqrc (celd waslon) iz plast over ds (x) ; ws 
imitat dis bj prsficsiij a hjf n, dus, {-a?}. 

cCs valuz ov ds vselz in conjuijcjun wid a consonant qr dus ecspland 
bj Volna : ( 57 ) 

(ba, bax, bay, bi, bi, biy, bu t bum, bix, bay, baw, ux, oa, oi, ou) 
qr pron^nst 

ba, bq„ bq, bi, be, bs, bu, bat, ba, ba, bo, o, oa, oe, ob. 
But it iz tin bs obzervd, dat eldo (bay, baw) or pron^nst bq, bo, yet 
{bay , baw'}, hwic, qr folod bj &e je/m ('), hav ds ssnd ov ds diffconz bai, 
bau, or bi, bs nsiii. els v^elz (i, u) qr jenerali i, u in f|nal silab'lz, 
and e, o elshwar ; but no definit ruil can bs giv'n. cEoz hui onli studi 
'Arabic for ds sac ov its conecjun wid Hsbrui, had beter rsd (i, u) in el 
casez. 

Volna confsndz ds consonants y, w wid ds vselz s, m, az el Prenqmen 
dm. cLs Arabz from huim ws lernt sr v Arabic pronunsiajun, mad ds tui 
lqst leterz in ds 'Arabic alfabet clsr consonants, ljc sx IngliJ w. y. 

Ws hav had ds advqntej ov studiin ds 'Arabic pronunsiajun from trs 
Arabz, Sawqn ov Msnt Lebanun, den (1841) Profeser ov 'Arabic at ds 
Colej ov ds Propaganda at Rom ; Mia/zqseb ov Baruit, hiz nevu ; and 
Oabdiallqh Cmrs ov Alepo, ds Secreteri tm ds Arcbifup ov Tripoli, hm 
vizited Lundun in 1842. Ws regret, hsever, dat ws onli emplod dsz 
opurtunitiz fer ds acwizifun ov ds lerned er Coranic pronunsiajun ov 
'Arabic, and not ds comun conversajunal pronunsiajun ov ds vselz. 3s 
consonants qr prousnst in ds sam maner in bot stjlz, but dar qr varjetiz 
ov pronunsiajun in diferent pqrts ov Arabia. cLus, in Alepo, ds stron c 
yl not proirsnst at el, but ds hiatus iz substituted fer it ; in meni pqrts 
ov Sjipt g (a ssnd not fond in trui 'Arabic) iz substituted. 3s leterz t, ct, 

57- {I? Alfabet Eu roper 11 applique a ax langues Asiatiqnes, par C. F. Volney. Paris, 
ckez F. Didot, 1819). 



§ 36, nr. 25. Egzqmp'lz — K Arabic. 203 

cu' elso a dificulti tm nieni, er rctctcr most Arabz; veri fu pronms acin 
purli, qr de grater number substitutirj cm indistiijctli pronsnst s, z. 

Vdluab'l obzervajunz on de pronunsiaj'un ov 'Arabic wil be fond, not 
onli in Volnaz wurc elredi sjted, but elso in Lanz Modem Ejipfanz, and liiz 
nil translajun ov &"£ Arabian N[ts Entertain, teuls, in hwicj he haz restord 
de pronunsiajun ov el de 'Arabic namz. Stil muc; remanz tin be dun on 
dis subject ; and it wiad be veri dezirab'l tm hav an * Arabic vocdbuleri 
fer de us ov de numerus travelerz dat ws pqs trui Sjipt, rit'n in strict 
acerdcms wid si etnical alfabet, but introdiisin leterz from de complet 
alfabet hwar neseseri. Maps, wid de trui 'Arabic pronunsiajun ov de 
namz ov plasez, qr a veri grat desideratum. Ser ©qrlz Feloz infermz us, 
dat in hiz travelz in Rfa Mjnur 3 lis fond de namz furnijt b{ de erdineri 
maps cw^t usles. 3s onli Jmr mod ov arjvin at de corect nam woz tui 
get it rit'n st in de 'Arabic caracterz. c5r simbolical, er sr etnical trail - 
scripjun wud qnser de sam purpus, az far az de traveler himself woz 
consemd, do ov cors da wud not be ecwoli intelijib'l tui nativ Arabz. 

We prezent tui spesimenz ov 'Arabic, de Lerdz Prar, and de ferst 
qapter ov de Coran, hwicj iz tm Mahomedanz liwot de Lerdz Prar iz tm 
Cristyanz. In de Lerdz Prar, de lpz mqrct (P) giv a fuil simbolical 
transcripjun ov de ponted tecst furnijt bj Paterman,( 58 ) acerdirj tm 
de prinsip'lz ov transcripjun elredi ecspland. cle ljnz mqrct (F) giv dat 
practical fonetic transcripjun liwiq iz enui fer etimolojiccd purpusez : de 
vain ov de vselz recw£r corecfun bj de ecsperiens ov practical orientalists, 
and de leter q iz uzd fer .<q az a convenient abreviajun. cle ljnz mqrct 
(2) contan de unpernted verfim from Eohberlan {Clwmberlayne) giv'n in 
Volnaz wiu'c elredi s^ted. cle Ijnz mqrct (V) giv Volnaz fonetic tran- 
scripjun ov de sam pasej. 

cle op'nirj qapter ov de Coran iz giv'n from de tecst ov Fliigel,^) and 
de fonetic transcript iz similer tm dat giv'n fer de Lerdz Prar. 

In de tecsts we hav adopted de 'Arabic divigun ov de wurdz ; in de 
fonetic verfunz we hav uzd a hjfen tm seperat doz pqrticl'z and wurdz 
hwicj qr jenerali rit'n tmgcder in 'Arabic, clis divigun wil fasilitat de 
comprehenjun ov de translajun. 

58. {Brevis Lingua Arabicte gramatica, litteratvra, chrestomathia cum glossario ; 
scripsit J. H. Peterman. Berolini, apud G. Eichkr, 1840.) clis iz a most n,sful lit'] 
wurc ov ab^t 200 smel pajez, sniijent tui giv a veri tolcmb'l insjt intra de conslrucfuu 
ov &e Arabic laugwej. For furder inferniajun, reforens ma be mad tm de lcrncd wurc9 
ov {Be Sacy, Erpenius, Oberleitner, Freytag.) 

59. {Coram Textus Arabicus, ad fidem librorum manu scriptorum et impressorum, 
et ad pracipuorum interpretum lectiones et auctoritatem recensuit Gustavus Fluegel. 
Ed. Ster. secundis r/>,-is emend. Lipsn?, apud Tauchnitz. 1841). 



204 



Uyzqmp'lz — ^Arabic. 



§36, m\ 25. 



Ss Lerdz Prar. ( 60 ) 



(P) 


(1) .-xabaxnax -xVadiy fiy -xls' amawaxti (2) liyatacad'asi -xs'muca 


(F) 


abq-nq -1-lacte h -s-samawqti li-yatacdddasi 'smw-ca 


(S) 


xbwnx xl'cky fy xls'mwxt ytcd's xsmc 


(V) 


qbui-nq ella&l fi el samauiqt satcaddas esm-ac 


(P) 


(3) liya.-x'ti maVcuwtuca (4) litacun mafi.-yatuca camax fiy 


(F) 


li-yqti malcuitu-cq li-taciin majiatia-ca ca-mq h 


(X) 


txty mlcwtc tcwn mfytc cmx fy 


(V) 


tats malcuit-ac tacum majst-ac camq fi 


(P) 


-U'amax :i caialica oalay -V.-xar'&i (5) .-xao'tinax kub'zanax 


(F) 


's-samqi ca-dalica oalq '1-ar^i aoft-nq kubza-nq 


(S) 


xh'mx cdlc oly xlxrd xotnx Jcbznx 


(V) 


el samq cedalec oalq el qr<^ qo£-nq kobz-nq 


(P) 


cifaxyaha yaw'minax [ — ] (6) zva-xqfir' lanax dunuwbinax 


(F) 


cifqyata ysmi-nq [ — ] wa- - qfir la-nq dianaibi-nq 


(?) 


cfxtnx ywm [bywiri] wxqfr Inx inwbnx 


(V) 


cefqt-nq sunn [b'suim] ma eqfor lenq donuib-nq 


(P) 


[ — — ] . camax naYinu ?iaqfiru liman :xak\a:xa .-xilaynax 


(F) 


[ — — ] ca-mq na/mw naqfiru li-man ak^aa ilj-nq 


(S) 


\wktxyxnx~\ cmx n\nvi nqfr Imn xsx xlynx 


W 


[ma ka£qsq-nq] camq naMia. neqfor leman qsq elainq 


(P) 


(7) walax ti/d'kWnax fiy -xlt'ajaxribi (8) lacin naj'inax mina 


(F) 


wa-lq tiadkil-nq k -t-tajqribi lacin najji-nq mina 


0) 


wlx tdk'lnx fy xltjxryb ten nfnx mn 


(V) 


ma lq tadakkel-nq fi el tejqrsb lacen najjinq men 


(P) 


-xlfariyri .-xamiyna 


(F) 


•J-Jarsri am ma 


0) 


xlfryr 


(V) 


el Jam* 



60. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) Fq4er-[ov]-us de-hwig [art] in de-hev'nz; (2) dat-be- 
hedod nam-[ov]-&8 ; (3) dat-ma-cum cirjdum-[ov]-de; (4) dat-be-dun wil-[ov]-de 
ljc-hwot in de-hev'nz l^c-dat upon de-ert ; (5) giv-us bred- [ov] -us sufijensi-ov da-[ov]-us 
[her de uder verfun diferz, and redz sufifensi-\tm\-us ov-da in- da, dat iz, a, sufifmsifer 
ns da, b% da] (6) and-fergiv tm-us crjmz-[ov]-us [her de uder verjuu inserts and-sinz- 
[ov\-us] ljc-hwot we fergiv tiu-hui haz-sind agenst-us; (7) and-not led-us in de-trjalz, 
(8) but f re-us from de-ev'l-[wun]. Emen. 



§ 36, nrr. 25, 26. Egzqmjflz — * Arabic, Hebrut, 205 

ife ojmiij gaj)ter oo dt Coran, ( G1 J 

bis ',))'> -xlialil -xlra\\ iiianl -xlr a\\iy mi . (1) .-xal'ham'du lil'ahi 
b-ismi 1-lqhi r-raAmani r-rataii al/mmdui li--l-lqhi 

rab'i -xVoaxlamiyna . (2) -xlro\i nuini -xlr'ahiymi . (3) maxlici yaw' mi 
rabbi -1-oqlamma T-rafanani T-ra^smi incilici y^mi 

-xld'iyni . (4) .-xiy'axca nao'budu wa.-xiyaxca nasHaoiynu . (5) :xitidinax 
■d-d mi £yq-ca naobiadu wa-£yq,-ca nastaasnia ihdi-nq 

-xls'iraxta -xl'mtatftaciyma . (6) siraxta -xl'aMyna .-xan'oam'ta oalay , him > . 

•s-sirq/a •1-miastacsma .sirq/a 'l-la&sna anourata oalj-him 

(7) qay'ri -xVmaq'&uwbi oalatfhiwb walax -xlA'axl'iyna. 
qjri 1-maqcAubi oalj-him wa-lq Y/-c/qll?na. 

Salz Fre Translajun. 

In de nam ov de most mersiful God. Praz be tra God, de lord ov el crEtqrz ; de most 
mersiful, de ciij ov de da ov jujment. 3e dm we wur/ip, and ov de dm we beg asistans. 
Direct us in de rjt wa, in de wa ov doz tm huira cte hast ben gra/us ; not ov doz agenst 
luum dsr qrt insenst, ner ov doz hm go astra. 

26. Hebrw. 

We hav plast cts modern v Arabic bef<5r &z anient Hsbrui, bscez da qr 
larjgwejez ov &z sam clqs, and &z onli real elm. we hav tm dz pronunsiajun 
ov Hfibriu iz ddt ov 'Arabic. Kz fdlohj iz a simbolical transcripjun ov 
cIe Hsbrui consonants : 

(1 x, 2 v, 3 ?, 4 $, 5 A, 6 «?, 7 2-, 8 h, 9 t, 10 //, 11 /•, 12 /, 13 m, 
14 n, 15 s, 16 3, 17/, 18 s, 19 c, 20 r, 21 f, 22 f.) 

cloz hwig qr left in roman t^ps qr strent'nd leterz. 3e leterz (h, s) 
qr n,3uali pronsnst k, ts. 3[s atsnt leter (s) we prezum tm hav b£n Az sam 
az d£ fortsnt 'Arabic leter, a stroijli hist s ; it woz natural dat in dz wif tm 
mac d£ efect veri ckr, s jiad bs qanjd intui &. 3e (h) ma hav bm difer- 
entli pron^nst, bot az "h" and az " k" b\ dz Hsbnuz, but it iz con- 
venient, at eni rat, tm distirjgwij it on el ocagunz from ds dev'nt leter ov 



61. Verbal Translajun. — in-nam-ov de-god de-mersiful de-compajunet. (1) de- 
praz tui-de-god lerd-ov de-wurldz. (2) de-mersiful de-compajunet. (3) cirj-ov da-ov 
de-jujment. (4) de [de wurd eyq haz no menirj ov its on, it onli servz tm als co, de, 
tni be plast ferst in de sentens] we-serv, and-de we-beseq. (5) conduct-us de-pqt de-rjt. 
(6) pqt-ov de-hwig ds-hast-ben-grajus tordz-dem. (7) uier-ov (diferent from) de- 
havirj-arjger agpnst-dem and-not de-erirj. 

19 



206 EgzqmtfU— Hebrm. \ 36, nr. 26. 

de alfabet. Ez sicstent leter (o) aperz tui hav had de valuz ov bot de 
atent and njntent 'Arabic leterz, becez it iz oca3unali reprezented b\ de 
Grec gam a in de Septuajint verfun; and de Grec gama woz at ddt tjm 
pronsnst dq, az de 'Arabic (q) ms iz, onli mor jentli. 

<Ie absens ov vselz wil be aparent on a gkpis at dis alfabet, but it iz 
supozd dat (x, y, w, h, o) wer oca^unali uzd for de vselz q, s, m, a, o. 
3is iz bj no menz serten, az regardz de tui last leterz. 

Aniider los dat wil strjc de reder iz de absens ov de ecsplodents. We 
hav de continuants/ #, t i,k q, but de corespondin ecsplodents p b, t d,c g, 
ar oltrageder wontin. Stil, dar iz no dst dat de Hebruiz uzd dem, onli 
it aperz dat de ecsplodents and continuants wer constantli interqanjd, 
and dis interqanjin depended entjrli on de natur ov de presedin ssnd ; so 
dat, tui a pep'l liui did not rjt de vselz in everi cas, it woz clerli unneseseri 
tui mq,rc dis uder distincjun. 

After de Hebrm had sest tui be a livin langwej, it becam ov grat 
impertans tui no hwot vselz Jud be red, and hwot continuants Jud beciim 
ecsplodents. cle Masoretic editerz ov de Bjb'l, darfor, carfiali indicated dez 
and uder facts, bj lit'l marcs plast abuv and belo de leterz ov de tecst, 
hwic; woz dus left entjrli unqanjd.( 62 ) It woz aparentli from a similer 
superstijun wid regard tui de leterz in hwic, de langwej woz rit'n, dat de 
Arabz olso uzd marcs abiiv and belo de leterz, insted ov introdusin nu 
vsel leterz hwic, wud.ranj wid de uderz. <Ie s^nz hwiq de Masoretic editerz 
introdiist, anserd tui sy q, 3, o ; a, e, i, u; de murmur ('), and an in- 
distinct pronunsiajun ov a, e, o : dat iz 5 dez editerz divided de vselz intui 



62. " Ire opinyunz hav ben oferd bj lerned men on dis subject [de anticwiti ov de 
Hebrm reel pernts]. Bj sum, de orijin ov de Hebrm reel pernts iz mentand tra be coeval 
wid de Hebrm langwej itself : hwjl uderz asert dem tm hav ben ferst introdqst bj Ezra 
qfter de BabiloniJ captiviti, hwen he compjld de canun, transcr^bd de bucs intm de 
prezent Calde caracterz, and restord de pqriti ov de Hebrm tecst. J3L terd hjpotesis 
iz, dat da wer invented, ab^t 500 yerz after Crjst, bj de docturz ov de scml ov Tjberias, 
fer de purpus ov mqrcirj and estdblijin de jenqin pronunsiajun, for de conveniens ov 
doz hm wer lernirj de Hebrm turj. clis opinyun, ferst an^nst bj Rabi illeas Leveta in 
de beginin ov de sicstent senturi, haz ben adopted bj Capel, Calvin, Luter <£Luther), 
Casebun, Scalijer, <£Masclef), Erpenius, Hmbegoh, L/Avocq, Bijups Weltun, Har, and 
L^t, Dr. Cenicot, Dr. Jedz <£&eddes), and uder eminent critics, BritiJ and foren, and 
iz its jenerali resevd, eldo sum fq rjterz ov respectabiliti continq strenqusli tm ddvocat 
dar anticwiti." — Hern; Introducjun tui is Bib' I, v. 2, p. 9. clis iz de hjpotesis in de 
tecst. {Mqsowrqk} = mqsorq, menz tradijun ; it iz a nam giv'n tm a number ov critical 
remqrcs upon de Bjb'l tecst, supozd tm hav ben rit'n at Tjberias, bj de rabinz ov ddt 
critical scml, after de complejun ov de Talmmd, in de fift er sicst sentqri after Crjst. 
Gl modern edijunz folo de Mqsorq, 






§ 36, nr. 26. Egzqmp'lz—Hebriu. &07 

lor), stopt, and brsf, a divigun hwiq becumz stil mor aparent hwen we 
obzerv &z mod in hwiq da apl£d dar vsel sistem. 3e s^n (q), hwen iizd 
bj itself in an op'n silab'l, er hwen folod bj (a 1 , k), had de ssnd #, er 
perhaps a, er £v'n e, — ssndz stil familyer in de £st, in plas ov tit loij g. 
Ws incl£n tin ds bredest pronunsiajun ov ds vsel, bscez d£ sjn (q) in cfo^ 
silab'lz,. woz frecwentli qzd for (o), no pqrticqler sjn bavin ben invented 
for dis synd. 3x rialz for disthjgwijiij hwen (q) haz de ssnd #, and hwen 
it haz d£ sbud o, qr rcider perplecsiij ; but we ma sa jenerali dat o ocurz in 
imacsented clozd silab'lz, er in suq acsented clozd silab'lz az qr folod b\ 
a dub'ld consonant. In sr transcripjun, de object ov hwiq iz tin simbol^z 
d£ Hfibruu spelirj, w£ Jal, ov cars, qz (q) in bot casez. d.z combinajunz 
(qy, qyw, qic) qr jenerali pron^nst qi, qiv, qu, and dis ma hav bm dar 
trui s^ndz. 

3.E s^nz (a, ay)=a ; and (o, q2c) = q, ecsept a vsel foloz, and den (y, to) 
bscum consonantal. 

3e stopt vselz {a, e, i, u) had dar etnical valqz ; but if an acsent woz 
rit'n over dem, dus (d, e, i, u), da mjt b£ pron^nst lorj. cLe combinajun 
(iy) woz qzd for d£ loij vsel e. cIe loij vsel m woz ecsprest bj plasiij a lit'l 
mqrc widin ds leter (w), and w£ ma darfor simboljz dis b£ r^tii) (ww). 

<Ie murmur (') woz elso qzd tui mqrc && end ov a clozd silab'l, in d£ 
mid'l ov a wurd ; d£ sjnz ('a, 'e, *q) wer qzd for bixf a-, bref e-, brsf o-. 
cIe hoi vtfel scsm, den, woz az foloz : 

Simbulz. Meniijz. 

(q, qx, qli, a), a, 'a, ( ' ) q, a, a-, ( ' ) 

(a, ay, e), e, 'e a, e, e- 

{iy, i), i, — s, i, — 

{pic, o), q, \ o, o, o- 

(uiw, u), u, — vi, u, — 

Wid el its dsfects, dis iz d£ most complst sistem ov vocaljzajun hwiq 
haz b£n prdcticali qzd in eni laxjgwej hwotever; fer in no uder sistem, 
not £v'n in d£ practical fonetic alfabet, hav d£ tre clqsez ov lorj, stopt, 
and bixf vselz bm distirjgwijt h\ ecspres sjnz. 

It iz custumeri tui pronsns f^nal (ha, oa) az (ah, ao) ; in el uder casez 
d£ vselz qr red in &z erder in hwiq da qr rit'n. 

Dub'ld consonants wer not rit'n twjs, but a lit'l dot, celd dqqaf, woz 
plast widin a consonant, (hwiq W£ ma repr£zent b£ qtiij an inverted 
psriud qfter it,) tui Jo dt dubliij ; dus, (tit'£l)=cittsl. It woz obzervd, 
dat hwenever {/ v, t £, k q) wer dub'ld, de r£zult in pronunsiajun woz 
pp bb, tt del, cc gg. Advqntej woz tac'n ov dis Hebriu pecqliariti ov 



208 Egzqmpk—Hebrm. § 36, nr. 26. 

pronunsiajun, tin mac ds sam sjn 3 hwen apljd tm ctez leterz, reprezent bot 
a dublin and a ^anj ov valq: and agen, hwen it woz imposib'l fer ds 
consonant tin bs dub'ld, az at ds beginii) ov a wurd, er after amider 
consonant, ds sam sjn woz qzd simpli tin dmot a qanj ov vain ; dus, in 
(ravig), (v) iz pronsnst bb, dus rabbe ; but in (vaoal), (v) woz a simp'l b, 
and cts wurd woz pronsnst baodl. cEez tin. qsez ov d£ sam sp dqqaf (er 
dqgef az it iz erdinerili, eldo improperli celd) qr jenerali distingwijt h\ 
gramarianz az ds strop and wee dqqaf respectivli. 

R mqrc ov prss^sli ds sam c|nd az dqqaf and hwiq we Jal darfor sim- 
boljz in ds sam maner, woz plast in filial (k), tm Jo dat it woz pronsnst; dus, 
(war , $qh')=arsqh, (dar land,) iz diferent from (xar i sq/i)=arsq, (tm de ert.) 

R marc cwjt similer tm dqqaf, onli plast over ds consonant insted ov 
in it, seperated de twenti-ferst leter ov ds alfabet intm /, s. We hav no 
evidens dat dis s woz diferent from de fiftsnt leter, and yet, from its clos 
conecfun wid ds ferm ov /, we qr incrjnd tm tine it ma liav bsn pronsnst 
sj, hwiq iz a transijun SMid bstwEii s and /. We Jal simboljz ds tm fermz 
ov ds twenti-ferst leter h\ (/, fs) ; d£ ferm (fs) ciad never bs tac'n fer d£ 
twenti-ferst leter folod h\ d£ fiftsnt, bscez sue; a combinajun cud never 
ocur widst ds inserjun ov ds murmur ('), dus, {/'<$). 3e (s) after d£ {/) 
iz darfor onli Ijc a vsel psnt, er dqqaf, ets., and iz omited hwen ds un- 
pemted consonants onli qr uzd. 

3e acsent and meteq wil bs reprszented h\ d£ acut acsent onli, ecsept 
hwen da elso serv tm indicat dz punctuajun, and den d£ corespondin 
IngliJ ponts wil elso bs subjond. 

3ar qr tin waz ov rjtin HEbriu — wid ds vselz, and wid^t. 5e abuv 
rEinqrcs als us tm egzibit eni Hsbrui pasej in Eder wa. In ds ferst spes- 
imen, hwiq iz ds Lerdz Prar, (d£ tecst tac'n from d£ HEbrm Testament 
in Bagsterz Poliglot Sdijunz,) we liav simboljzd a fuli pouted tecst, but 
widst acsents. In ds secund egzqmp'l, liwiq iz ds Hundredt Sqm, from 
d£ tecst ov Van der Hoqt {Hoogt), rsv|zd h\ Hqn {Halm), we hav adopted 
a plan ov printin hwiq corespondz most dcqretli tm d£ biblical tecst, ds 
capital leterz egzibitii) d£ unpemted tecst, and dE smel leterz and sjnz d£ 
Masoretic pernts. 

cLe pronunsiajun egzibited iz conjectural, and fonded upon d£ pronun- 
siajun ov 'Arabic, rqder dan dat ov eni egzistii) Hsbrm congrsgajun. 
clar qr tm uzejez at prezent acndlejd — d£ Pertqg£z and d£ Jerman Jqz 
pronunsiajun. 3a bot difer mor er les from ddt hwiq we hav giv'n. 
In pqrticqler it ma b£ menjund, dat bssjdz pronsnsin (h, s) az k, ts, and 
not distingwijiij (c, t) from (c, t), it iz custumeri tm uz y fer fjnal, and 
gn fer inijal (o), dus fqmchj fer fqmao. 3s hjf 'n in d£ fonetic ljnz ponts 



§ 36, lir. 26. Egzqmplz—Hebrui. 

st ds ethnological divigun ov ih wurdz ; it huz uo fonetic vulu, ner tluz ft 
in eni wa serv tiu clival ik wind intui proper silcib'lz. 

<?£ Lorch Prar. ( fiS ) 
(1) xqviy tunic x'afer vafqmayim (2) yicqiaf f'mekq (3) tqvox 
qvE-mu afer ba-JJqmdini yiccqctaf J"ine-kq tqvo 

maVkmwtekq (4) y'hiy r'soion'kq kaxafer vaf'qmayim h'an q-am 
mcdkuite-kq y'he r'son'-kq ka-qjer ba-JJqmdim can gam 

vqxqres (5) le\\em hucanmw tan Iqmuw hayowm (6) mws'lah. Iqnmw 
bq-qres le/^em hwca-nm tan lq-nui hai-yom ui-s'ld/* lq-nui 

xet-hovotayuiaw kaxafer x'anaWuv.uo soV\\iyrn VvaSahy howvayiicic 
et-^ovota-nui ka-ajer and/mui soUmi l'-vaooia /^ova-nui 

(7) w'xal t'viyxamuw Vmos'qh (8) l-iy xim has'iylanww min aqrqo 
w'-dl t'vsa-niu l'-massqli c£ im lias-sda-nm min hq-rqo 

(9) kiy Vkq ham'am'lqkqh w i haq' i witorqh w'hatif'xeret Voowlqmbjiit 
c£ l'-kq ha-mmamlqkq \v'-lia-gg'vunq w'-ha-ttiferet l'-oolqmmi 
xqman. 
qman. 

Se HundreJt Sqm: ( w ) 

(1) MlZ'MoTFR VToWaqH; HqRiYOmTF LciYHoWqH 
mizmor l'-todq hqi'Eoni lq-ihowq 

KqL-HqXqReS. (2) OiV'SiitW Xel-T HoJFqH V'ZsUVHqR 
col-hq-qres oivdui et-y'howq b'-sim/*q 

V-qXmW U'TqNqYW ViR'NqNqH. (3) Z'OwW KiY-nioTFqH 
boui l'-fqn-qiv v bi-rnqnq d'oui c£-y'howq 

HidTFX X'eLoHiYM; HmTFX OqZsqXuiTF JF'LoX {JF'LqW} 
hui elohmi; hui oqsq-mn w'-lo [w'-l-o] 



63. Verbal Translafun. — (I) Fqder-[ov]-us hm [qrt] in-hev'nz, (2) be-halod nam- 
[ov]-de; (3) cum cirjdum-[ov]-de; (4) be gud-ple3iir-[ov]-de ljc-h\vot in-hev'nz so elso 
in-ert. (5) Bred rjt-[tui]-us giv tm-us de-da; (6) and-fergiv tm-us de-dets-[ov]-us 
[ef iz merli a mqrc ov de acuzativ er objectiv cas, and darfor can not bs renderd in 
Ingtij"] ljc-hwot we fergiv tui-de-pozeserz-ov dets-[ov]-us; (7) and-not led-us tui- 
temtajun; (8) but on-de-contreri deliver-us from ev'l; (9) for tra-de [beh'nz] de-cirjdum 
and-de-pser and-de-glori tiu-eternitiz. Rmen. 

64. Verbal Transfofun. — (1) Son fer-tancsgivin. E^t tra-Jehova el-de-ert. (2) Serv 
Jehova [et iz onli de mqrc ov de object, and can not be translated in IrjgliJ] in-gladnc> ; 
cum-in tw.-fas-[ov]-him (befor him) &'«-(wid)-huzciz. (3) Acnolej dat- Jehova, he [iz] 
God; he mad-us, and-not [and-tut-him, de redirj in bracets, hwiq iz giv'n bj de Maso- 



210 jEgzqmpHz — Hebrw. § 36, nr. 26 

TqNiWNmW; OdM-oW TF'SoXN MaR'OiYJoTF. (4) V'oXmW 
qnc^nuu odmmo w'-<son maro£t-o boui 

ZVqRqYJF F-'JoJFSqH H 'aSdRolqYJF FiTHiL'qH; HoJFSmJF 
J'octr-qiv b'-todq 7*asarG>t-<£iv bi-t'hillq, hodm 

L6TF V'ffiKwW Z'MoJF. (5) KiY-ToJFF T'HoWqH; FOoWLqM 
l-o bq>'km fmo c£-fc>v y"howci l'-oolq,m 

HaS'froW JF'OaS-SoR TFqSoR TeMmWNqloTF. 
kasd-6 w'-oad-dor wq,-dor eminnat-o. 

In de fdloin fi*£ trans! afun de ljnz qr divided acerdirj tui Dii Fete,( 65 ) 
inn haz folod ds distincjunz supozd tin be indicated b^ de Masoretic 
acsents. 3is aranjment servz tni Jo de pdraleliz'm in hwiq Hebrui rit'm 
qefli consists. cle lpz q,r set bac at tre diferent distansez from de mqrjin ; 
de lp at de secund distans iz paralel tui de ljn at de ferst distans ; de 
l£n at de fcerd distans iz onli tra bs considerd az an ecspanfun ov de jdea 
in ds l£n imedyetli prssedin, and darfor duz not form a member ov ds 
pdraleliz'm. 3ar iz aparentli no atemt at rit'm in ds set ov acsent er 
number ov silab'lz ; yet de reder wil persev dat de orijinal displaz a balans 
ov gramatical construcfun liwiq ciad not be renderd intin IrjgliJ : 

Fre Transhfun ov $e Hundredt Sqm, 

(1) B. him ov praz. 

Est tiu Jehova el de ert ! 

(2) Serv Jehova wid j&, 

Cum befor hiz fas wid: rgje-sir) ! 

(3) Confes dat Jehova iz God ! 

He hat mad us, and we or hiz, 

His pep'l, and de floe ov hiz pqstur. 

(4) Enter hiz gats wid tones, 

And hiz corts wid a son ov praz ! 
lane him, bles hiz nam. 

(5) For Jehova iz cjnd, hiz mersi iz eternal, 

And hiz trtut enditrz from jenerajun tui jenerajun. 

retic editerz oz hwot et tui hav ben in de tecst insted ov hwot iz fend dar, wiad giv de 
beter sens, and-tw-him [#r] ws, dat iz, we qr hiz, an jdea hwig iz ecspdnded in de 
foloin wurdz] we: pep'l- [ov] -him and-floc-ov pqstur-[ov]-him. (4) Cum-in gats-[ov]- 
him m-(wid)-tancsgivirj, corts- [ov] -him in- (wid) -praz; giv-praz tui-him, bles nam-[ov]- 
him. (5) Fer-giad [iz] Jehova, tm-eterniti (everlastirj) [iz de] mersi- [ov] -him; and- 
dqrirj -jenerajun and-jenerajun [lasts de]-truit-[ov]-him. 

65. {Commenfar icier die Psalmen, nebst beigefiigter Uebersetzung, von Dr. W. M. L. 
de Wette. Me Aufl. Heidelberg, bei 3Iohr, 1836). 



§ 36, nr. 2 7. EgzyntfU— Per/an. 213 

27. Per/an. 

cTe Per/an bsloijz tm ds Indo-Jermunic famili ov larjgwejez, and haz 
darfor no conecjun wid ds 'Arabic. It iz, in fact, nine; nior l£c IijgliJ dan 
'Arabic. Yet, from ds sercumstans dat ds Perjanz or ns Mahomedanz, 
ds 'Arabic laijgwej, az ds langwej ov dar scripturz, hwiq or not translated, 
haz ben gratli cultivated ; and ds Per/an laijgwej iz ns rit'n in ds sam 
caracterz az ds 'Arabic, wid for adijunal leterz for ds ssndz p, 5, g, g, 
liwiq ar not fsnd in ddt laijgwej. els Perjanz hav a practis ov inter- 
wsvhj 'Arabic #nrdz wid dar on in de most singuler maner, hwiq ma 
be partli compard tui ds mod in hwig ds ac^nts ov ladiz " fajunz," in 
IngliJ nuzpaperz, or interlarded wid Frenq. But ds 'Arabic wurdz or 
uzd in dar trui stat ov construcfun, hwicj iz totali diferent from ds Per/an, 
in a maner liwiq Ser Wilyam Jonz ( 66 ) haz ilustrated V\ supozhj dat ds 
IijgliJ sentens " els trm lo iz rjt rsz'n, confermab'l tui ds natur ov tiijz, 
hwiq celz us tm duti h\ comqndiij, [and] dsterz us from sin bj ferbidin," 
wer tui be micst up wid Latin wurdz in dar trm stat ov construcjun ; 
dus, " 3.E trm lees iz recta rafio, confermab'l naii'ire, hwiq h\ comcindiij 
voset ad ofifium, [and] h\ ferbidin a, freds deteriat." And az ds IijgliJ 
elter ds pronunsiajun ov ds Latin wurdz, eldo da csp ds spelhj, so dm de 
Perjanz, tui hmm meni ov ds 'Arabic ssndz q,r imposibilitiz, Perjaniz ds 
pronunsiajun hwj] da jelusli prezerv ds ertografi. 

els foloin acsnt ov ds Per/an alfabet and pronunsiajun, tuigeder wid 
ds egzcraip'l and its pronunsiajun, iz entjrli tac'n from Profeser Lsz sdijun 
ov Ser Wilyam Jonzez Per/an G-ramer (9t sdijun, Lundim, 1828). 3s 
alfabet consists ov ds fdloiij terti-tm leterz. 

(1 x, 2 6, 3 p, 4 t, 5 t, 6 j, 7 g, 8 h, 9 k, 10 d, 11 d, 12 ;•, 13 z, 
14 5, 15 s, 16/, 17 s, 18 d, 19 t, 20 z, 21 o, 22 q, 23/ 24 c, 25 c, 
26 g, 27 I, 28 m, 29 n, 30 w, 31 k, 32 g.) 

01 dsz leterz q,r properli pronsnst az in 'Arabic, er az in ds etnical 
cdfabet ; yet ds Per Jan jenerali pronsnsez (f, d, s, d, t, z) az s, z, s, z, t, z. 
cfs leter n hwen comenshj a silab'l =nj " hwen terminatiij wun after a loij 
vsel, it tacs a scarsli perseptib'l nazal ssnd," hwicj ws ma reprszent b\ n ; 
and "bsfor (g) and endin a silab'l dis ssnd iz cwjt edib'l, az in sr wurd " 
chj ; in dis cas den it iz =g, ws prsziim cEe leter (h) hwen final iz seldum 
pronsnst; ds fjnal mat (//} iz celd Jeufs, muktufe (liid'n), er mulcujfuf 
(mad ljt). 3ar iz elso an 'Arabic (ft)=t. 

cLe vselz and diftonz ar stated h\ Ser Wilyam Jonz (p. 12) tui hav (h 
ssndz u e, u ta, i, e ; a, oj /, s. Wid regard tui e, ws tiijc dat dis ssnd iz 

66. Prefcs tm hiz Per/an Gramer, p. xii. 



212 Egzqmp'lz — Per/an, § 30, nr. 27. 

tui bred. We remember dat Ser Wilyain Jonz, in hiz acsnt ov &z Sanscrit 
cdfabet, sez dat dis e iz ds ssnd ov ds Freng (a), hwicj in hiz t^m it woz 
custumeri fer Irjglijinen tui pronsns e ; dis custum haz gon si, and we 
suspect dat ds trui ssnd ov de Per/an az vvel az ds Frenc, iz a. In 
egzibitirj ds pronunsiajun ov de foloin egzqmp'l, htfever, we liav not 
ventqrd tui qanj de ssnd indicated b^ Ser Wily am Jonz. cTe v^'el sjnz 
demselvz or rarli rit'n. In Ser W. Jonzez Gramer a pscudier mod ov r:jtiij 
iz nzd : " Perst, everi Per/an wurd wil end in a cwjesent consonant, dat 
iz, a consonant folod b^ no vsel. Secundli, (w) or (y) foloiij eni con- 
sonant and haviij no ertografical marc, wil be red " o, a. " In d£ necst 
plas, everi consonant, ecsept dis last menfund, havirj no ertografical 
mq,rc, wil be red wid" u (p. 13). Sis mod ov r^tirj wil be adopted in 
de simbolical transcripjim ov de foloiij od ov Hafiz, hwiq iz tac 'n from 
p. 18 ov Ser W. Jonzez Gramer. 3e ertografical metres qr de sam az 
in 'Arabic. We qr unab'l tra metre ds pozijun ov ds acsent. 

Per/an Qd.^) 

(1) xgr x 'n turcl fiyrxzly bds 't x'rd dili mxrx 
ugur eh turce Jsreze bu-dust erud dila mere 

(2) bkxli hmdawiyf bk'fm smrendu to bukxrxrx 
bu-kela hinduw-ej bukjum sumurcund o bukerere 

(3) bidih sxciy ma.-y bxciy elk dr jwt nkawxhiy yxft 
bidi sece mua bece ci dur junnut nukehe yeft 

(4) cuxri xbi rucnxbxdu w guVgfti mud'xrx 
camera ebe rucnebed o gulgufta miasedlere 

(5) fiqxn ciyn luwllyxni ficki fiyriyn gxri fli r xfuwb 
fiqen ceri lraliyena Joke jerengere Juhr ejmb 

(6) gunxn burdridi sab'ra xz dll cih turcxn kaicxni yqmxrx 
Cjianeh burdundi sebru-z dil ci tiarcen keni yuqmere 

(7) zl oif'ci nxtamxmi mx jmxli yxri mus' 'tqniyst 
zi oijca netamema me jumela yere mustuqmst 

67. Verbal Tramhfim. — (1) If ctdt Turcif (tsvif, plunderii)) mad-ov-Xerciz in-hand 
raa-tac hqrt-ov us, (2) fer-mol-ov blacnes-her (fer her hlac mol) j-wud-giv Sumurcund 
and Biakqrq,. (3) Giv-cte, cup-barer, [ds]-wjnz remander, sins in paradjs not-du-wilt 
fjnd (4) hancs-ov weter-ov Riacnqbqd and roz-wecs-ov Musallq. (5) Alqs ! dat-dez 
[mi, contracted fer ci-sn] hutiful wontun jent'l-manerd siti distiirbirj [wimen] (6) in- 
ljc-maner cari-of pajens from hqrt, az Turcs [cari of ds] tra-ov plunder. (7) But 2 luv-ov 
1 [d£]-impe / rfect us [ds]-luiti-ov [mj]-mistres disdanz. 



§ o6, nr. 27. Egzqmp'lz — Per/an. 2 I 3 

(8) bx'bu(^ b ) w nt\ju w kxlu w hi'" gih \\xjt ruw:y ziybxrx 
bu-eb ui rung u kel tu kut qi /^ejut roe zebere 

(9) \\diyta xz mutiribu w may* gw wa rxzi die rl cut tr jw 
duties uz muitrib ui ma go \vu reza duhrc cumtur jo 

(10) cih cs ng'fuwdu w ng'fxyd bhic'mt .xiyn muom'xrx 
ci ces nugjuid o nugjeyud bu-Aicmut in inuoummere 

(11) mna xz x'n hs'ni rwz xf'zuwn cih yuwsuf dxf ti dxnis'tm 
mun uz en husne roz afzuin ci ymsiaf dejti denistum 

(12) cih oif'c xz prdh.-i ois'mt biruwn x'rd zuliykxrx 
ci aijc uz purduha oismut birran erud zmkkere 

(13) )isly\it gtvfi cun jxux ciha xz jxu dmc-slitr dxnid 
misfit goje cum jene cih uz jen dostitur derund 

(14) jawaxnxni soxdfmf^di pndi piyri dxnxrx 
juwenena suoedutmunde pun da psre denere 

(15) bdm guftiy wa kur'sn'dm ofxca -xll'h nicuw guf'tiy 
budum giaftg wu kursundum oufe-c ulluli nicm gufte 

(16) jawaxbi taVki miyziybd Ibi IJli fer kawxrx 
jaweba tulke ms-zsbnd luba luola Jucur kere 

(17) cpl guftiy wa dur suf'tiy biyx :wu kmvf bakawxn \\xfiz 
quzul giafts wu dur suite biye ui kiuj buken hehz 

(18) cih br nz'mi tuw xfjxnd flc oic'di turayxrx 
ci bur nuzma to ciffenud fuluc oicda turjyere 



68. Verbal Translnfun, eontin^d. — (8) Ov-weter and pant and mol (paqez) and 
pensilinz [de wurd iz elso uzd fer a manz mustcij] S hwot nesesiti [iz dar fer de] 
2 fas 1 butiful. (9) 2 [3e]-stori 3 ov 4 sirjer 5 and r> \vjn Hel-dy, and 3 [de]-secrct-ov 4 ljm 
^es ^ec-ds ; (10) fer eni-wun not-haz-op nd and uot-wil-oj/n (no wuu liaz op'nd 
er wil op'n) bj-sjens dis enigma. (11) 5 ov dat biiti, dali incresirj, bwig Jozcf bad, 
hav-non, (12) ddt luv from [ds]-val-ov castiti wiiit ma-briy (ma brirj st) Zudria 
(Potiferz \vjf). (13) Cmsel-ov er dut-£x (lis'n tui c^nsel?), o-[mj]-]^f ! fer 2 dan :i ljf 
J derer hav (consider) (14) yurj-men-ov bapi-dispozifunz [de]-advjs-ov [an]-old saj. 

(15) Bad-ov-me ds-bast-sed, and j-am-contented ; prezerv-de God: gud ds-hast-sed ; 

(16) 2 q,nser l [a] -biter "i duz-it-beciim \jns iz de marc ov de, prezent tens] lip, nubi Juger 
etin. (17) [An]-od d^-bast-sed and perlz ds-bast-perst [a set ov versez and a striij 
ov perlz o.r celd bj de sam nam in Per/an, az in de necst ljn], cam and swetli sir) -[it], 
Hafiz; (18) fer upon versez- [er-perl-strirjz]-ov de sprirje'lz llev'n de-perl-striij-ov tt- 
Pljadez [de bud ov dis jdea consists in de dub'l alu^un tin de peril luster ov de stqrz, 
and de perli brjtnes ov de versificajun, jond tui de dub'l menin ov dc wurd nui 



214 Egzqmplz—Perfau. \ 36, nr. 27. 

Fre Translafun. 

(1) If but ddt rogif mad ov £erq,z in her hand mj hqrt wud bar, 

(2) Fer de blac mol upon ber gee j"d giv Bukqr and Sumurcund. 

(3) Cup-barer, dran de goblet drj ! for dtf'lt not fjnd in paradjs 

(4) 3s weter -bancs ov Rucnqbad, er de swet bserz ov Musallq. 

(5) Ah ! hs doz luvli wontun damz, huiz winirj waz ky tsriz disturb, 

(6) Ljc Turcs, dat bar dar plunder of, ravij endurans from tsv hqrts. 

(7) But dis imperfect luv ov ~syz ds bqtius far wun stil disdanz. 

(8) Hwen natiirz buti decs de gee Ihwot ned ov woj, er pag, er pant. 

(9) Tel ov de sirjer and ov wjn ; sec not tui no hwot tjm wil brig ; 

(10) Fer nun bj sjens can er wil de rid'l ov de futuj red. 

(11) 3fv non ddt buti Jozef had, dat da bj da mor luvli grra, 

(12) cldt luv, hwig from behjnd de val ov gastiti Zuileca drui. 

(13) Mj ljf ! tui csnsel lend djn er, fer derer e'n dan ljf da hold — 

(14) cLoz hapi udz, n se arsnd, — de csnsel ov a saj old man. 

(15) <i Bad! dust cte eel me . . . hev'n fergiv de . . . j wil not disput dj wurdz . . . 

(16) But, liz a biter qnser fit fer lips ljc ruibiz, swet az Juger. 

(17) Lo ! cte hast strurj a perli vers, cum, Hafiz ! cum, and swetli siij it ; 

(18) Fer Hev'n Jedz a perli ljn ov stqrz upon dj perli vers. 

cTe meterz ov de Perfanz qr, acerdin tin Ser Wilyam Jonz, [Gramer, 
pp. 192 — 201,) fsnded upon cwontiti, and not upon acsent. cle rralz 
fer determinin cts cwontiti ov silab'lz qr veri curius, and in wun remqrc- 
ab'l pont difer esenjali from de Latin and Grec. cle jeneral ruil iz, even 
silab'l endir) in a Ion v^el, diftor), er consonant, iz Ion ; dus, (bax, buw, 
bw, biy, by, batd, bay)=bq, but, bo, be, bs, b&, b%, qr Ion, az da wud be con- 
siderd in Latin and Grec ; but de silab'lz {bad, bud, bid)=bud, bud, bid, 
liwicj contan Jert vselz folod onli b\ wun consonant, qr elso Ion, in 
remqrcab'l contradicjun tin de ferst Latin ruil (supra, p. 73). It iz 
scarsli posib'l tui hav a mor convmsin prmf dat de felin fer cwontiti iz 
najunal, and not esenjali fonetic. It diferz in diferent najunz, and iz 
darfor an acsident, and not a properti ov spoc'n s^ndz. cCe Perfanz 
admit ov a number ov ecsepjunz tui dar ruilz, and poetic ljsensez fer 
getin over " fels cwontitiz." 3us, fjnal (i) ma be e er a,, at ple3ur (ov 
hwiq several instansez wil be sen in de presediij egzqmp'l) ; (k), hwic; 
iz U3uali mut, ma be pron^nst and mad tui lent'n a silab'l er not, at 
ple3ur, and so on. cEar qr at prinsipal cjndz ov fet, er standerdz (urcen), 
recogujzd h\ de Perfanz, hwig qr namd bj ilustrativ wurdz, az foloz, 
1 fuomlwi (=1222, se p. 75), 2 fooilun (212), 3 mufeoelun (1222), 
4 mustvfoilun (2212), 5 mufeoilutun (12112), 6 mutufeoilun (11212), 
7 feoilotun (2122), 8 mufomletu (2221). cle megurz er "sez" (buhiur) 
qr veri meni. cle me3iir ov de prezent egzqmp'l iz simp'l, consistin ov 
for fet ov de terd spejiez, mufeoelun er 1222, wun Jert folod bj tre lorj 



§ 36, hit. 27, 28. Roman and Font-lie AlfabeU. 2 1 ."> 

silab'lz. 3is givz a ljn ov twelv silab'lz, fer hwiq dz most nuturcd IijgliJ 
pozijunz ov dz acsents wild bs on d£ secund and fort silab'lz ov sq fiit. 
3is iz imitated in dz meter qoz'n fer d£ abuv fix translajun, hwiq hsever 
iz purli acentqal, d£ q£f acsent bdij jenerali on dz fort silab'l ov zq 
gruip. 

28. 3e Roman and Fonetic AlfabeU corwpird. 

3e abuv egzqmp'lz hav bra sufijent tui Jo us dat dz leterz ov ds roman 
alfabet, az qzd bj diferent najunz at de prezent da, hav veri diferent 
mEniij. It ma darfor be mteresthj tui tabiilat dz prinsipal significajunz 
in hwiq dz IijgliJ, Jermanz, Duq, Danz, Italyanz, Spanyerdz, Frenq, 
Polz, and WelJ emplo de simp'l roman caracterz ; and den tm se hs, b[ 
menz ov djgrafs and acsented leterz, da suplj simbulz fer doz ssndz in 
dar laijgwej hwiq da wer unab'l tm reprszent bj simp'l roman leterz. 
Az fqr az de IijgliJ laijgwej iz consernd, dis comparisun can bs onli veri 
incomplet ; but ds etur liaz furni/t a veri f uil and compltt comparisun els- 
hwar.( 69 ) Wid rsgqrd tiu uder laijgwejez, ds prezent comparisun iz muq mor 
complet, eldo, ov cors, suq tab'lz must elwaz labur under de disadvqntej 
ov not furnijiij dz lez hwiq regqlat dz qanjez ov significajun. It must 
be elwaz understud dat we onli giv dz c/f valuz ov a leter in wun cas, 
and dz most jeneral mod ov simbolizajun ov a ssnd in dz uder. Fer 
furder infermajun, referens must be mad tm de fonetic notis prsficst tm 
dz prEssdhj egzamp'lz. 3s laijgwejez selected qr not dz onli langwejez 
hwiq mac us ov dz roman alfabet az set st h\ acsented leterz. B£s{dz 
dez n^n laijgwejez, Pertugsz, SwEdif, Galic, fcij, Hungarian, Bohemian, 
de varius dialects ov diferent cuntriz, dz varius laijgwejez hwiq hav ben 
rcdiist tm qtin bj IrjgliJ lnijuneriz, az dat ov Xu Zeland, ets., qr u^qali 
rit'n wid roman leterz. 

<3x anecst tab'lz wil elso serv ds purpus ov Johj dz varius ssndz pozest 
bj eni langwejez, and dar fonetic defijensiz. cCus we se dat & ociirz in 
IijgliJ, DaniJ, SpaniJ, and WelJ, but dat f, hwiq ociirz in dz uder tre 
laijgwejez, iz not fond in DaniJ; 5 ociirz in IijgliJ, Frenq, and Polif; / in 
IijgliJ, Jerman, Italyan, Frenq, and PoliJ ; but nsder / ner j iz hnd in 
WelJ, Duq, er DaniJ. 

3e leterz and combinajunz hwiq qr set bac a lit'l in d£ ferst colum ov 
TaVl J, dm not ferm a pqrt ov dz jenqin Latin alfabet, but qr dz inova- 
Junz ov modern tjmz. 

69. R Fie fer Fonetic Spelit) ; er, is Isesesiti ov Qrtografic Reform. Lundim, 
F. Pitman, 1848. <Ie ferst fjv tab'lz ov de Apendics contan az complet a comparisun 
ov de fonetic and simbolical alfabet ov de IijgliJ langwej az de etur woz ab'l tm compel. 



216 



Home/// and Fonetic Alfabets. 



\ 36,m\28. 



/. He Valii ov Roman Leterz in n%n modern Laygwejez. 



cle ronian 
leterz 



qx jenerali pronsnst in cte foloin nianer in 



glx 

gl 

gn 



qu 
r 



n 

ng 

oe 

6 

oi 

oo 

ou 

ph 

i 

rh 

sc 

sch. 

sh 

th 
u 

ii 

w 
wh 



IiJgliJ- 


Jernian. 


Dug. 


DaniJ. 


Italy an. 


SpaniJ. 


Frencj. 


Polif. 


WelJ 


a q e a 


q a 


q a 


d q a 


q a 


q a 


q a 


q a 


q a 


e 


a 


— 


a e 












a e 


ai 


ai 


ai 


ai 


ai 


a 


ai 


ai 


qe o 


au 


au 


au 


au 


au 


o 


au 


at 


b 


ip 


b 


b 


b 


b v 


b 


b 


b 


csf 


ts c 


c s 


c s 


c g 


ct 


c s 


ts 


c 


Qfc 
d t 


kk 

d't 


k 
d 


di 


c 
d 


d i 


f 

d 


k 
d 


k 

d 


s e 


a, a e e 


a e 


a a e 


a e a e 


a e 


e e 


a e 


a e 


£ 


a, 


d 


a 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


£ a 


ai 


ui ? 


ui ? 


ai 


— 


— . 


— 


ui 


H u 


■o 


6 


— 


au 


— 


o 6 


— 


U} 


f" 


f 


f 


/ 


f 


/ 


f 


/ 


V 


9 J 
9 of 


9 1 


9. 


9 1 


93 
9 

h 

(imit) 


9 * 


9 3 


9 


9 
















h (mitt) 


h 


h 


h 


(HlUt) 


nj 
(miit) 


I 


h 


i i e £ 


£ i 


i 


£ i 


£ I 


£ i 


£ I 


£ I 


£ i 


J 


y 


y 


y 


£ ii 


k 


3 


y 


— 


c 


c 


c 


c 


— 


— 


c 


c 


— 


I 


I 


I 


I 


1 


1 


I 


iii 


1 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


b 


h 


— 


%l 


m, 'm 


m 


7)1 


VI 


m 


m 


m 


m 


m 


n y 


ny 


n y 


ny 


n y 


n y 

ny 


n n 


u 


n 


>.) 


V 


V? 


V 


— 


— 


— 


V 


o e m o 


O O 


o o 


o op 


6 o oo 


o o 


O O 


o o 


6 


£ 


o 6 
o 6 




o 6 




























VI O 11 


o 


P 


o 












QWUUTS 


— 


ou 


ou 


— 


— 


UI u 


— 





P 
f 


P 
f 


p 

f 


P 
f 


P 


P 


p 

f 


p 


P 
f 


cw c 


cv 


cl 


cv 


cu 


C CU 


c 


— 





r uu ur 


r uq 


r 


r 


r 


r 


r dq 


r 


r 


r 


r 


r 


r 


— 


— 


r 


— 


%r 


s z f 3 


sz z s 


s 


s 


s z 


s 


s z 


s 


s 


7* 
*■/ 


f 

t 


t 


t 


f 

t 


t 


ts 


t 


t 


t $ 


t 


t 


t 


— 


— 


t 


t 


t 


%wuv. 


M U 


il u 


VI u 


Ml U 


VI u 


11 V 


Ui u 


% i 


— 


U U 


ii u 


ii il 












V 


f, 


1 V 


v u 


V 


V 


V 


— 


— 


w 


V 


V 


— 


— 


— 


— 


*/ 


Ui u 


fiw 


















z cs gz 


cs 


cs 


cs 


— 


cs k 


z 


cs 


— 


y i i 


i 


i 


il ii 


— 


£ i 


£ I U 


i i 


1 I r> 


z 3 


ts 


z 


z 


ts dz 


t 


Z 


z 


— 



§ 36, nr. 28. 



Fonetic and Roman Alfabeti 



217 



II. Mod ov ecsprdsip tte Fonetic Alfabet hi Roman Leterz in npt modern 

Laygwejez. 



3e syndz rep- 
i-ez^nted bj etc 
fonetic leterz 



q,r most U3Uali ecsprdst bj tfc foloiij combinajunz ov romon leterz in 



iggiif. 


Jerman. 


Due.. 


DaniJ. 


Italyon. 


SpaniJ. 


Frenq. 


PoliJ. 


WelJ. 


ea ee, — 


ie ih i, — 


ie i, i 


ii i, i 


ii 1 


i, i 


l ic i, i 


i, i 


i, — 


— , i 


— , i 


— , i 


— 




— 


— 


7. y 


— , i 


a ai, — 


ee en, e 


ee e, e 


se, se e 


e, c 


e, — 


ee, e 




e, — 


a, e 


a e, e 


— , e 


ee e, — 


e, e 


— > e 


ai e, e e 


e, e 


— , c 


— , a 






a, — 












a '_T 


a ah aa, a 


aa, a 


a, a 


a, a 


a, a 


a, a 
a, — 


a, a 


a, a 


au o, o 


— i o 


-7o ? 


— , o ? 


0, 
0, 

u, u 


~ 


— 


0, 


o oa, — 


o oh oo, o 


00, 


00, 
0, 

u, u 


0, 


6 o au, o 


0, 


— 


00, ou u 


u uh, u 


oe, — 


u, u 


Oil, Oil 


u o, u 


w, w 





ii, ii 


uu, — 


Y> 7 








ii, n 





7> 7 u 





6, o 


ecu, cu 


e, e 








eu, eu 





— 


J U 




— , u 








e, — 
in en 


e 


-y 
y 














an 
on 


a 


— 


h 

\V, \vll 


h 


h 


h 


— 


— 


an 


— 


h 


v, f 
tli, th 


w, — 

— f v 


v, f 

- 


y, f 

d, — 


v, f 


V 1), f 

d, c z 


v, f 


W 3 — 

— , f w 


f,ff 
dd, th 


s z, s c 


8,/s 


z, s c 


— , s c 


s, s 


— , s 


S Z X, s 


z, s 


— , s 


z s, sh 


— , sch 


— 


— 


— j sc 


— 


g h ch 


z, s 
z, sz 


— 


7, (-) 


J, — 


h — 


jfy\ — 


— 


— 


— 


3, — 

— ,hch 
I 

1, — 

1,— 


— 




g, ch 
g, ch 


g, ch 


~" 


— 





— 


— ch 


1, — 


1 


1, — 


1,- 


1, — 

gl>- 


I, — 

II, — 


I, — 

II, — 


1,11 


le 


el 




— 


1 


r, — 


r, — 


r, — 


r, — 


r, — 


r, — 


r, — 


rz 


r, rh 


r 

er, ur 


r 
er, er 


er?, er? 




— 





r 


r, r 





m, m 


m, — 


m, — 


m,- 


m, — 


m, — 


m, — 


m, — 


m, — 


n, en 


n, — 


n , — 


n, — 


n, — 


n, — 


n , — 


u, — 


u, — 


ug 
b, P 

d, t 

g,ck 


ng 
b,p 

d, t 

g>k 


ng? 
b,p 
d, t 


n g 
b,p 

d, t 

g>k 


gn 
n 

b,P 

d, t 

g gh, c ch 


n 

n 

b,p 

d, t 

ggu,cqu 


gn 

b,p 

d, t 

g gu, c qu 


h 
n? 

b,p 
d, t 
6 k 


ng 
b,p 
d, t 
g. c 



218 Conchujitii. § 37. 

§ 37. 
CONCLTITXUN. 

We hav not had an opurtimiti ov qtiij dsn de pronnnsiajunz ov de 
pasejez sjted in de forgoirj egzqmp'lz, from de dictajun ov persunz hiu 
spoc de kmgwejez az dar nativ tunz, in mor dan tui er tre instansez, az 
de Welf and Loland Scoq ; and hav had, in uder casez, tui depend upon 
eonjectur, (az in ded larjgwejez,) de fonetic transcript ov uder qterz, (az 
in Pertugez and de Bavarian dialect,) er *r on jujment and recolecfun, 
at a considerab'l distans ov tjm sins herin de langwej spoc'n b\ nativz, 
(az in Frenc,, Jerman, Italyan;) — it iz, darfor, veri probab'l dat meni 
defects er eronius reprezentajunz wil be discuverd bj doz hui hav beter 
opurtqnitiz er mor aciit fonetical persepjunz dan de efcur. cfrs, hse'ver, 
wil in nowjz detract from de utiliti ov de etniccd and complet fonetic 
alfabets hwiq we hav constructed, cla furnij de mens ov ecspresin de 
corect ssndz colectivli tui doz hui no hwot dez corect ssudz qr, indiv- 
ldqali. And hwen de laijgwej iz rit 'n in acerdans wid dez simbulz, a 
menz ov cuvjvir) at de corect pronunsiajun ov de wurdz it contanz, iz furnijt 
tui eni wun hui iz acwanted wid de simbulz, and can reprodiis de s^ndz hwiq 
da reprezent. But 3T simbulz dui not furnij de reder wid de p^er ov pron^n- 
shj de ssndz, ev'n qfter he haz herd dem, and sertenli not befor he haz herd 
dem. 3e obzervajunz in de ferst part ov dis tretis, hsever, wil asist him 
in aprejiatiij de ssndz hwen he duz her dem, and dis iz el dat can be 
atemted in a wurc on fonetics. £L ssnd can be no mor descr|bd dan a 
culur. But we qr ab'l tui indicat a culur dcqretli bj mens ov de acfun 
ov polerjzd ljt on cristalz ; de mecanical reproducjun ov speq-s^ndz iz 
muc, mor dificult ; and eldo meni fnterestin rezults hav ben arjvd at, no 
simp'l contr^vans haz ben invented h\ hwiq an alfabet mjt be egzibited 
edib'li and mecdnicali. 3e lerner, darfor, iz tron ent^rli upon de rnersi 
ov specerz, el ov huim spec, in sum respect, diferentli ; and he haz tui 
seperat de speq-ssnd from de acsidents ov cwoliti, ton, maner, acsent, ets., 
wid hwiq it iz acumpanid in de specer tin huim he lis'nz. cEis iz el veri 
dificult. R man iz meni yerz befor he lernz tui spec hiz on laijgwej 
pqrli : it ma be dsted hweder he can ever acw^r ecwal corectnes in eni 
uder. 

3e us, darfor, ov a universal alfabet iz limited, but hjli important. 
Etimoloji bein fsnded upon de ssndz ov wurdz, it iz neseseri tin hav sum 
menz ov reprezentin el laijgwejez bj a uniform sistem ov spelim suq az 
dat hwiq we furnif. 3e japz ov de simbulz qr ov no impertans fer dis 



't^^t^^zy 



^i^n^tfrm^. 



<W t£& c 



~&, 



Loq Vxelz. 



8 6 


Aa 


•a a 


Aq, 


9e 


Oo 


Wva 


"U-ii 


"0 6 


E e 






Xert Vselz 
I i 

Ee 



Acl 

Oo 

Oo 

U XI 

'Du 
'0 6 

U-LI 

Difftorjz 

(Tcp 

S* 






tTer 






M^ 



Coalesents. 

Yy 

B recti 13 z. 

HE 
Do 



* 




(z/^A 



Explodents. 



T t 
D d. 

J J 

C c 






^ 



, r 



Continuants. 

F f 



It 

S s 
Z z 

Licwidz 









7C6 



Rr 
LI 
Mm 

Nn 









}gzilienz 



?? 



-ri/ 



Obzervafunz. 

€ €> = Z E ' 

i y J* = TTF 

^J?-^ = AAA 

^/ = G- 1] 

£ ^ = £ e 

^ ^ = a a 

t t 
z 3 






<#-<#- <2> ^ = a, ^ a ^ 

J& ds (E oe = ^^ u/^& 
J&r??^^& as $-tcJ, 3c ^o& . 



J-Ms-fttd p,.Zl£. 



§ 37. Ckmchugun. 219 

sjentific purpus (p. 83) ; it iz onli neseseri dat da Jud be distinct, czili 
rit'n, and Ezili printed. We tiijc dat ds fermz ov ds leterz, bot ov sr 
etnical and complst alfabets, qr distiijct in stljn. 3a qr elso Ezili rit'n, 
az dt opozit tab'l wil Jo. c£at da qr ezili printed, wil b£ evident, liwen it 
iz non dat dar qr several fonts ov fonotips, az we term dem, elredi cqst, 
and tui be obtand in lqrj cwontitiz from ds tjp-fsnderz, Mes. Figinz, ov 
17, West strst, Smitfdd, Liindun, at ds sam pqs az ds comun nnfonetic 
leterz ; or in smel cwontitiz from ds fonetic printii) ofisez, Bqt, at a sl^t 
incrss ov pqs. Spesimens ov ds tjps, wid planz ov de " casez" and uder 
pqrticqlerz qr giv'n in ds terd Apendics.( 70 ) 

cEe etnical and fonetic alfabets propozd in dis biac, darfor, hav a prac- 
tical advqntej not hidertui atand : dar leterz qr sjtli, varid, Ezili qzd, ezili 
printed. 3e fermz ov d£ leterz, az we hav elredi stated at considerab'l 
lent (p. 99), wer dEtermind on practical considerajnnz, relatirj tm ds intro- 
ducfun ov a fonetic stjl ov spelin intui jeneral us, "fer dt IijgliJ laijgwej in 
pqrticqler. Hz qrgqments fer and agenst dis inovajun qr giv'n at lent 
elshwar.(7 1 ) 

Xo wun can b£ mor sensib'l ov d£ dificulti ov d£ tqsc hwic; lis haz un- 
dertac'n, dan d£ etur himself. It haz tac'n him meni ysrz ov aijcfus "tet 
and ecsperiment, tm rEdqs ds problem ov d£ fonetic reprszentajun ov 

70. It ma not be ^t ov plas.hu stat her, dat Mr. Pitman woz obljjd tui estdblij a 
priutin ofis fer de purpus ov testin ~sr ecsperiments in de fermajun ov de practical fonetic 
alfabct bj actual tjps, de ecspensez ov de ferst 264 matrisez bavin ben defnid bj a 
public subscripjun. <Iis ofis woz transferd, at de cloz ov 1847, tui de etui*, fer de sol 
purpus ov givin a far feld fer de wurciif ov a fonetic Inglij olfabet, az Mr. Pitmanz 
uder ocrrpajunz prevented him from atendin tm de printii) department, hwic; stud a gems 
darfor ov bein entjrli neglected. Sins bein in pozejun ov dis ofis, in hwic, de etur haz 
several trand conipoziturz, he haz aded lqrjli tm hiz stoc ov fVnts, (havii) cezd 412 
adijuual matrisez tm be struc,) and iz ns in a condijun tm undertac eni fonetic buc-wure 
in eni ov de tjps ov hwig spesimenz ar giv'n in de terd Apendics, on de sam termz fer 
Inglij and foren langwejez az or us qqrjd in Limdun printin ofisez fer nnfonetic printii) 
ov Inglij and sue, foren langwejez az qr printed in roman tjpz. Az de etur haz under- 
tac'n dis biznes fer de sac ov estdblijin a prinsip'l, and in ad ov sjens, (widst eni ecs- 
pectajun ov gan, but at a considerab'l peainieri rise and muc persunal labur,) eni jenti- 
men hm ma wij tm hav dar wivrcs, Inglij er foren, printed foneticali, ma depend upon 
mor dan u^ual car bein bestod upon dem, tm enjuir corectnes and buti in tjpografi. 
We hav mad dis ansnsment espejali fer de benefit ov mijuneriz and uderz, az etnol- 
ojists, hm ma wij tm hav wurcs printed in langwejez az yet un-rit'n. 3e etur wil elso 
gladli corespemd wid eni jent'lman hm wijez tm adapt hiz etnical alfabet tm de prac- 
tical purpusez ov rjtin eni hidertui un-rit'n langwej. 

71. In de eturz Pie for Fovetic Speh'p, elredi referd tm ; and mor particulcrli 
pp. 129 tm 132 in dat wurc. 



220 Coiiehuyui, § 37. 

laijgwej tra a practical wurciij stat, suq az ddt in hwicj lis n^ prezents it. 
In ddt porfun hwiq rslalts tui de IijgiiJ" laijgwej, hz woz orijinali onli a 
coajqtur ov Mr. tfzac Pitman, ov Bq,t, hm ferst comenst de ecsperi- 
ments, in liwiq ds etur subsecwentli jond ; but ds tsori ov d£ alfabet az ny 
egzibited, and de hoi ov its aplicajmi tui foren laijgwejez, az wel az hqf 
ov de nn simbnlz for ds IrjgliJ langwej itself, q,r du tui ds etur. cEe ecs- 
periments on de IugliJ laijgwej hav bsn conducted in a muntli periodical, 
fermerli celd ds Fonotipic Jurnal, but nn merjd intui de Fonetic Jurnal. 
3e hoi his tori ov de Iyglif fonetic alfabet, wid a condenst vu ov de cors 
ov ecsperiments b| hwiq it woz rsdust tui its prezent stat, ma be sen in 
de Fonetic Jurnal for Jcinueri, 1848.( 72 ) 

72. Publijt bj F. Pitman, Fonetic Dspo, I, Cwenz Hed pasej, Paternoster ro, 
Lnndun, prjs M., muntli. We tine it rjt tra ad, dat de fonetic printirj alfabet qzd 
in America bj Mes. Andruiz and Bed in ctar fonotipic nuzpaper, Ss Jyglo-Sacsim, haz 
bsn entirli borod from ddt invented bj Mr. Pitman and de etur, and dat de stjl ov spelirj 
(Americaniz'mz ecsepted) and de fermz ov tjps hwicj da ns emple- bsldrj tui a seem hwig 
Ave rejected sum yerz ago az unsatisfacturi and unsjtli. We sa dis widst eni wif tra 
detract from de merits ov Mes. Andruiz and Bed in introdqsirj de subject ov fonetic 
spelirj tin de sitiz'nz ov de IJnjted Stats; but az ws qr not awar dat da hav wuns 
alqded, in eni ov dar publicajunz, tui de fact dat ds fermz and usez ov ds leterz da em- 
plo- wer tac'n directli from us; and az we no, on de uder band, bj perrazirj hwot da hav 
rit'n, dat eldo da hav never sed, in so meni wurdz, dat de invenjun woz darz, da hav 
left it tin bs colected from dar ecsprejunz, (hweder dezjnedli er not, we can not determin,) 
we tine it rjt, fer de prevenjun ov el futur mistacs, tui refer tui de pajez ov ds Fono- 
tipic Jurnal, from 1843 tiu 1847 inclrasiv, fer a pruif dat ds clam hsr set up iz grsnded 
on fact. Mes. Andruiz and Bed hav aparentli derjvd dar qsf nolej ov fonetics from 
sr publicajunz, and havirj unfertuuetli comited demselvz tui an imperfect rsziilt ov sr 
investigajunz, da clin tui it wid a pertinasiti wurdi ov a beter cez. Tra dsz jent'lmen 
sertenli belonz ds merit ov havirj ferst estdblift a fonetic nuz-paper, — da hav not publijt 
eni fonotipic biacs, ecsept, we belev, a primer, — but de peculiaritiz in de Irjglif lez coll- 
ected wid nuz-paperz, de stamp duti and advertisment duti, wil pqrtli ecsplan Irs it haz 
cum tra pqs dat ds IrjgliJ public Jiad hav bsn so Ion widit an IngliJ fonetic nuz-paper. 
<Is rest ov ds ecsplanajun iz tra bs set fer in ds absens ov ds etur from Ingland, from 
de sumer ov 1845 tra ds etum ov 1847, and most espejali in ds fact dat hs woz 
dszjrus tra hav ds alfabet seciirli ficst and wel trjd, and tra ferm a compact and wel- 
dijested sistem ov spelirj fer de IngliJ langwej, befor hs venture! upon so important an 
undertacin. 3ez materz qr irs acomplijt, and it iz ecspected dat a fonetic nuz-paper 
wil bs ijrad in de beginin ov 1849, bj hwicj tjm de practical aranjments wil hav ben 
completed. — Xfter de abiiv not woz in tjp, we rsssvd from Sinsindti ^Cincinnati), in de 
Unjted Stats, ds ferst number ov a fonetic magazen, (dated Jqlj, 1848, and edited bj 
81jas Lonli,) hwicj iz printed entjrli in acerdans wid ds IngliJ Fonetic Alfabet adopted 
and ecspland in dis wurc, in plas ov sr old scsm ov 1845, hwicj, az we hav elredi stated, 
iz stil uzd bj Mes. Andruiz and Bed, ov Nu Yerc. 



§ 37. Oonclmsun. 

We belev, den, dal we furnij in ctsz pajez dr desideratum defend in <!;■ 
fdloiij pasej, hwiq we liav ecstrdcted from a rrvii ov Hiambolts C02 
in fe^Edinburo Jin-// fer Junneri ISIS, nr. 175, p. 226, and adopted 
az ar moto : 

"We must cuter st proles:, we fer au anavalirj wun, agensl de supjnnes hwitj suferz 

doz iuvuluab'l monuments, de uu-rit'u lorjgwejez ov de ert, ttu peri/ wid a rapidili ycrli 
incresirj, m&si wun ra/uual and wel-eonserted efurt tra sav dein in dc onli mod in 
hwitj it cau be dun efectuali, namli, bj redusirj deni tra rjtirj acerdiy ttu iax egzdct 
nativ pronirimdfii.il, fcrra de medium ov a tiiroli wel-considerd and dijested Fonetic 
alfabet. Abst sicsti (~ 3 ) wel-qoz'n, ezili rit'n, and unecmvocal caracterz, completli 
egzemplifjd in dar us bj pasejez from g;ad rjterz in de prinsipal Uropean and est crn 
larjgwejez, wud satisfj everi wont, widtft gain intra imprdcticab'l njsetiz; and we 
ernestli recomend de construcj'un and promulgajun ov a manual ov dis cjnd, fer de u.s 
ov travelerz, vcejerz, and colonists, az a mater ov presir) urjensi, tra de cousiderajun ov 
filolojists, ctuolojists, and jeografcrz, in dar respectiv Sosjctiz asemb'ld." 

els rjter ov ds abuv pasej woz acwanted wid de fonetic lygli-f alfabet 
Iter egzibited, but onli in a veri imperfect and elementeri ferm ; yet ev'ri 
in ddt stat Iie sez ov it, in a not upended tiu de abuv statment, dat it — 

" wud bav considerab'l merit, wer it not funded on an esenjali IrjgKJ, insted ov a 
cosmopolitan vu ov de vyel s'sndz, az reprezented bj Uropean leterz, and darfor juir 
tui be rejected bj everi foren filolojist," and dat, "enlqrjd tra sirt de ecsijensiz ov de 
cas, [it] wud be preferab'l fer temporeri us tra de prezent no-sistem in hwiq eg traveler 
in hiz djeri, and eg mifuneri in fermal gramer and dicfuneri, confxndz and for ever 
marz, az semz gud in hiz on jz, de pronunsia/un be pretendz tra fics. 

cTe objecjun lisr razd, — not tui de teori ov sr Alfabet, but solli Uu 
de fermz hwiq we liav qoz'n tiu reprezent ot vselz, — we must consider 
ov sl.jt impertans. els tab'lz on pajez 216 and 217, wil enab'l cIe reder 
tui se h^-lit'l truit dar iz in ds ^dea dat serten Latin leterz qr apro- 
priated tui serten ssndz az Uropsan leterz. We consider ds IngliJ", az 
a liviij laijgwej, spoc'n az dar nativ tun b^ meni mor psp'l dan ever 
spoc Latin, posesin a lqrj literattvr, an enermus vocdbuleri, (compard tui 
hwic; ddt ov ds clasical Latin sines elmost intui insignificans,) and liaviij 
wun ov ds most complet colecjun ov consonants hwic; iz tiu bs fond in eni 
wun Uropean langwej, liaviij meni vselz and consonants hwiq d£ Latin 
luijgwej iz totali unab'l tiu reprezent er tiu sujest ; — we consider dat d£ 
fonetic andlojiz ov sue; a laijgwej qr mor wurdi ov considerajun dan doz 



?3. "Si" etnical alfabet contanz 55 sjnz (p. 122), and if we reject az uuueseseri de sics 
comp-sndz j, v, #, 1/, g, j, we bav 49 simbulz az sufijent fer etnical purpuscz, ecsclmsiv 
ov de strerjt'nd leterz. hwiq dra not reewjr seperet simbulz, az de varia/un ov roman 

and italic Ijp iz sufijent tra iudicat dar prezens. 

20 



222 Conclm^un. §37. 

ov a ded kuggwej, hwiq q,r unserten, and or interpreted h\ diferent specerz 
in totali diferent manerz (ss p. 144). But, indspendentli ov dis con- 
siderajun, we Mev dat we hav uzd cts for vselz a, e, i, o, az Jert v^elz, 
in dar most comun Uropsan sensez,( 74 ) hwjl d£ fift Latin vsel sjn, u, 
hwic, had undstedli several ssndz in d£ Latin larjgwej, (az &z tui fermz 
{optumos, optimus) priti planli prmv,) can not bs sed tui hav a XXropsan 
synd at el, ds valuz giv'n tin it in Swsd'n, Holand, Frqns, Itali, and 
Walz bdrj so variab'l. It woz neseseri tin hav diferent syiz for ds 
Ion and Jort vselz. Practical considerajunz sujest dat dis diferens Jud 
jenerali b£ wun ov form, and not ni£iii wan ov diacritical relajun. cEar 
iz an objecfun tui d£ us ov sercumflecst spz for dfi Ion vselz; ferst, 
b£coz d£ inconvmient mod ov jucsta-pozifun insted ov super-pozifun, wiad 
den b£ d£ onli fszib'l plan ov introdusin ds acsent-marc, — a most impor- 
tant element in spoc'n larjgwej, and iiniversali neglected h\ alfabetarianz, 
but hwig Jiad b£ invariabli mqrct, or supljd h\ a fu ruilz ljc doz on 
paj 89, for d£ purpus ov convanj £v'n a moderetli corect vu. ov d£ pro- 
nunsiajun ov a langwej ; — and secundli, bscez we Jud dspqv ^rselvz ov 
meni fermz, az i } a, o, hwic, or veri usfial in reprszentin intermsdyet 
Jadz ov ssnd. 

Wid rsgqrd tui ds later part ov ds Bsvnerz not, we et tin rsmarc, dat 
d£ ecstenjun ov ds fonetic alfabet tui embras foren langwejez, woz dszjnd 
and competed sum t^m b£for d£ publicajun ov d£ rsvu, in cwestyun, eldo 
its publicajun woz ddad from uder sercumstansez. But we hav aded a 
veri copius sehez ov egzqmp'lz (§ 36), in consecwens ov d£ lUvuerz 
ranqrcs, and bEcez we no dat it iz important, hwen a tuil iz prEzented toi 
a wurcman, dat hs Jiad bs mad tui comprEhend its us. Hweder we hav 
sucsEded er not, rEmanz tui b£ pruivd ; but we hav not yet met wid eni 
atemt so ecstensiv in its caracter, er so practical in its barinz. 

We comit dis wurc tin d£ atenfun and gud ml ov ds sjentific. We 
Jal bs glad tui i'esev asistans in macin it mor perfect ; but we deprecat 
cavilin at erurz inseperab'l from wun manz atemt tui ecsecut a tqsc fml 
ov sue, delicet dfitalz az d£ prezent. 

48-0714. 

74. We akid, ov cars, tm de etniccd alfabet, in hwic, a, i, <\x tac'n az de fonetic 
a, i, de Uropean s^ndz (az da ma be celd, eldo de ecsprejun iz not perfectli corect) 
hwig replas de peciilierli Ir)gliJ a } i. 



Prof. Wilisez Droiyz ov tie Lariycs. 

lilted 



--.« 




APENDICS I 



DESCMPXUN OY 3C LARIWCS. 



Az gud rcprezcntajunz ov de erganz ov 
spec, qr not ezili tui be procijrd, we hav 

tac'n de libcrti ov copihj sum dreigz from 
Profcscr AVilisez ecselent paper in de fort 
vohim ov de Cambrij Filozofiecd Transac- 
Junz. "We hav redqst tin. ov dez figqrz (1 
and 5), and mad sum sljt olterajunz, for de 
purpus ov J'oiij de conecjun ov de ports mor 
distinctly and dispensirj wid sum ov Pro- 
feser "Wiliscz figurz. We strogli recomend 
eni wun hui wijez tm understand de opera- 
Jun ov de mus'lz in de larigcs, and de 
produc/un ov vocal ssnd bj de glotis, tiu 
red Profeser "Wilisez paper wid grat aten- 
Jnn. It iz elmost de onli reljab'l etoriti 
on de subject. 

%. 1. 

3is reprezents a secfun ov de vocal 
mecaniz ni bj a vertical plan pqsig hau de 
hed, and divjdirj de noz and nrst intra tui 
ecwal pqrts. 3e cut ejez ov de ncc, ruif 
ov de msfc, loer je, and trot, qr. Jaded in 
transvers ljuz ; de hwjts reprezent holoz. 
3e dreirj is smeler dan Ijf . 

1. 3e uper lip. 

2. Uper tet. 

3. 3e comensment ov de hqrd palet. 

4. 3e tei-miuajun ov de hqrd, and com- 
ensment ov de soft palet . 

5. 3e termina/uu ov de soft palet. 

6. 3e uvula. 

7. 8. 3e uper pqrt ov de caviti ov de 
fariges, lectin intra de nazal caviti. 

9. 3e loer lip. 

10. 3e loer tet. 

11. 3e tip ov de tun. 

12. 3e nut ov de tun. 

13. Tip ov de epiglotis, er valv hwic, cuverz 

de cntrans tui de windpjp duxig deg- 
hutijun or swoloirj, razd tin oK de 
pasej ov de bret. 



11-. Under por/un ov de loer jo. 

15, 16, 17. 3e cliptical figur in de /aded 
pqrt, hwiq iz nict in a lit'l at 1?. iz 
de cut ej ov de tjroxl cqrtilej, mqret 
2 in Fig. 2. 

18. 3e smel oval in de Jaded pqrt iz de 

cut ej ov de crjeed cqrtilej, hwic, iz 
mqret 9, 10, in Fig. 2. 

1 9. 3is and de uder smel sere'lz egzibit de 

cut ejez ov de cqrtilajinus bandz hwiq 
form de windpjp. 

20. 3e doted ljnz tm de left ov dis number 

peart tui de ecstremiti ov an oval figur, 
ov hwic, de uper ecstremiti Jud hav 
ben numberd 21 ; it iz de posteriur 
cut ej ov de ci-jcerd cqrtilej, hwiq is 
mqret 5, 6, 11, in Fig. 2. 

22. 3e pent at hwic, bot de esofagus er 
gidet, and de tracia er windpjp enter 
de caviti ov de fariges. 

23. 3e oblec doted ljn belo dis number 
ledz tiu sum wavi mqres at de top ov 
de secfun ov de crjee'd cqrtilej ; dez 
indicat de sccjun ov ds ^oritenedius 
transversus mus'l, hwic, iz mqret 12 
in Fig. 2. 

2 A. 3e blad-Japt figur in stljn iz wun ov 
de vocal ligaments, ljirj on de left sjd 
ov de larigcs. 

25. 3e loer por/un ov de esofagus or gulet, 
lectin tiu de stuniac. 3e naro hwjt 
ljn 22, 25, iz de gidet in its erdineri 
comprest stat dqrirj spec. 

20. 3e loer porjun ov de windpjp, ledirj 
intra de lurjz. 

27. 3s nut ov de epiglotis. 

28. 3e blac Jaded blad-Japt figur reprezent s 

de ventrical er smel oping in de wind- 
pjp imedyetli abuv de vocal ligament, 
at de uper ecstremiti ov bwicj dar qr 
sum foldz ov de mucus membren con- 
si itqtig de fels glotis. 



226 



Descripfun ov tie Lariycs. 



Ap. 1. 



3e lips, 1, 9. 

3e let, 2, 10. 

3e hqrd palet, 3, 4. 

3s soft pal et, 4, 5. 

3e %vyla, 5, 6. 

3s %, 1], 12. 

3s oral caviti, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 11, 10. 

Kzfariycs, 6, 7, 8, 22, 13. 

3e nazal caviti, ljz abiiv de palet, de en- 
trans heir) at 7, 8. 

3e larirjcs ociipjz de spas enclozd bj broc'n 
ljnz ,• de ^tljn ov de tjre-d cartilej iz 

Jon bj a ljn fermd dus ; and 

ddt ov de crjced cartilej bj a ljn ov 
dis cjnd - • - • - 3ez cqrtilejez lj 
behjnd de cut ejez ov de windpjp, ets., 
and darfor can not be ssn in natural 
secfun. 01 de uder parts or darfor 
disected awa, and de eqjrtilejez displad 
in Fig. 2, 3. 

3e windpip er tracia iz de liol ov ddt hwjt 
spas comensir) at 13, 23, and endin 
at 26. It iz a tub cept op'n bj stron 
but elastic rinz ov cartilej, and it can 
be tjtli clozd at its uper ecstremiti bj 
de valv ov de epiglotis. 

3e epiglotis, 13. 

3e esqfagus er galet, 22 tui 25, in a com- 
prest stat. 

3e vocal ligaments. Onli wun, 24, iz Jon, 
de uder beirj cut of ; bot ma be sen in 
Fig. 5. nr. 7. 

Fig. 2, 

If we disect el de fati and uder mater 
awa from de larirjcs in Fig. 1, we Jal be ab'l 
tui se de varius cdrtilejez and mus'lz ov 
hwig it iz compozd. 3ez qj reprezented 
in Fig. 2. 3e pozijun ov fig. 2 wid respect 
tui Fig. 1, iz Jon bj de broc'n ljnz in Fig. 1. 
3e corespondens ov numberz in de tui figurz 
iz sug dat 

17; 18; 21; 20; in Fig. 1. 

qnser tui 2 ; 9 ; 5 ; 11 ; in Fig. 2. 

1 . Iz de bern ov de tjmd er Jeld-Japt caj- 
tilej, and fermz its ecstrem posteriur 
superiur ecstremiti. 

2. 3e secjun ov dis cctrtilej bj de vertical 
plan. 

3. 3e doted ljnz led from dis number tui 

de uper part ov de tjro ■aritenerdius 
mus'l, er de mus'l hwig unjts de tjmd 
and aritene'd cartilej ez. 

4. 3e cut ej ov de aritene-d er lad'1-Japt 

cartilej, a berdz-j vu ov hwiq iz sen 
at nr. 8, in Fia;. 5. 



5. 3s upermost pouit ov de crjce-d er 
rin-Japt cartilej. 

6. 3e doted ljnz led tui de under-part ov 
de tjro-aritene'dius mus'l, and crosez 
de crjco-aritene-dius lateralis mus'l. 

7. 3e doted ljn ledz tui de ecstremiti ov 

de crjco-aritenecdius lateralis mus'l. 

8. 3e loest part ov de cut ej ov de tjrcfd 

cartilej. 

9. 3e upermost part ov de cut ej ov de 

crjce-d cartilej. Betwen 8 and 9 dar 
iz a trjanguler spas, hwig ma be prest 
ecsternali, betwen 16 and 18 in Fig. 1. 

10. 3e loest part ov de cut ej ov de crjce-d 

cartilej. 

1 1 . 3e loest part er loer hern ov de tjre-d 

cartilej, hwar it iz jemted intra de crj- 
cerd cartilej. 3is hern, hsever, iz 
conseld in natar bj de crjced cartilej, 
and iz darfor indicated in de figar bj 
doted ljnz. 

12. Secjun ov de aritene-dius transversus 
mus'l, hwig iz marct 23 in Fig. 1. 

Tirod er feld-fapt cartilej, 1, 2, 8, 11, 1. 
Cricid er riy-fipl cartilej, 5, 11, 10, 9, 5. 
Jritenvd er lad'l-fapt cartilej, 4 ; dis iz 

Unjted tui de crjce-d cartilej bj de 

bund'l ov ligaments stregin from 4 

tui 5. 
Vocal ligament, iz de ljt blad-Japt figar 

betwen 2 and 4. 
Firo-aritsnvdius mus'l, 2, 8, 6, 3. 
Crico-aritenvdius lateralis mus'l, er sjd- 

mus'l anjtin de crjce-d and aritene-d 

cqrtilejez, 6, 7. 
Aritewodius transversus mus'l ; a secjun ov 

dis iz Jon bj de wavi ljnz at nr. 12. 



Fig. 3. 

In Fig. 2, we tuc onli wun haf ov de 
larincs, but in erder tui mac de secjun, we 
had tui remuiv anuder hqf, ov hwig de 
Ktsjd woz turnd tra us. 3is iz egzibited 
in fig. 3. 

1. 3e uper hern ov de tjre-d cartilej. 

2. Its indentajun corespdndig tra de nic 

2 in Fig. 2, and 17, Fig. 1. 

3. 3e uper porjun ov de crjce-d cartilej. 

4. 3e crjco-tjre-dius mus'l. 

5. 3e loer anteriur ecstremiti ov de tjre-d 

cartilej. 

6. 3e uper anteriur ecstremiti ov de crjce-d 

cartilej. 

7. 3e most anteriur pent ov de crjce-d 

cartilej. 



A P . 1 



Descripfwi ov de Lariycs. 



227 



8. cle loer posterior ecstremlti ov de crjeed 

cartilej, just abiiv hwig iz sen de loer 
horn ov de tjred cqrtilej, twig iz 
articulated intui de crjeed, and mqxct 
11 in Pig. 2. 

cle fy>W cqrtilej, 1, 2, 5. 

cle cricod cqrtilej, 3, 8, 7, 6. 

cEe cricQ-Xirodius mus'l, 7, 4. 

i%. 4, 5. 

If we ns supoz de larirjcs tui be undivjded, 
so dat we can plas it directli under de jz 
and luc verticali dsn tui de entrans ov de 
windpjp, we jal hav de berdz-j vq repre- 
zented in Fig. 4, ov hwig a diminijt stljn 
iz giv'n in Fig. 5, fer de mor ezi inserfun 
ov de referens numberz. 

1. cle anteriur pent ov de tjred cartilej. 

2, 3. 5e uper posteriur hern ov de tjred 

cqrtilej, marct 1 in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. 

4. <Ie pent at hwig de tui vocal ligaments 
qujt and or fqs'nd tui de insjd ov de 
tjred cartilej at its anteriur internal 

5. £L porfun ov de rirj ov de crjeed cqr- 

tilej. From de botum ov 5, a ljn iz 
dren tui 8 in de ^tljn Fig. 5, cutirj of 
a trjarjguler cerner, hwig iz ocqpjd 
wid dare Jadirj in de jaded Fig. 4. clis 
iz de left crjeo-aritenedius lateralis 
mus'l ; de rjt iz remuivd. 

6. Porfun ov derirj ov de crjeed, hwig iz 

dus sen tui be enclozd bj de tjred 
cqrtilej. 

7. 7. 3e vocal ligaments in de q^qal poz- 

ijuu fer ezi bredirj ; de blac spas betwen 
dem in Fig. 4, iz de glotis, er entrans 
tui de lurjz. 3Le ligaments must be 
bret clos, and hav dar ejez nerli par- 
alel befor vocal s^nd can be prodiist. 

8. 3e tjc part ov de aritened cartilej. 

9. <Ie dots ledirj from dez figarz termiuat 

on de tiner part ov de aritened cqr- 
tilej. 
10, 11. Poijunz ov de rirj ov de crjeed 
cartilej. 



12, <Ie ligaments qnjtirj de aritened iui de 

crjeed cqrtilej . 

13, 13. tie mus'lz celd crjco-ariteiiedij 
postjsj. 

14, 15. cle rjt tjro-aritenedius mus'l; de 

left iz remuivd. 
cle tired cqrtilej, 2, 1, 3, embrasez 
cle cricod cqrtilej, 4, 5, 10, 11, 6, intui 

hwig de loer heruz ov de tjred cqrtilej 

qr qrticqlated. 
cle aritened cqrtilejez, 8, 9. 
cle vocal ligaments, 7, 7- 

We dus se dat de jeneral construcjun ov 
de lariijcs ma be tolerabli wel rcprezented 
bj plash) a comuu firjger-rirj ov hwig de bac 
pqi't iz mug hjer dan de frunl, on a tab'l, 
and cutirj a pes ov paper ov de Jap ov de 
tjred cartilej, consistirj ov tui porjunz ljc 
dat in Fig. 3, dub'ld at de aijg'l Jon at 1 
in Fig. 5. clis Jud be plast over and ^tsjd 
de rirj. Stregin acros de senter ov de orifis 
dus fermd, Jud be plast de vocal ligaments, 
atdgt at wun ecstremiti tm eg uder and 
tm de tjred, and at de uder ecstremiti tm 
tui smel cqrtilejez (er pesez ov gris'l) celd 
de aritened cqrtilejez, hwig qr strorjli con- 
ected wid bot de tjred and crjeed. cle 
frunt ang'l ov de tjred fermz de wel-non 
projecjun in de trot celd Adamz a/p'l, or 
p&mum Ad ami. cle tjred renuinz ficst wid 
referens tm de uder cqrtilejez, do it ma be 
razd er deprest in de trot, cle crjeed can 
be mad tm turn sljtli ; and bot de arite- 
nedz hav dar proper mojun. Bj dis menz 
de vocal ligaments can be stregt, reldcst, 
aprogt, seperated, mad paralel, er bret in- 
tui (liferent planz. Bj dez modificaJunJ$ de 
varius s^sndz ov de hqman ves and its ses- 
ajun qr prodqst. Profeser Wilis haz atem- 
ted tm investigat de egzdct qs ov eg mus'l, 
but de ecstrem complecsiti ov de apcratus 
haz, az yet, def jd anatomists tin ecsphui it 
in everi pqrticqler. cle reziilts at hwig 
Profeser "Wilis haz arjvd, or de most jen- 
erali vdlqab'l. Referens ma elso be mad 
tm Miilerz Fizioloji, an IrjgliJ translajun 
ov hwig haz aperd. 



APENDICS II. 



FQNETIC LITERATUR. 



We her propoz tui giv de tjt'lz ov de 
pvinsipal wurcs barin upon jeneral er pqr- 
ticiiler fonetics, hwig hav dctiiali cum un- 
der sr notis in colectin materialz fer de 
presedin tretis, or fer de invenjun ov a prac- 
ticed IrjgliJ" fonetic alfabet, and tui acum- 
pani dem wid a fix remqres. 3a qr aranjd 
alfabeticali under dar eturz namz. 



<£Dr. Cbarles Edward Herbert Or- 
pen). <Ie Pestalotsian Primer ; er de 
ferst number ov de Pestalotsian Pa- 
rents Asistent, prezentin de ferst step ov 
an ecsplanajun ov de niefcud ov tegin 
gildren in a natural practical maner tui 
lis'n tui de ssndz ov speg, and ov sinin ; 
tiu tine and tui spec ; tui sin ; tiu red 
and spel; and tui understand perfectli, 
and rjt gramdticali, dar muder tun, 
acerdin tui de prinsip'lz ov Pestalotsi ; 
and ilustratin hiz metud ov cultivatin 
an infants bodili funcjun ov herin, and 
mental p^er ov atenjun ; wid a vu, tui 
de abuv objects. Wid a Jert Apendics 
relativ tui a plan fer cultivatin de sjt ov 
de def and dum — wid a vq tui dar bsin 
tet tui spec distinctli, and tui no hwot 
iz sed, bj wogin de nrst ov de persun bui 
iz specin ; and dus redin de wurdz, wid 
dar \z of hiz lips. Dublin, 1829. 
3is lerjti tjt'l ecsplans de hoi purport ov de 
biac. cEe unalisis ov de InghJ alfabet iz clever, 
and de descripjun ov de mod ov fermig de 
several s^ndz wel wurt redirj . cEe IrjgliJ alfabet 
iz prez^nted az a porjun ov a universal alfabet, 
hwic, iz elso brefli ccspland. <Ie etur haz had 
ecsperiens and sucs£s in tegin def-muts tin 
spec. 

''Edinburo Bevy. Vol. 6. nr. 12, fer Jiilj 
1805, pp. 357—386. 

R revii ov Mitfurdz Hqrmoni ov Laygwej, 
contanin a nil anolisis ov de vselz, in hwiq % iz 
considerd az a simp'l vsel, in order tui distiij- 
gwif it from a i er qi. 3ar qr veri copius reniqrcs 
upon de conecjun ov acsent and cwontiti in de 
construcfun ov Latin versez, bwiq qr wurdi ov 
atenjun. 



^Ediuburo Rsv%. Vol. 31, nr. 62, fer Mqrg 
1819, pp. 368—378. 

H Jert revu, ov Volnaz wurc, rqder relatin tui 
de fermz ov de leterz dan tui de ssndz fer hwic, 
da stand. 

Ejwurt <£Maria and R. L. Eclgeworth). 

Practical Ediicajun. Secund edijun. 

Lundun, 1801. 

In qapter 2, dar qr sum impertant obzervajunz 
upon de alfabet and de mod ov teqirj tui red, tui- 
geder wid a tab'l ov de IrjgliJ alfabet, cwoted 
from Ms. Bqrbeld (Barbauld). cle sam rjterz 
ansns a seriez ov redirj lesunz mqret in dis 
maner, but we hav not sen dem. 

y Eliutsun <£Dr. John Elliotson). Himian 
Fizioloji. Fiffc edijun. Lundun, 1840. 
©apter 21 iz upon vers and spec;, contanirj a 

descripjun ov de larines, and an analisis ov speq- 

s?mdz in jeneral, furnijt bj Profesur Hwetstun. 

cle hoi qapter wil repa an atentiv peruizal. 

Ayerman c>F. Angerman. Die Lautlehre 

und ihre Anwendung auf Sprache und Ge- 

sang, fiir Elementar- und Gesanglehrer 

wie zur Selbstunterweisung. Berlin, bei 

C. A. Wolf, 1847). 3e Sjens ov S^nd, 

and its aplicajun tui speg and son, fer 

elementeri tegerz, and tegerz ov muzic, 

and fer self-instrucjun. 

3is ht'l wurc (pp. 75,) contanz sum veri usful 

and impertant remqres upon de diferent modz 

in hwig spec,-s?mdz qr prodqst, wid espejal 

referens tui ecspirafun and inspirajun. ms 

fermz de nicest and elso de prinsipal porjun ov 

de wurc. cle alfabet iz onli adapted tui de 

Jerman langwej. 

Yuy £Dr. Thomas Young), Foren Sec- 
reteri tui de Re , al Sosjeti, F.L.S., Mem- 
ber ov Emanual Colej, Canibrij, lat 
Profeser ov Natu/al Filosofi in de Reral 
Institujun ov Grat Briten. A Cors ov 
Lectip-z on Natiu^al Filosofi and de Me- 
canical Xrts. 4to. Lundun, 1807. 
In vol. 2, p. 276, dar iz a bref notis ov de 
sjens ov fonetics, tuigMer wid an alfabet ov 48 
dements, corespondm tui ^r 1 e, 2 q, 3 d a, 
4 e o, 5 a, 6 o, 7 6, 8 6, 9 u, 10 m u, 11 it (az 
proninst in Jermani, wid atendensi tiu e), 12 il 
(az pron^nst in Frc(,ns, wid no sucj tendensi; 



■lp. 2. 



JPonetic Literatyr. 






•lis, at eni rat, iz ilr ctlatfgcfun we supoz tin hav 
ben intended) ; 13 r, 11 i, 15 a, 16 ^, 17 <'/,- 
18 on, 19 em, 20 k», 21 ii», 22 an ; 23 /, 2t /;, 
25 M [uzin // for de proper mq,rc ov hwisper, 
hwifl we li.iv not yet had cut for dis Emit ov 
tips], 26 r, 27 Jg, 28 p, 29 if, 30 g o, 31 z, 32 j; 
33 m, 31 », 35 j; ; 36 nj ; 37 b, 3S d, 39 r/ ; 40 A j 
41 /, 42 /, 43 k k, 44 s, 45 /; 46 p, 47 £, 49 c. 
Heholdz datde IngliJ diftonz /, o, *=u«, e», etit; 
and ilastrata hiz alfabet bj de fdloiij cwotajun 
from Goldsmit, in hwifl we hav translated hiz 
simoulz, enclozin doz elements in parentesez 
over hwi<; he haz dren a bar or vinculum : 
h(iue)n luvli (iinujiiiHH stvipa tu joli, 
undfuindz tu Lit itut ,nen bitr(ei), 
! h{uo)t ffi/.i.qm ciiu sunt hn.iq meliincoli, 
! h(hio)t i/Jqt cun (uui)p hn.iq (jilt ii(nr>i). 
"Sura wad red in de ferst liu tu, and not tu," 
adz Dr. Yuy. 

Wocer <£John Walker), £L Critical Pro- 
iransfr) Dic/uneri and Ecspozitur ov de 

IngliJ Langwej ; in liwig not onli de 

menirj ov even ward iz clerli ecspland, 

and de ssnd ov everi silab'l distiijctli 

Jon, but, hwar wurdz qr subject tiu dif- 

erent pronunsiajunz, de etoritiz ov sr 

best pron^nsin dic/uueriz qr fuli egzib- 

itcd, de rez'nz for ecj at lqrj displad, and 

de preferab'l pronunsiajun panted st 

Tiu liwiq qr preficst Priusip'lz ov IngliJ 

Pronunsiafun, in hwic de s^ndz ov let- 

erz, silab'lz, and wurdz, qr crfticali 

investigated and sistemdticali aranjd, de 

influicns ov de Grec and Latin acsent 

and cwoutiti on de acsent and cwontiti 

ov de IngliJ' turoli egzdmind and clerli 

def/nd ; and de analojiz ov de langwej 

so fiali Jon az tin la de fsndajun ov a 

consistent and rajunal pronunsiajun. 

Ljcwjz rmlz tin be obzervd bj nativz ov 

Scotland, 5rlaud,and Lundun,fer avffdii) 

dar respectiv pecnliaritiz ; and direcjunz 

tiu forenurz for acwjrirj a nolej ov de u_s 

ov dis Dicjuneri. <Ie hoi intersperst wid 

obzervajuuz, ctimolojical, critical, and 

gramatical. Lundun, varius dats. 

3is haz Ion ben de popnler manual ov IngliJ" 

pronunsiajun. It iz, forever, nv rqder 

meni ov de pronunsiajunz it ddvocats beiij >t 

ov us. <Ie Ion and elaboret tretis on tie prin- 

sip'lz ov pronunsiajun iz not distiygwij't bj grat 

fonetical nolej, az de rjter bsna himself tui 

muq tm de absurditiz ov IngliJ heterografi. Se 

de notis ov Smqrt, infra, p. 235. 

Wills ^Professor Kobert Willis). On de 
Vsel Sradz, and on Red 0rgan Pjps : a 
paper red befor de Cambrij Filozoficol 
Sosjeti, on 24 Mqrc, 1828, and 16 Mqrq, 
1829, and printed in de 3rd voliim ov 
dar Transacjunz, pp. 231—268. 

R most important paper on de mecanieal 

producfun ov de vxel ssndz, bj menz ov an 

ecstensib'l tub vocalizd bj a comun organ 
red. 



Wilis (Professor Robert Willis). On dr 
Mecaniz'm ov de Larincs: a paper red 
befor A? Cambrij FilozoficaJ Sosicti, 

18 Ma, 1 829, and publi/t in dc 4t voluni 
ov dar Transacjunz, pp. 323 — 3."2. 

•'lis important paper contanz a number ov 
orijinal ecsjeriments on de produejnn ov rend 
bj menz ov dc larhjos, and iz de %t& etoriti apon 

de subject, de ac-'nt ov de larincs itself, gtv d 

in 51 ier.st A])i'nilies, tuigeder Wld de w 
•lar furnij't", h^.v ben tae'n from dis pap 

Wilcim (Dr. John AVilkins), D.D., Bi/up 
ov Ripun, and Felo ov de Po-al Sosjeti. 
An Esa tordz a Real Caracter and a Fil- 
ozofical Langwej. Folio. I-undun, 1668. 
In'pcirt III., e/ipterz X. tm XV. ov .lis \, ri 
ciirius and lerned ware, dar iz a filozoh'rul and 
veri complet tretis on fonetics, in hwiq de Bi/up 
eonsevz dat he haz obtand a qniv^rsal alfabet, 
bjan egzostiv analisisov de capabihtiz as de vo- 
cal erganz tm produs sxndz. He admits aeven 
vyelz, er; ov hwiq ma be fort or Ion, namli, o u, 
a a, e a, i e, (<>) o, u u< , it (e ) ; he givz no 
egzqmp'l for o e, audit iz onli bj, conjeetur dat 
we disangwif a from a ; de vsel <; iz misin. In 
paj :l-yl, In- srmz tm recognjz de Prenq ii, but he 
had no eler jdea ov de pronunsiajun ov Frem; 
or JeiMiian. He duz not distingwij" de conson- 
anls y, w, from de v>relz i, u. Hiz consonantal 
analisis iz veri aeiyret. He dh-:'dz de consonants 
dus (p. 366) ; spiritus (= continuant) tnu ov 
noz, souorus m, n, y, mut Jim, hn, luj (\\c uz de 
aspiret h for de hwisper, for wont ov de proper 
tip in dis font); spiritus in:' tie mut, sonorus, 
v, it, q, I, ,-, z, :•, ; mut/, t, k, hi, hr, s,f; semi- 
spirit us, a.nserkj tm srspoc'n eesplodents, h, d, 
c/ : and non-spiritus or hrrllrs, bciij ft mut ees- 
plodents p, t, c. Bi/up Wilcinz givz as de Lerdz 
Prar and de Cred, acerdii) tva !iiz analisis ; az 
nerli az we can interpret hiz simbulz iidm sr on, 
dez egzqmp'lz wil run dus, (de dub'] conj 
ftr so rit'n in de orijinal.) HeLnrdzPrnr. — " l*i ;r 
fader huitf art in heven, halloed bi dui nam, 
dui ciijdiira cum, dui nill bi dun in ert az it iz 
in heven, giv us dis dai [■ did] mar daili bred, 
and forgiv us unr trespassez az ui forgiv dem 
dat trespas against us, and lad us not intu 
temptasion, but deliver us from ivil, for 

fer duiu] iz de cindum, de puiaer and .'..- 
glori, [if dis iz not an erur, it iz a remq 
pronunsiajun, becez gleri iz ny veri frecwent 
ov glori,'] for ever and ever, Amen." 
St Cred. — "Ui bilev in God de fader olmuili 
miicer of heven and ert, and in U^esus Cruist 
hiz onli sun uur Lord, him uaz consaved '>ui 
de hob' Gost, born of de Virgin [j'uirli dis must 
be a misprint or a slip ov de pen for Virdjjin] 
Mari, suffered under Ponsius Puilat, uaz criu, 
sified [•! erur fer criitsifin'ed] ded and buried, 
Hi dessended intu hel, de turd dai hi ros _ 
from de ded. Hi asseuded intu heven, huar 
[not " hwar," az iz de prezent pronunsiafun | 
hi sittet at de nut hand of God de fader, from 
huens hi Jal cum tu djuds de cuic and de ded. 
Ui bilev in de holi Gost, de holi edtolic Ifurti, 
de commiunion of Saints, de forgivnes of sinz, 
de resurrecsion of de badi [misprint fer bodi] , 
and luif everlustin . Amen." 

Wuster ^Joseph E "Worcester), iT Crit- 
ical and Pron^nsin Dicjuneri ov de IngliJ 
Laijgwcj incluuliy sjentific termz ; \\\\ 

21 



230 



Fonetic Literatyr. 



Jj). 2. 



hwic, qr aded Wecerz Ce tui de Pronun- 
siajun ov Clasical and Scriptu,r Proper 
Namz, mug enlqrjd; and a Pronsnsirj 
Vocdbuleri ov modern Jeogrofical Namz. 
Lundun, 1847. (Orijinali publijt in 
America.) 

3is iz ds latest and best ov ds InghJ pro- 
nsnsin dicjuneriz. Ks etur haz considerabli 
aded tui its vara bj givhj cte opinyunz ov el hiz 
predesesurz upon disputed pants. He duz not 
at^mt tui asjn ds intended vselz in indistinct 
unacsented silab'lz. 6M6, properli speck), biz 
introduejun contanz nutiij Ijc a trEtis upon 
fonetics, jet &e wurc lis baz produst iz ov grat 
impertans tui el bui studi ds fonetic structur 
ov st langwej. 

Berfel {Sir John Herschelty. Ensjclopedia 
Metropolitana. Art. Synd. Pqrt III., 
§ HI. 

R Jert ac^nt ov d£ erganz ov spsq, and ov 
Profeser Wihsez ecsperiments. In Nr. 359, 
Ser Jon HerJ'el sez : " 3is ma be d£ plas tm 
rEinarc ds ecstrE'ru imperfeejun ov sr rit'n 
langwej in its reprEzentaJun ov v^elz and con- 
sonants. We bav sics leterz hwiq we eel vselz, 
EC, ov hwiq, byever, reprEzents a varjeti ov syndz 
cwjt distiijet from £q uder, and hwjl £q encroqez 
on ds funcjunz ov ds rest, a grat meni veri gud 
simp'l vselz qr reprsz^nted bj bjneri er ev'n 
terneri combinaj'unz." <Ie tnut ov dis remqrc 
iz renderd veri conspicuous bj de tab'lz furnijt 
in Se Pis fer Fonetic Speliy, bj d£ etur ov dis 
wurc. Ser Jon den prossdz tui giv ds folok) 
" Sinoptic Tab'l" ov d£ vselz and consonants : 
Vvelz ; 1 ui la, 2 u, 3 o, 4 e o, 5 a, 6 a, 7 a, 8 
d£ vsel in (bang, bong, twang), but 1 hs duz dis 
difer from ds prssEdiij ; 9 a, 10 a, 11 e, 12 i e-, 
13 e, 14 s, " d£ last vsel and ds ferst conson- 
ant." Trm Diftoyz ; 1 j, 2 s, 3 er, 4 u, 5 io, 
6 ui eu-. Sqrp Consonants ; s, J, t, f, c, t, p. 
Flat Consonants ; z, 3, d, v, g, a, b. N%tral 
Consonants ; 1, m, n, n, ("tui hwiq we ma ad 
d£ nazal n in {gnu, JEtna, Dnieper,} bwie,, h>r- 
ever, iz not properb an IngliJ sund," and hwiq 
duz not SEm tui difer from n er y inijal in eni ov 
d£ casez sjted), r, b. Compxnd Consonants ; 
<3, j ; cs gz. "We bav hsr," b£ prosedz iui sa, 
" a seal ov terten simp'l vselz and twenti simp'l 
consonants, fcerti-tre in el, hwiq qr de fuest 
leterz wid bwie, it iz posib'l tui rjt IngliJ. But, 
on ds utter band, wid de adifun ov tui er tre 
mor vselz, and az meni consonants, mack) abit 
ferti caracterz in el, everi non langwej mjt 
probabb b£ efectqah redqst tui rjtiij, so az tui 
prezerv an ,egzdct corespondens betwen ds rjtkj 
and pronunsiajun ; hwiq wiad be wun ov' de 
most vdluab'l acvvizifunz not onb tui filolojists, 
but tiu mancjnd, fasflitatirj de intercors betwen 
najimz, and lain de fsndajun ov de ferst step 
tordz a universal larjgwej, wun ov de grat de- 
siderata at hwiq mancjnd et tiu am bj comun 
consent." 

Henzlo <£Rev. William-Henry Henslowe, 
M. A.}, Perpetual Cirret ov Wurmga 
fWormegay), ner Lin, Nerfuc. <Is Eo- 
nqrtron, er natiiral sistem ov de s^ndz 
ov spsg, a test ov pronunsiajun for el 
laijgwejez ; elso, de Fouaritmon and 
Eonodion , tui hwiq iz aded, a practical 
Aplicajun ov de Ecmqrtron tiu IygliJ and 



Ereng Pronunsiajun, and tui de Redir) ov 

Hebriu. Lundun, 1810. 
B. butifuli printed wurc ov grat pretenjunz. 
It contanz muc; dot iz veri orijinal, and muq 
dat we can not adopt. It iz elso ful ov stranj 
un-lngbj termz. We q,r not ab'l tui egzibit de 
alfabet, from inabibti tui cac, meni ov de dis- 
tincjunz on bwie, be insists ; az fer egzqmp'l, 
dat betwm u in {blind, window}, and in {plant, 
plenty}. 

Hwststun ^Professor Charles Wheatstone^>, 
ov Cirjz Colej, Lundun. Lundun : West- 
minster Eevu fer October 1837, pp. 
34—37. 

3e opinyunz ov dis eminent aesstijan, sele- 
brated fer biz calcuja jun ov Cladniz s^nd-figurz, 
biu haz himself mad a spscir) majen, and inves- 
tigated ds lez ov s^nd in a varjeti ov waz, qr 
wurdi ov d£ most atentiv considerafun. Meni 
ov hiz vuz or contand in hiz contribujunz tiu 
Dr. "Ehutsunz Fizioloji, but dis artic'l in de 
Westminster Eevii contanz hiz teori ov vsel 
s^ndz, and dar producj'un at de sam tjm az 
muzicaltonz in sink). After ecsplaniij de sirj- 
guler fEuomenon ov "multip'l resonansez," he 
concliiidz bj considerin dem and vsel cwobtiz 
az " diferent fermz ov ds sam ffinomena." We 
cud not dm justis tiu hiz tsori wid^t cwotin it 
at leijt, hwiq yr spas duz not permit. It niabfi 
fsnd in d£ Alfabet ov Nnt%r, pp. 36—39. 

Pitman <£Isaac Pitman}. R Manual ov 
Eonografi ; Lundun, varius dats. 
2e erber Edijunz ov dis wurc giv de teori on 
hwiq Mr. Pitman ferst fsnded hiz Fonetic 2ert 
Hand (se abuv, p. 83) . 3.e fonetic acisnt ov de 
Inghf laqgwej giv'n in ds Introduejun tui de 
att Edijun, woz furnijt bj de etur ov dez pajez. 

Pel am ^William Pelham). B. Sistem ov 
Notajun reprezentin ds Ssndz ov Alfa- 
betical Caracterz bj a nit aplicajun ov de 
Acsentual Mqrcs in prezent us, wid sue; 
adijunz az wer neseseri tui suplj defij- 
ensiz. Bostun, United Stats, 1808. 
3is iz a veri siijgujer wurc, dezjnd tui fasibtat 
de acwizijun ov InghJ pronunsiajun. 3.E spelbj 
ov wurdz iz left nsrli unelterd, but hwen con- 
sonantal djgrafs cp* mad us ov, de component 
pqrts or b^nd tuigeder bj a ligatur ; sobteri 
consonants hav dar diferent valuz distirjgwijt 
bj sbjt qanjez ov Jap ; but de vsel notajun iz 
bterab wun ov acsents onb ; de leterz over hwiq 
de acsents qr plast hav no msnig ov demselvz, 
but mErli serv tut suport d£ acsent, and d£ wurd 
wiad b£ Ecwali intebjib'l if ds acsents alon wer 
printed, and ds leterz bslo dem omited. 3.e 
etur haz dctiicdi printed ds hoi ov Dr. Jonsunz 
Saselas in dis stranj stjl ov spelin, hwiq cud 
never bs pubbcb adopted. Indsd, hs onb can 
hav ment it az an asistensinlernnj tui r£d, witbst 
eni ultsriur vu, ov introdqsig a fonetic ertografi. 
Hiz vsel sistem iz : Ion vvelz, e, q,, a, a, £, o, e, 
ui ; fert vselz, o, a, a, e, i, o-, u, la ; diftoyz, 
us(=j), uu(=wu), ym(=u), yu( = unacsented 
U in unit), uu(=»). [O iz not considerd az a 
difton at el, but iz mqret az tui vselz, eij] 

Pot ^Aug. Friedr. Pott. Etymologische 
Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indo- 
Germanischen Sprachen, mit besonderem 
Bezin? auf die LautumwandluuK im San- 



Ap. 2. 



Forietic Literatitr 



231 



sent, GriecMschen, Lateiuischen, Lit- 

tauischen uud Gothischen. Lemgo, bei 

Meyer, 1833). Ethnological Rescrgez in 

de danism ov de Indo-Jennanic Lai)- 

gwejez, wid espejal referens tm de inter- 

cjanj ovssndz iu de Sanscrit, Grec, Latin, 

Lituanian, and Gotic langwejez. Lemgo 

(a ten ov 4000 inhabitants, in de Jerman 

prinsipaliti ov Lipeu-Detinohl, ab^t wun 

degre sst ov Bramen). 

3is iz wun ov de most important wurcs on 

comparativ filoloji dat haz aperd, and iz n£ses- 

erili bast on de fonetic relajun ov wurdz. In 

vol. 1, pp. 1 — 144, wil be fsnd a most elaboret 

seriez ov obzervajunz and egzamp'lz, tendiij tin 

egzibit de conecjun betwen de fonetical and 

etimolojical relajunz ov wurdz. ctis wurc baz 

not ben translated intui Iijglij. 

Biber, er Beber <E. Biber, Ph. Dr.) Henri 
Pestaldtsi and hiz Plan ov Edrjcajun ; beirj 
an acsnt ov hiz ljf and rjtirjz, wid copius 
ecstracts from hiz wares, and ecstensiv 
detalz ilustrativ ov de practical parts ov 
hiz metud. Lundun, 1833. 
In qapter 23, Metud ov Tegiy Spell;) and Rifiy, 
de etur woz ndtqrak' led tui spec ov fonetics, 
and baz furnijt an ytl[n ov an alfabet hwiq iz 
wel wurt rediij wid atenj'un. In conchugun, he 
sez, " 3.Z incongruiitiz betwen de s"snd and de 
rit'n caraeter in hwic, de Igghj laijgwej abyndz, 
and de dificultiz wid hwie, de qjld iz surynded bj 
de comun plan ov tei;irj spebij, wil be stil mor 
stroijb flustrated bi dnab'zhj a fq, wurdz, plasirj 
on wun sjd de (liferent ssndz, and on de uder 
de (liferent leterz ov hwic, da qr compozd. 
[_1w] , de vrel i wid wun consonant, t , befor, 
and wun consonant, y, qfter it. Spel {thing), 
te, ag, i, en, je, tiij ; { iz a vsel, de uder for qr 
consonants. \JRit], de diftog % wid wun con- 
sonant, r, befor, and wun consonant, t, after 
it. Spel {right), qr, i,je, ag, te; { iz a vsel, and 
de uder for qr consonants. [_Rj=Rd^] , de vsel 
a wid de tin consonants, d and 3 qfter it ; spel 
{age) a, je, e; a and e qr vselz, and je iz a con- 
sonant. We wil not niultipb. dez ilust'rajunz, but 
lev it tin de rederz imajinajim tui fansi, hs be- 
wflderd must be de erz and branz ov a purr qild 
huiizrecwirdtuibelev, bonajjde, fkatqr-j-je-ag-te 
S'sndz rjt ; er hwot no funz ov j ustis and inteli- 
jens he must form on'fnidig himself repetedh 
tumpt fer beig 'so stqpid' az not tui under- 
stand ' so plan a tig.' " 

Benqri (Dr. Albert Agathon Benary, Die 
Roniische Lautlehre sprachvergleicheud 
dargestellt. Berlin, 1837.) 3e Fonetic 
Construcjun ov de Latin Laijgwej Egzib- 
ited in Conecjun wid Comparativ Fil- 
oloji. 
Onli wun volqm ov dis lerned wurc haz az 

yet aperd. It belogz tui de sam clqs uz Dr. 

Pots, ek-edi sjted. 

Becer <£Dr. Karl Ferdinand Becker. Ans- 
fuhrliche deutsche Grammatik als Com- 
mentar der Schulgrammatik. Frankfurt 
am Main, 1836). B. copius Jerman 



Gramer, az a Cdmeuteri tm de Scud 

Gramer. 

clar qr sum important mm'; res on At subject 
ov fonetics in relafun tui etimoloji, in .' 
volqm ov dis wurc, pp. 67 — 91. 

Becer, sam etur. (Organism der Spracln ). 

3e v 6rganiz'm ov Larjgwej. 

R sumhwot condenst vu ov hwot Dr. Becer 
huz advqnst in biz Gramer, iz giv'n in dis w arc, 
pp.32 — 59. Haz aiKdisiSjh-sever.izdefc-ctiv, from 
hwot aperz tiu be a Jerman deiijensi ov er. 

Beniofsci (Major Beniowski). <Ie Anti- 
Absurd er Frenotipic Alfabet and 9r- 
tografi fer de Iijglij Laijs-wej. Lundun, 
1844. 

An at^mt bj a Pol tui spel Igghf fonetieuli. 
Hiz alfabet consists ov de ioloig elements, in an 
order solli dependent upon de roman alfabet, 
widst eni fonetical prinsip'l : a, u, q,b, c, d, c, 

e > f> 9> h> i> i> j> °> h m > n ; °! °> e > y » P> r > 8 > y> 
t, t, it, m, u, v,'w, z, 5. 3is enqmerajun diferz 
from Yrz in de absens ov u, o, i{, y, y, ov hwiq 
vi, y, y qr indispensab'l. 3e object ov de etur 
ov dis* alfabet woz tui prevent de introducjun ov 
nq leterz, and hens el hiz caracterz qr eder old 
fermz, er old fermz inverted. 3e foloig tran- 
script ov de Lerdz prar wil egzibit de aperona 
ov dis stjl ov printhj : " Sr fither, which Jit iu 
hevn, h-daed bB thy nam : thy kingdom kqm : 
thy wil bra dun in erih az it iz in hevn ; giv qs 
this da §r dalB bred : And for giv u_s §r trespAsez, 
az wb forgiv them thAt trespAS Agenst qs : And 
1b d qs not intu temtashon : but cfehver qs from 
uvl : for thyn iz the kingdom, the pSer, And the 
glerB, for ever And ever : amen." 

Bop ^Franz Bopp. Yergleichende Gram- 
matik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, 
Lateinischen, Litthauischen, Gothischeu, 
und Deutschen. Berlin, bei Diimmler, 
1833, u. fll.) £L Comparativ Gramer 
ov de Sanscrit, Zend, Grec, Latin, Litq- 
anian, Gotic, and Jerman Laijgwej ez. 
Sis iz de most impertant eontribqjuntui com- 
pcu"ativ filoloji ov modern tjmz. 'dz ferst hun- 
dred pajez qr devoted tui a fonetic aesnt ov de 
larjgwejez menjund in de tjt'l, and qr most 
impertant tiu etimolojists. It iz imposib'l tui 
red Pots and Bops wares widst fdirj dat it iz de 
ssud ov a wiu'd, and not its acsidental ertograii, 
wid hwiq an etimolojist haz tui del. 

Tsbodati (X. Thibaudin). Propozd Orijinal 

Sistemfer a Radical, Universal, and Fil- 

ozofical Reform in de Spelhj ov Larj- 

gwejez. Lundun, 1842. 

Mosyo Tebodah haz apljd his alfabet tiu at 

laqgwejez, Pertqgez, Iijglij, Frenq, SpaniJ', 

Itulyan, Latin (az prouSust in Frqns), Grec 

(az pronvnst in Ingland), and Jerman. It 

barz everi mqrc ov benj rit'n bj a FreiKjmnu ; 

dus, no hint iz giv'n ov de diferens betwen lorj 

and Jert "vselz, de vselz in be in beiij reprr zeuted 

bj de sam sin wicKt modit'ieajun, so dat tn m, 

Mv'n hec'n, ets, cud not be' distingvrijt. He 

haz elso dctqah herd de Frenc, nazulz in Iijgb.l 

and Italyan, fer he reprezents de wurdz and, 

veygq, b\ sjnz ecwivedent tiu amid, vangq. It 

iz unn^seseri tui giv furder detidz. 



232 



Fonetic Literutqr, 



Ap. 



Dqrwin (Dr. Erasmus Darwin.) He Temp'l 
ov Natter de Orijin ov Sosjeti; a poem, 
wid filozoficol nots. 

Not 15 eontanz an analisis ov drtieqlet ssndz, 
and fermz an impertant lit'l tretis on fonetics, 
tie consonants qr wel aranjd, but de vselz qr 
defectiv, espejali doz far foren laggwejez. He 
givz a complst Iijglij fonetic alfcibet, wict nq 
sjnz fer c!e leterz reewjrd tui compk't cte roman 
alfabet. 

Be Staiis (Y. D. De Stains.) Fonografi, 

er de Rjtin ov Ssndz ; in tui parts, namli, 

Logogroii, er universal rjtirj ov spec, ; 

and Miisicografi, er simbolieal rjtin ov 

music ; wid a J'ert hand fer bat. Secund 

edijun, Lundun, 1842. 

tec analisis ov ssndz iz not complst, and iz 

veri fansifial. It iz not tui be compard, az a 

sistem ov rapid rjtin, tui Mr. Pitmanz. ]N T o 

sistem ov Printii] iz asojiated wict dis plan ov 

rjtiij. 

Bonaldsun <£John 'William Donaldson), lat 
Felo ov Triuiti Colej, Cambrij, and ns 
Hed Master ov Beri St. Edmunds Scud. 
3.S Nil Cratilus <£Cratylus), er Contriba- 
Junz tordz a mor aeqret Nolej ov de Grec 
Langwej. Cambrij and Lundun, 1839. 
3e teori ov de Grec alfabet, her treted, in 

pp. 36 — 137, ayiI b£ f and impertant, bot foneticali 

and alfabeticali. 

Jonz <£Sir William Jones). Wurcs, edited bj 

LerdTinmut. Lundun, 1807. Vol. 3, 

pp. 253—318, On de Grtografi ov de 

Rfiatic Wurdz in Roman Leterz. 

He tacs advqntej ov revqiij de Sanscrit alfabet, 

tui construct a universal fonetic alfabet, in'hwiq 

hs rjts sum ljnz ov Iijglij. 3e vsel ancdisis iz 

not cwjt corect. 

Jonsun fDr. Samuel Johnson). R Dic- 
Juneri ov de Iijglij Langwej, in hwic, el de 
wurdz ar dediist from dar ©rijinalz, and 
ilustratcd, in dar diferent significajunz, 
bj egzamp'lz from de best rjterz ; tui- 
geder wid a Histori ov de Langwej, and 
an IngliJ Gramer. Secund edijun, wid 
niimerus corecjunz bj de Rev. H. J. Tod 
{Todd). Lundun, 1827. 

In cte Gramer preficst tui dis Edijun, pp. 101 — 
107, dar iz a veri, and aparentli dezjnedli, im- 
perfect acsnt ov de elements ov IngliJ speq, and 
a veri dsprsfiatirj notis tac'n ov d£ efurts ov doz 
bui hav endevurd tui impruiv sr alfabet. ' ' 1 Hui 
can hop tui prsval on najunz tui e,anj dar 
practis, and mac el dar old bucs qsles ; er 1 hwot 
advqntej wiad a nq ertografi procqr, ecwivalent 
tui ds confqgun and perplecsiti ov sue, an eltera- 
jun :" cwestyunz hwie, we hav endevurd tui qnser 
m sr Pie fer Fonetic Speliy . Notis wil bs fsnd , 
sder in Dr. Jonsunz tecst er Mr. Todz nots, 
ov several ov ds older atemts at rEfermin sr 
ertografi, hwie, we hav not pqrticqlarjzd in dis 
Est, bEcez we hav hsr onli tac'n notis ov biacs 
tui hwie, we hav had oca3un tui rsfer. 

Cs {T. Hewitt 'Key), M.K., ov Triuiti 
Colej, Cambrij, Profeser ov Comparativ 



Gramer in Universiti Colej, Lundun. 
<Ie Alfabet ; Terenjian Meterz ; Gud, 
Beter, Best, Wel; and uder filolojical 
paperz. Lundun, 1844. 

els ferst pqrt ov dis wurc iz a rsprint ov ds 
qrtic'l Alfabet, and ov de hedin tui d£ leterz in 
de Pent Sjclopidla. tie alfabet iz singqlerli 
aranjd. R pdrcdelopipedon iz fermd, in de bas 
ov httisj qr plast de leterz^, h, v,f; in a sentral 
plan, over dez leterz respective, 1] t, d, tt, t; and 
on de upermost plan qr aranjd c, g, q, k. 3is 
iz fer de purpus ov Join de comun gramatical 
conecjmi ov de so-celd tenqsz p, t, c, wid dar 
so-celd aspirets f, t, k, and dar so-celd medie 
h, d, g ; de leterz v, cf, q, hwiq wer never 
contemplated bj de gramarianz hiu cond dis 
ncomenclatiir, a,r aded. Dismisin de pdralelo- 
pipedon, de etur bctacs himself tui a trjoi)guler 
priz'm, plasiij at wun end de leterz z, c, j, and 
at de uder s, f, 5, de licwidz qr aranjd in a ljn 
r, I, m, n, and de vselz dus {y, | i, e, a, 0, u, | w). 
His shjgiiler aranjment iz de we plus ultra ov a 
gramarianz fansi ; it iz veri unfonetic, and dat 
it iz so, iz sufij'entli Jon bj de imposibiliti hwig 
it creats ov admitin uder leterz intui de sistem ; 
and yet uder leterz in plenti recwjr admitans. 

Comstoc $ Andrew Comstock, M.D.) Com- 
stocs Fonetic Magazen, Nr. 1 0, fer Jun 
1847. Eiladelfia, Unjted Stats. 

Dr. Comstoc iz de etur ov several fonetic 
wurcs, hwiq he ddvertjzez at de bac ov dis mag- 
azen, amuij uderz ov a Sistem ov Elocyfun, and 
TuV I ov ite Elements ov cte Iyglif Laygivej ; but 
we hav not s£n eni bsyond de number ov de 
magazen sjted abiiv. On de secund paj ov de 
roper he givz hiz alfabet, in hwic] dar qr aten 
nq caracterz. Interpreted in sr simbulz, hiz 
alfabet runz dus ; 15 vselz, a, q, e, a, e, e, \, i, 
o, ui, o, q, u, 1a, « ; 14 subvvelz, b, d, g, v, d, z, 
3, 1, r, m, n, rj, w, y; 9 aspirets, p, t, c, f, t, s, 
J, h, hw; 6 compvnd leterz, a, a, j, gz, e,, cs. 
clis ecsddz sr practical alfabet bj havin seperet 
sjnz fer hw, a, gz, cs. 3e erder ov de vselz iz 
not veri cler from a considerajun ov dar fonetic 
valqz onli ; it dependz entjrh on de mod in hwie, 
da qr reprezented in de egzemplificativ wurdz 
hwiq Dr. Comstoc haz qoz'n. Az dis alfabet 
woz aparentli compozd subsecwenth tui sxz, 
tui hwiq we fjnd alqgunz in dis number ov 
Dr. Comstocs magazm, we ewot a fq ljnz tui 
egzibit hiz spelin. "It iz gra'tifjin tui se hs 
ef ec'cqah yqr Al f abet iz go'in ahed' ov de crqd 
and uncuit' sis'tem ov Pit'man. A sis'tem ov 
so me'ni and sue, glar'irj felts az hiz, can end in 
nut'iq but disapenat'ment. An en'tm'prjz az 
jjgan'tic az dat ov referm'ir) a lar/gwij must be 
bast on mor filozo'ficcd prin'siplz, and hav mor 
lurn'ed and a'bl ori'jinaturz and suport'urz dan 
hiz te'ori haz fsnd, or can fjnd, e'dur in dis 
cun'tri or in Yq'rop," — p. 230. 3e abuv htercd 
transcripjun ov Dr. Comstocs fonetic simbulz 
intui sr on priuvz, dat az f qr az tsori iz consernd 
in pctetin st ds recwizit simbulz, dar iz not muq 
diferens bEtwsn us ; on uder ponts we qr unab'l 
tui spec clerli, az we hav not red Dr. Comstocs 
teoretical wurcs. On de fermz ov de tips we fel 
no hezitajun ; dar iz a dazlin luc in Dr. Com- 
stocs, hwiq we hav felt veri anerirj tui de j. It 
iz rjt tui menjun, dat de abuv sentens iz tac'n 
from de leter ov a corespondent, hm, amiuj uder 
tiijz, preferz de ertogral'iz four, itav.r, ley, sey, 
dog, log, tin far, Mr, loy, soy, dog, log. 



Ap. 2. 



Fondle Literatyr. 



233 



Qui {Richard Cull). 2c qrtie'lz Stamer 
and Vers, in de Peni Sjclopedia. 
tiiz qrtie'lz wil wel repa cm ali'-ntiv permzal ; 
de etur haz bestod muq atenfun on de produc- 
Jun. ov vocal s>;ndz, in Liz profejunal endevurz 
tui cu,r stameriij. 

Clqrc ^Professor Clark, Marischal College, 
Aberdeen). An Atemt at Vocal Iijgli/, 
dat iz, IrjgliJ" spelt az spoc'n, on de 
prinsip'l ov everi spelirj havirj wun ssnd, 
and everi S5nd wun spelirj, and az far 
az posib'l bj nienz ov de comun printirj 
tjps. Prjvetli printed. 1844. 
3at de modern printiij tjps qr insui'ifent fer de 
atanment ov de object stated in fie tjt'l ov (lis 
wore, we hov convinst -jfrselvz bj meni eesperi- 
ments in adijun tm doz hwiq we hav met wid in 
de wures ov uderz. 3ar qr practiced objecjimz 
tm tumd leterz, dat iz, tm qziq de sam leter 
direct and inverted, hwiq qr sui'ijent tui prevent 
de emplcrment ov dis ecspedient, ecsept in rar 
casez (gz tst o, .1, o). Profeser Clqrcs seem, 
hwen interpreted bj sv sinibulz, iz az foloz; 
log vselz, m, e, a, e, o ; fert rselz, a, e, i, o, u ; 
"modifjd \~selz," q, u; "dumvsel," ('),butwe 
hav no presjs eewivedent fer dis in -sr cdfabet. 
3e egzqmp'lz hwiq Profcser Clqrc givz, qr 
"ap'l, «16n, alsab'l," hwiq he wud spel, qziq 
(' ) fer de dum rsel, ap'l, 'Ion, 'te'b'l. " 3e ruil 
adopted fer speliij wid de dum vsel," sez he, 
"hwar de wurd consists ov mar silab'lz dan 
wan, iz tin spel wid it in suq silab'lz az can not, 
er az hqrdli can be promfnst continqusli, so az 
tui alv a sxnd ljc a, e, i, o, er u tui be distil) - 
gwi/tj" and he acerdirjli spelz de wurdz onurai'l 
guvernerz, litereri baristerz, dus, on'r'b'l guv'r- 
n'rz, lifr'ri bar'st'rz. 3e qs ov de dum vncI iz 
de grat pecqliariti ov dis sistem. Hiz diftoijz 
qr oe o, ow s, ae \, we we, em q, ee ye, ra yo, 
mo yo, ma wa, me we, tuae wj, e' v' ; and hwen 
eni tui -rselz hwiq mjt constitqt a diftoij, but dm 
not, folo wun anufier in rjtirj, he sercumflecsez 
de ferst vyel. 3e consonants qr b, d, f, h, c, I, 
vi, n, p, r, s, t, v, z, tuigeder wid g, 5, f, y, d, 
t. Profdser Clqrc atemts tm egzibit de comun 
colocwial pronunsiajun, wid el its indistiijctnes. 
Sis woz at ferst atemted wid sr cdfabet, but 
qfter mor dan aten mimts trial, ren^nst az 
impructicab'l. 3e folohj egzqmp'l from Graz 
Eleji rit'n in a, Cuntri @urg-Yqrd, er az he spelz 
it, Elcdji "ritn in c Kuntri Txurtx-Yctrd , wil Jo 
de qz hwic, Profeser Clqrc mad ov de old tips in 
reprez^ntii) s-sndz ; a strictli literal interpreta- 
Jun iz plast under eq wurd. 

Ac kurfyw tcelz ac nel uv partiq dse, 
it' curfew, tolz d' nel uv partly da, 

Ac loeiq herd waj-ndz slceli cer' ac ly, 
&' loiy herd waendz sloli or - it' h-, 

Ac plowmen heemwerd plodz hiz wyri wee, 
it' plomm'n homw'rd plodz hiz weri wa,, 

Cnd lyvz ac wurld tuh darknes end tuh my . 
'nd levz d' wurld tui dctrcn's 'nd tu me. 

Profeser Clqrc iz, lrsever, not ewjt satisfjd 
tm reprezent everi wurd az it iz spoc'n, but "fer 
de ez and cumfurt ov de reder, mor espejali tm 
enab'l him tm pic up redili de scop ov a sentens 
befor he givz it uterans, er in hiz on sjleut 
permzalz," emphiz sunt " qrbitrerimqrcs adrest 
ouh tm de j." 3cz mqres consist in de inserjun 
ov a sjlent h in sum wurdz, preficshj or subjernirj 
an apostrofi (') tm uderz, (dus, cer' in de eg- 



zqmp'l abuv cwoted, tm Jo dat it nun/ 
and not de ur 00 n but, or metoUe or,) dublirj de 
inijal consonant, adiij an acsent (tm niqrc de 
plmral hwen not ecsprest bj inflecjun), and 
com^nsiij serten wurdz wid capital leterz. Gl 
suq pqrli qrbitreri sjnz wud be grater stumldiij- 
blocs in de pqt ov de speler, dan da wud be 
helps tm de reder. 

Clopftoc (Friedricb Gottlieb Klopstock. 
Saniinlliche spracbwissenschaftliclie und 
sestbetische Wcrkc, heransgegeben von 
A. L. Back mid Dr. A. R. C. Spindlcr. 
Leipzig, bei Fleischer, 1830.) Complgt 
Filolojical and Estetical "Wurcs. Vol. 
14, pp. 145—264. 

3ez pajez contan several lit'l tretisez on Jer- 
man ertografi, and a propozd Jerman cdfabet, 
wid egzqmp'lz printed in de maner propozd, 
and sum veri ecselent qrgqments in favur ov 
ddt mod ov printhj, hwic;, h'scver, duz not 
ape'r tm hav fsud eni favur wid de public. It 
woz entjrli adrest tm litereri men, and dez 
ferm de veri clqs ov persunz hm dm not fcl de 
difieultiz ov ertografi, and hm darfor onli luc 
on fonetic spelirjiiz a filozoiical pla-tiy. 

Grqshian ^F. H. G. Grassman. Sprach- 
bildmigslcbre fiir Deutsche, erster Theil; 
die Lebre von der Sylbenbildung in Ver- 
bindung mit der Sprachzeichenlehre fiir 
Deutsche. Berlin, bei Reamer, 1828.) 
Instrucjunz in de Fermajun ov Larjgwej 
fer Jcrmanz. — Ferst Part ; Instrucjuu 
iu de Fermajim ov Silab'lz in conecj'un 
wid Instrucfun in de qs ov de Sjnz for 
Ssndz, fer Jermanz. 

3is iz a wurc intended fer de teqer ov prjmeri 
scudz, tm instruct hiz pqpilz in speciij and redirj , 
gi\iij dem an egzdct nolej ov el de elements ov 
speq. It iz crmeli prohes, but it Mrnifez a veri 
satisfacturi alfabet ov de Jerman laijgwej az 
spoc'n in Pomerania. 3e folohj iz a sumeri ov de 
alfabet giv'n on paj 79, de fert v^-elz beiij omited. 
Sandz. — Simp' I and pyr,' q,, a, e, o, m ; simp'l 
and intermediet, a, e, o, 6, u ; diftonz, am, ai, 
au ; abrijd diftoyz, 01a, ei, ou (qzd in Pomerania 
insted ov de ud'er tre ; it iz tm be obzervd dot 
de terd chftoij au iz hwot we reprezent bj i> ; de 
Pomeranian teqer haz not ev'n reqt dis consep- 
Jun ov de s-snd). Ssnd-Modifierz. — cle simp'l 
bre&vy, h; Azfqrp brediyz, f, s,*k, J; de soft brett- 
inz, v, z, q, 3 ; hqf-sy'ndz, m, n, rj, 1, r ; Jqrp 
clozvyz, p, t, c ; soft cloeimz, b, d, g. It iz tm 
be obzervd dat dis rjter duz not custujgwij fie 
Jerman is from de comun I\]ghJ v ; and itui lie 
duz not distiijgwij q from y. He sez dat 111 < 1st 
ov de Jerman (g) qr pronSinst q in Pomerania; 
jnjiy from de Berhn pronunsiajun, we suspect 
da qr pron^nst y, and dat dis iz de orijin ov fie 
rjterz confq^un. Fer fie satisfacfun ov Jerman 
scolerz, we trcmscrjb an egzqmp'l ov Pomera- 
nian pronunsiajun hwiq he haz giv'n (p. 110), 
but we dm not tine it m'seseri tm ad i'.e Hj Jer- 
man tecst, er pronunsiajun, er a translajun, az 
nun but doz hm no sumliy ov de laqgwej qr 
ljch tm tac cm interest in de mater, and dez wud 
redili understand de meniij ov de pusej. 

dar bqxmkertsiqe. runts emt c/uus 
O'fjoeu (hi einem sar calten vintertqqe met 
eindnder uberfelt. an dar ftrq.se fanden 



234 



Fonetic Literatip'. 



Jp. 2. 



ze einen on'becdnten men/en em fna, hqen, 
velker fest tsu flqfen fen. cunts hate 
met'leiden met em, ont ous bezorknes, das 
dr drfreren mokte, ndherte dr zelc em, om 
en ous dam flqfe tsu vecen. qber zq fel 
dr en ouk rotelte, zq ervdkte dr dole nekt. 
dan canst dm layqe roteln, ref clous lakent ; 
ar vert nekt oufvdken ; ar est betruycen ; 
las dim carl hqen, ont com ; es est colt, 
nein, dntvorlete cunts, zo on'bqrmherisek 
can ek nekt zein ; ve leikt conte ddr qrme 
menf erfreren ! ont mqkdr emer betruycen 
zein, ar est ein menf, ont tsvqr ein holfs'- 
bedorf'tiqer menf; ek vel turn, vas e/c can, 
om em das laben tsu reten. num, zo make, 
vas dm velst, ref clous on'vel'ek ; ek mqfc 
nekt leyqer Iter ftalien ont freren ; ont 
dametf qiyc ar veiter. cunts bedecte nwn 
eilekst dan flqfenden met fna,, veil dr 
gehbrt! hate, das ddr fna, vdrme, ont lef 
dan zo fuel ve moklek nqrk dam ndksten 
dprfe, om einen vqqen tsu holen. glbcliker 
veizefant ar oukgleik einen menfenfrountf - 
liken bouer ddr dben ous ddr ft at qefqren 
cqm, ont met desen holfe dr dan hdlj)toten 
fremden sar bait ens laben brakte. frolek 
vanderte dr num nqk houze. 

Fultun and Nit (G. Fulton and G. Knight). 
£L Dicfuneri ov de IrjgliJ Langwej, gratli 
impriuvd ; de pronunsiajun asertand bj 
a n-q, and simp'l notajun ; tm hwiq q,r 
preficst de Prinsip'lz ov IngliJ Pronun- 
siajun and de Elements ov Redirj. Nq\ 
edijun. Lundun, 1843. 

R meritorius pronsnsin dicjuneri fer de us 
ov scuilz. cle introducturi obzervajunz qr 
veri pertinent. cle object ov de eturz bein tux 
tec, de pronunsiajun bj menz ov cte old spent), 
eta bav not gon intui de subject ov fonetics 
sjentificaii, ner iz a eomplet fonetic cdfabet 
egzibited. In dar " Ce," cte foloig vsel s^ndz 
qr recognjzd : fut sxndz, a, e, i, o, u ; num 
sxndz, a, e, j, o, q ; cte sam Jert, dat iz, unac- 
sented ; ocA^unal sxndz, e, q, ui ; fert, o, a, xa 
(in p. xix ov cte Introducjun, cte foloin egzqm- 
p'lz qr giv'n ov a az distinct from a er q: ar; 
pas, bras, gras ; gaf , draf , gaf, staf, aft, craft, 
draft, haft, raft, J aft, waft; grant, plant, slant; 
lat, pat, rat ; asc, base, case, fuse, masc, fasc ; 
asp, gasp, clasp, rasp, hasp, grasp ; cast, blast, 
fast, last, mast, past, vast ; dans, lans, glans, 
gans ; in el doz wurdz hwiq qr printed in italics 
we fiad qz q fer a, and in de uder wurdz we 
prefer a. Wecer and Smqrt giv a in el casez); 
obscyx e az in Iter. 

Fray din <£Dr. Benjamin Franklin). Complet 
Wurcs in Filosofi, Politics, and Moralz. 
Lundun, 1806; vol. 2, pp. 357—366. 
B. Seem fer a Nu Alfabet and Refermd 
Mod ov Spelin, wid remqres and egzqm- 
p'lz consernirj de sam; and an incwjri 
intm its usez : in a corespondens betwen 



Mis S (Stev'nsun) and Dr. Franc- 

lin, rit'n in de caracterz ov de alfabet. 
3e gratnes ov cte etur ov dis sistem, and biz 
pecqlier turn ov mjnd, n^seserili led us tui ecs- 
pt^c t mug from an alfabet ov biz compozijun. tie 
abiiv seem, b^ever, iz onb a scee, not properli 
wurct i>t. ais iz muq tui be regreted, fer Dr. 
Franebnz practical ecperiens az a printer, mjt, 
had be bad tjm, bav led him tui a practical 
alfabet, and renderd ur on laburz siiperfluius. 
Hiz alfabet woz onb addpted tuirjtin, not print- 
in ; and cte object ov it woz tui introdqs az fq nq 
leterz az posib'l ; it woz az foloz, 1 o, 2 o e, 
3 a, 4 e a, 5 i s, 6 uu, 7 u, 8 h, 9 g, 10 c, 11 /, 
12 n, 13 n, 14 r, 15 t, 16 d, 17 I, 18 s, 19 z, 20 t, 
21 '&, 22 /, 23 v, 24 b, 25 p, 26 m. Leterz 2, 4, 
5, eq reprez^nted tm s^ndz ; ttar wer, ttarfor, 
twenti-njn leterz, hwiq we no tui be fjv les ctan 
cte loest number ov leterz wict hwiq Ii)gbJ can 
be rit'n ; cte fjv misin leterz qr cte vsel q, hwiq 
woz not distiggwijt from a; y, w, hwiq wer 
considerd az vselz, and reprezented bj tte sjnz 
5, 6; w,, bwiq woz not disting^vijt from tw; and 
,3, bwiq woz not distingwift from f. cle foloiij 
iz an egzqmp'l ov hiz mod ov spehq, translatiq 
hiz sjnz, but onb qzin cte fert v^elz o, e, i, fer 
2, 4, 5. 

so hmen sum endfel, bid divuin comdnd, 
wid; ruiziy tempests feecs e gilti land; 
(sutfaz ov leet ar peel britania past,) 
calm and siriin hi druivs difiturius blast ; 
and, pliiz'd ft - ohmlitis ordwrs tm purform, 
raids in di hmurlmind and duirects cti storm. 



so ctipimr limpid striim, hmenfoml ivid steens 
ov rufin torents and disendin reens, 
wurcs itself cliir; and az it runs rifuins ; 
til bui digriis, defotiy mirur fuins , 
riflects iitf flour (tat on its bordwr groz, 
and e niiu, hevn in itsfeer buzumfoz. 

"We hav omited cte capitalz, hwiq wer riot 
sistemdticali plast, and havaded acsents acerdiij 
tui sr on acsent lez. 

Voker <£Max. Wocher, Professor und Kon- 
viktsvorstand in Ehingen au der Donau. 
Allgemeine Pbonologie oder natiirliche 
Grammatik der menseblicben Sprache. 
Stuttgart und Tubingen, bei Cotta, 1841.) 
UniversalFonoloji, er dsNatiiral Gramer 
ov Hu.man Spec. 

ctis iz a veri remqrcab'l buc, cte object ov 
hwiq iz tui investigat cte influiens ov cte spec- 
erz fonetic feliij on cte construe Jun ov laijgwej, 
incluidin cte eonecjun ov serten vselz wid serten 
consonants, interqanj ov leterz, fermz ov inflec- 
Jun, erder ov wurdz, ets. It iz cm aplieafun ov 
fonetics tui etimoloji, and iz darfor beyond de 
scop ov de Esenfalz, hwiq confjnz itself tui 
muterz independent ov etimoloji. In §§ 1, 2, 
dar iz a jeneral vq ov de cdfabet ; and de vselz 
qr considerd mor in detal in § 13. It iz, bse>er, 
tui be regreted, dat in a wurc hwiq recwjrz in 
de reder a degre ov fonetical nolej dat iz rarli 
poz^st, ev'n bj filolojists, de etur haz not ben 
clerer and hapier in de ecsplanajun ov hiz on 
fonetical vqz. 

Volnd (C. F. Volney, comte et pair de 
France, membre cle l'Academie francaise, 
honoraire de la Societe Asiatique seante a 
Calcuta. L' Alfabet Europeen applique, 
aux langues Asiatiques, ouvrage elemen- 



Ap. 2. 



Fonetic Literatyr. 



23! 



taire, utile a tout vovagcur cu Asio. 
Pans, chez Firmin Didot, 1819). 3e 
Uropean Alfabet aplj'd tm A/iatic Larj- 
gwejez ; an demented wurc, u,sfial tm el 
travclerz in HJa. 

ft veri important wurc. 3.e rjter, az de reziilt 
ov hiz travclz in Urup and ftja, haz piat tui- 
g£der an alfabet ov el de Xiropean svndz wid 
hwie, he haz becum acwanted, and celin dis de 
Uropean alfabet, haz jon hs it ma be aplid, wid 
sljt adijunz, tm de reprezentajun ov iljiatic 
laqgwejez, espefali de 'Arabic. Hiz Xiropean 
alfabet iz az foloz : 1 a a, 2 d o, 3 o o u, 4 a, 
5w,6 vi, 7 6, 8 6, 9 e ?, 10 a, 11 a,(?), 12 e e, 
13 i i, 14 e, 15 ii, 16 on, 17 on, 13 an, 19 «». In 
doz casez, hwar lnor dan wun sjn haz ben aded 
tm de number, Volna haz coni'qzd de svndz, az 
fon bj hiz Irene,, Iijglif, and Jerman egzqmp'lz ; 
hiz mistucs in Jerman qr sumtjmz grat, dus, 
he macs (gut)=gut, insted ov gwt ; and (tod- 
ten, Gothej — tdt'en, Gdte, insted ov toten, Gdte. 
Hiz consonants qr aranjd m order from de lips 
tm de trot, dus, 1 m, 2 6, 3 p, 4 v, 5 c, 6/, 7 d, 
8 t, 9 n, 10 n h 11 9, 12 I, 13 Z;, 14 Z, 15 mi, 16 >•, 
17 z, 18 s, 19 #, 20" t, 21 j, 22/, 23 gj, 24 c;, 25 g, 
26 c, 27 .*?, 28 uq, 29 fr, 30 k, 31 A, 32 fe. An 
egzqrnp'l ov hiz mod ov rjtirj v Arabic haz elrt5di 
ben giv'n, p. 204. 

Smqrt {B. H. Smart). Wecer Remodeld. 
£L mi Critical Prou^usirj Dicjuneri ov 
de IrjgHJ Larjgwej, adapted tm de prezeut 
stat ov literatur and sjens, egzibitirj ds 
pronunsiajun ov wurdz in imizuu wid 
mor acm-et scemz ov ssndz dan eni yet 
furnijt, acerdirj tm prinsip'lz carfuli and 
laboriusli investigated. Lundun, 1836. 
3is iz in meni respects an imprmvment upon 
Wecer ; std, Mr. Smart frecwentli egzibits an 
old pronunsiajun, and iz not so strict in givig 
de opinyunz ov uder ertoepists az Mr. "Wiaster, 
hiuz wurc haz elredi ben sited. "We can not 
but consider Mr. Smarts mod ov simboljzirj 
ssudz, panfuli clumzi and dificultov compre- 
henjun, eldo he animsez it az "a metud ov 
indicatin de pronunsiajun ov wurdz, hwiq, bj 
remmsirj eltmgeder de pretens ov egzibitirj no 
mor leterz dan simdz, iz les barbarus tm de \, 
and at wuns intelijib'l." It iz sut'ijent tm sa, 
dot no sistem ov mqrcin de syndz can be intel- 
ijib'l tm doz hui hav ben tet tm red in acerdans 
wid de old alfabet onli, widest muq previus ecs- 
planajun ; and Mr. Smqrt haz fund it nesesei'i 
tm giv a cc tyn at de fut ov everi paj. Hiz 
alfabet iz az foloz : — <fZ? alfabetic vxelz (bj. nat%r 
lor), do Ifub'l tut be fert'nd), 1 a, 2 a, 3 e, 4 e, 
5 j, 6 \, 7 6, 8 o, 9 q, 10 q. Se esevfcdi fort 
vxelz, 11 d, 12 a, 13 4, 14 e, 15 i, 16 i, 17 6, 18 o 
(qf'n %zd for u), 19 ii, 20 u, 21 u, 22 u, (de 
tm lqst qr termd insidhital vvelz) ; and Se 
remnnh) insidental vvelz (bi naty/r loi), do Uab'l 
tut be fert'nd), 23 q, 24 a-, 25 e, 26 o, 27 ra, 
28 m, 29 6, 30 a, 31 *, 32 s. Se vxelz htvig 
terminat in gntural vibrafun (bi naty,r Ion, do 
liab'l tut be fert'nd), 33 qar, 34 qjr 'or, 35 "jj, 
36 'j.t, 37 exv, 38 exr 'or, 39 "jt, 40 'jut, 41 a'ar 
(menvn aaa), 42 a'ar, 43 i'xr (meniij ejj), 44 e'ar, 
45 j'jt (meriin iu), 46 j'xr, 47 6'jt (rnenin oir), 
48 o'ar, 49 q'jr (menu) iijt), 50 vi'jt, 51 m'or 
(meni)) mar), 52 ui'jt, 53 i'sv (mcniy ~siv), 
54 -s'jr, 55 ] ("a sljt semi-consonant s-ynd' betwen 
e and y consonant, herd in de transifun from 
serten consonant tm serten v-sel sundz, az in 



l/nit,j)tu, nagfiur, gjqrment, c/iud," hmqwaxdz 
we rjt hit, jn, nat//r, gqrment, cjnd, in practical 
fonetic Bpebi|.) Consonants, 5U h, 57 w, 58 y, 

59 s, 60 z, 61 J, 62 3, 63 c„ 64 j, 65 f, 66 v, 67 % 
68 d, 69 1, 70 m, 71 n, 72 n, 73 r, 74 p, 75 b, 
76 c, 77 g, 78 t, 79 d. clis list iz sweld M tm 
fte abnv enermus ecstc-nt bj eonfliderin acs^nted 
and anacBented vrelz az diferent elements, and 
bj givin de sam digniri tin zq scperet acs«5nted 
and anacsented sUm!)'1 terminatu] in uu, ur, — 
a mod ov egzibitin de alfabet h\\\<\ iz rajter 
mistifiir) dan cler. It ma be remdrct az a de- 
t'ijVnsi in su<; an elaborel Bistem, — a defifensi, 
h-s-cver, dat iz fard l>i el iijeKJ pron^nsin dicfun- 
eriz h'.ncj we hav egzcimind, — ftat ile fjnal, in'ij'a], 
medial, and dub'l efecta ov consonants qr not 
hinted at ; and dat, in silulijziij, consonants qr 
dub Id or not, just az Sa hap'nd tin be in de 
unsistematic qqus-medh ertografi ov de prezcnt 
da. 3e onh InghJ wurc in hwic, (te teon ov sil- 
ab'lz iz lad dun ^vid cored nes (and ev'n in dat 
it iz but a scecj), iz L&tcvmz, herqfter sjted. 

Eultse £Dr. Gottlob Lebcrccht Schalze, 
konigl. sachs. Kircben-und Schulrath zu 
Budissin im Markgrafthume Oberlausitz, 
Legograpnol9gie, oder Anleitung zu einer 
griindlicben und naturgema/sen Bchand- 
lung dcsElementar-l literricbts im Lesen 
und Recbtscbreiben. Ein notbigesHulfs- 
bucb fiir Scbul-und Privatlehrer bei'm 
Gebraucbe des Ersten Uebungsbuehes 
fiir Lesescbuler. 2te Aivfl. Leipzig bei 
Taucbnitz, 1830.) Legografoloji, er an 
Introducjun tm a Fundamental and Nat- 
ural Tretment ov Elementeri Instrue/un 
in Bsdii) and Speliij. £L neseseri asistent 
tm doz tccerz in scmlz and prjvet elqscz 
bm mac u,s ov de Ferst Buc ov v Ecscr- 
sjzez for Piipilz in Redig. 
3is wurc iz dez^rvin ov muq atenjun, az beirj 
de etoritativ ecspozijun ov de sistem ov terui] 
tm red hwiq iz emplod trmut de cujdum ov 
Sacsuni. It woz de grsndwurc ov de metud 
recomended in de Fonie Jtediy Bucs, publift 
under de etoidti ov de Comiti ov Cunsil on Ea- 
qcafun, and prjmerih aranjd bj Mr. Zenf{Seni}, 
teqer at de Bqt rand Tqt Ernie (Bath und That 
Schule), at Drezden. R ful acint ov dis mod 
ov teqiij tm red haz ben giv'n in de Saturdn 
Magazen, vol. 25, pp. 92, 108, 116, 134, 139, 151, 
156, 183. 3e comple't set ov de Comitiz Fonie 
Ecdin Bucs woz never publift ; and we behv, 
dat eldo de sistem iz non tm wurc in Jermani, 
wid an ert'ografi hwic, ma be regqrded az foneiie 
in comparisun wid de Inglif, it haz ben fsnd 
totah unsqted tm yr abominaldi d-spelt langwej . 
We can recomend de wurc tm de atenjun ov 
eni teqer ov rediij on de fonetic plan, do we can 
not elwaz agre wid Dr. Zultsez analisis er 
opinyunz. 

Emittener ^Friedrick Scbmitthenner. Kur- 
zcsDeutschesWorterbucb fiir Etymologic 
Synonvmik und Ortbografie. 2tc Aufl. 
Darmstadt, bei G. Jongbaus, 1837.) H 
Jert Jerman Dicjuneri, wid refercns tiu 
etimoloji, sinonomics, and ortografi. 
3e Introducjun tm dis most qsful lit "1 ware 

(in hwir; de Ion" and fort vselz in acsented sila- 



236 



Fonetic LUeratiir 



Ap. 2. 



b'lz cy invariabli distujgwijt) contanz a bref 
but clever acsnt ov fonetics vud in eonecjun 
wid etimoloji. 

Big <£Rev. Ezekiel Rich), ov Tree, Na Hamp- 
Jer, United Stats. Nn Project for Re- 
fermirj de IngliJ Alfabet and Grtografi. 
He Memorial ov de Rev. E. R. ; setirj fort 
a plan ov a reform d alfabet and ertog- 
rafi, and prairj de asistans ov Cong-res 
tui ecstend a nolej ov it over de najun. 
19 Feb. 1844. Red and lad upon de 
tab'l. Twenti-atfc Corjgres, ferst sejun, 
document nr. 126. LL?s ov Represent - 
ativz. 

clis Jert pamflet (21 pajez) contanz meni 
ecselent arguments in favur ov a refernid er- 
tografi, but unfertunetli propozez a perfectli 
imprticticabl set ov simbulz, levin it tm uderz 
tui imprrav dem. Hiz IngliJ alfabet iz az foloz : 
1. Rt vxelz, &e most vocal er stsndin, e, q,, a, o, ii, 
j, e, xu. 2. Rt vxelz de lest vocal, o, o, m, §.(?), 
a (confuzd wid a), u, e, i. 3 For consonants 
cold semivaelz, becez eg sumtpnz fermz a silab'l, 
1, m, n, r. 4. lerten comun consonants, b, d, f, 
j, s, v, z, q, d, J, t, 3, g. 5. Ire muts, hwiq 
sudenli op'n er stop de vers, c, p, t. 6. Ire 
inifalz, qzd anli be/or de silabic vvel sand, w, y, 
h. 7. Wwn. leter, and Sat a final, %zd anli qfter 
tie silabic vxel sand, ij ; tm hwie, qr aded severed 
contracjunz. cle foloin iz a spesimen ov hiz 
spelin and contracfunz: " wot cud d nafun dm 
btr <tcin tu reform its alf abt & erdografi rddicali ? 
giv fasilti tu urle litrtur &■ sjens, & yu wil spedle 
se d prfus rzults in d jnrul mntul merul, & 
sojul elvajun." 

Rap <£Dr K. M. Rapp. Versucb einer Phy- 
siologie der Sprache nebst bistoriscber 
Entwicldung der abendlfindiscben Idiome 
nacb pbysiologiscben Grundsatsen. Stutt- 
gart und Tubingen, bei Cotta, 1836 
— 1841.) An atemt at a Pizioloji ov 
Spec, wid an Historical Develupment ov 
de Western Idiumz on Piziolojical Prin- 
sip'lz. 

clis splendid wrirc, in for volqmz, iz indis- 
pensab'l tin eni wun hm wijez tiu mac a studi 
ov fonetics. Gldo de rjter iz a Jerman, and 
haz, darfor, meni Jerman felts ov er tm contend 
wid, hiz wurc contanz surprjzinli fq, mistacs, 
and it enterz intm de restorajun ov old pro- 
nunsiajun, and de develupment ov modern 
pronunsiafun, at mug grater lent, and in mug 
mor detal, dan st limits wiad permit. It iz 
imposib'l tm pent st in Irs meni materz we hav 
ben swad bj de opinyun ov dis lerned rjter ; and 
yet it wiad be sen, on comparisun, dat we veri 
frecwentli difer from him in sum ov hiz con- 
clui3unz. We ma menj'un, espejali, de hoi ov 
•ST 6t, 7t, and 8t secfunz, hwig contan investiga- 
fimz intm hwig he can searsli be sed tm enter, 
cle grat impertans ov hiz wurc wil be evident bj 
de foloin sceg ov its contents. cle jeneral teori 
ov fonetics, vol. 1, pp. 13—218 ; Rnjent Grec, 
vol. 1, pp. 219—314; Latin, vol. 1, pp. 315—370 ; 
Gotic, vol. 1, pp. 371—402 ; Grec ov de Midi 
Rjez, er de Bjzdntin Djalect, vol. 2, pp 4—15 ; 
Eoman Langwejez ov de Mid'l Rjez, Provohsal 
and Nerman, vol. 2, pp. 16 — 117 ; fslaudic, An- 
glo-Sacsun, Old Sacsun, Old Swabian, vol. 2, 



pp. 118—265 ; Modern Grec, vol. 3, pp. 4—33. 
Itcdyan, vol. 3, pp. 34 — 63 ; SpaniJ andPertugez, 
vol. 3, pp. 64—115 ; Frenq, vol. 3, pp. 116—155 ; 
Iijglif, vol. 3, pp. 157—220; SwediJ and Danif, 
vol. 3, pp. 221—261 ; Dug and Plat-Derq, vol. 3. 
pp. 262—315 ; Modern Hj Jerman, vol. 4, pp. 3 
— 143. cle rest ov de fort volam iz fild wid 
miselanius, filolojical, and fonetical esaz. We 
recomend everi fonetijan hm can red Jerman, 
tm studi dis ecselent and veri interestin wurc. 

Latam {Dv. R. G. Latbam), Eelo ov Cigz 
Colej, Cambrij ; Felo ov de Recal Sosjeti 
ov Kzijanz, Lundun; Member ov de 
Etnolojical Sosjeti, Na Yore ; lat Pro- 
feser ov de Irjglif Laggwej and Litera- 
tar, Universiti Cclej, Lundun. cle IngliJ 
Langwej. Secund eclijun. Lundun, 
1848. 

We wer under grat obligajunz tm de ferst 
edifun ov dis wurc. In de prezent edijun, part 
3, pp. 116 — 202, iz devoted tm de considera j'un 
ov Sandz, Leterz, Pronunsiafun, and Spelin, wid 
espefal referens tm de InghJ langwej. cle ab- 
surditiz ov de prezent sistem ov spelin or Jon, 
and prinsip'lz ov alfabetic rjtin lad dsn. " Efe 
qef condijunz ov a fial and perfect alfabet and 
ertografi," sez Dr. Latam, p. 164, "qx az foloz : 
1) 3at fer everi simp'l sing'l sirnd, incapabl ov 
bein reprezented bj a combinafun ov leterz, dar 
be a simp'l sing'l sjn. 2) 3at S'sndz widin a de- 
t^rmind degre ov ljenes be reprezented bj sjnz 
widin a det^rmind degre ov ljenes ; hwjlst ssndz 
beyond a serten degre ov ljenes be reprezented 
bj distinct and difer ent sjnz, and dat %nifermli. 
3) 3at no s^nd hav mor dan wun sjn tm ecspres 
it. 4) cCat no sjn ecspres mor dan wun s^nd. 
5) clat de prjmeri am ov ertografi be tm ecspres 
de syndz ov wurdz, and not dar historiz. 6) clat 
Qanjez ov spec, be iolod bj coresponclhj qanjez ov 
spelin." Tm de ferst, fiffe, and sicst ov dez 
propozijunz we hav no objecjun tra ofer. cle 
secund ma be carid st hwen posib'l (se § 27, 
nr. 3, p. 83), but dar iz an objecjun tra it, namli, 
(liferent persunz fel dez relajunz tui be diferent. 
clus, in Mr. Pitmanz Jert hand, hwar de relajunz 
betwen fermz corespond tm relajunz betwen 
STJndz, dez relajunz qx cwjt diferent from doz 
asumd tra egzist bj Dr. Latam, in p. 127 ov de 
tretis hwiq we qr considerin . It iz clsrli sufijent 
dat eq sjn Jiad be cler and distinct from el uder 
sjnz, ezilifermd, and imedyethrecognjzab'l. cle 
terd propozijun iz olso not neseseri, az we no 
bj fonetic Jert hand, in hwie, meni ov de con- 
sonants, az t, s, z, J", r, I, n, qr ecspresib'l in 
mor dan wun wa, widest eni fonetic detriment ; 
de onli fonetic condijun iz, dat hwen dar qr 
several waz ov ecspresin de sam synd, it fiid be 
foneticali indiferent htvig mod iz selected, clis 
iz de cas in fonetic Jert hand, varjeti ov form 
bein mad tra serv de purpusez ov breviti er dis- 
tinctnes ov ^tljn. cle fort propozijun iz elso 
not strictli neseseri in eni practical alfabet ; it 
iz sufijent dat eni combinafun ov spiz Jud elwaz 
ecspres de sam s^nd, and dat de sam s^fnd Jiad 
elwaz be ecsprest bj de sam combinajun ov sjnz ; 
in uder wurdz, relativ pozijun must be considerd 
az enterirj intra de ferm ov a sjn; se dis eespland 
supra, p. 82, and ilustrated p. 94. It wtid be 
neseseri tra apli dis considerajun in vizin de 
fonetic alfabet hwie, Dr. Latam propozez on 
p. 165 ov hiz tretis, hwie, alfabet consists ov pre- 
sjsli de sam elements az nr on practical IngliJ 
alfabet, aranjd in amuter erder, dus : — Vxelz, 
a, a, a, e, o, o, e, i, e, ia, ra, u ; diftoyz, s, i\, er, 



Jp. 2. 



Fonelic IAterat%r 



237 



j j consonants, w, y, m, n, 1, r, p, b, f, v, t, d, 
t , <*, g, c, e, z, J, 3, q, j, g, h. It woz from Dr. 
Lalumz wurc dat we ferst acwjrd a distigct jdea 
ov a stopt (er, az he tennz it, a dependent) vsel 
qz distiggwi|'t from a ful (log or bref, er, az 
he termz it, independent) vsel (Inglif Laygicej, 
p. 126). We qr olso inddted tin hiz tretis 
(pp. 140 — 142,) for cornet jdeaz on silabicafun. 
Stil we hav fsnd it neseseri tui difer from him 
in meni pemts. On de hoi, we most emfatieuli 
recomena hiz ware tui de considerafun ov everi 
student ov IggliJ foneties and Igglif literatur 
and filoloji. 

Mqtuifec (Alphabetum et Orthographia 
universalis. Ex naturae et artis observ- 
ationibus deducta ac elaborata per An- 
dreain) Mqtuifec (in Episcopali Lyceo) 
R©3niav<£iensi Physicse, (Economise Ru- 
ralis et Historise Naturalis Professo- 
rem.) Ro3niav£ise, Typis Joscphi Kek 
Cse. Reg. priv. Typography 1837.^ -9- 
Uuiversal Alfabet and Grtografi, dediist 
and elaborated from obzervajunz on 
natqr and qrt. Bj Audrui Mqtui/ec, 
Profeser ov Fizics, v Agricultur, and Nat- 
ural Histori, in de Spiscopal Ljseum ov 
Rozeni. Printed bj de imperial and 
mal printer Cec, at Rozem* \Rosenaify, 
(dis iz de Jerman nam ov de plas ; de 
Hungarian iz Roznp-Bajrja ; it iz situ- 
ated in 48° 35' n. I., and 20° 32' e. I.) 

3is rjter, hui haz printed hiz nam in hiz on fo- 
netic caracterz onli, iz aparenthan Hungarian, 
az de lit'l episcopal ten ov Kozens, hwar hiz bue 
woz printed, iz situated in de nerdern pqrt ov 
Huggeri. 3e wurc iz bref, but it iz veri com- 
prehensiv. 3e etur, hseVer, iz not tin be trusted 
fer eni uder laggwejez but Hungarian and Sla- 
vonian ; in InghJ and Frenq, fer egzqmp'l, he 
haz ben led intui de stranjest mistacs wid regqrd 
tux de vselz. It iz, haded, curius tui f jnd a rjter 
on universal ertografi admit de vsel "1," hwic, 
olmost el uder rjterz hav overliact, hwjl de vsel 
e iz considerd a compsnd ! 3e wurc, hsever, 
iz veri vdhiab'l, oz Clin up a gap in foneties 
hwic, had ben left bj elmost even uder rjter. 
3e vocalz V, 'I, qr alfab^ticali recognjzd; and 
it woz from dis tretis dat we ferst obtand ccrect 
noj'unz conserniij dem. We had previusli con- 
siderd dat a vxel ssnd woz pronsnst be/or de r 
and I, but we ns lernt dat it woz pronsnst trtu 
de pozijunz fer r and I. Specig ov de orijinal 
vrel, sr e er s>, he sez, " {hanc vocalem edunt 
gementes aegri ;— turn in fletu, — in risu, — mur- 
mure, — &c, prout et in voce brutorum — nee i, 
nee e, nee a, &c, clare distinguitur : verum pri- 
migenia vocalis tantum in diver sis tonis audit ur. 
.... Diligens observator de veritate rei magis 
convincetur. Sed etiam in ipso sermone non 
infrequens est ejus usus. Constituit enim par- 
ficulam affirmativam aut negativam : <s7 (capite 
annuendo vel abnuendo) — affirmativam etiam 
duplicata : SSI vel cum interposito h, She! — 
item interjecticnem admirantis : he ! vel post- 

Eosito h, eh I eh ! &c. Quae particulee omnibus 
nguis ab initio communes (?) crebrius adhuc 
usitantur clause ore, seu cum litera m ; et tunc 
primigenia vocalis cum eadem littera m i>imul 
sonat .... potissimum autem sonat hoec vocalis 
cu-m hteris r, 1, n ; . . . . verasque syllabas, sicut 



qumcunquc alia vocalis conktituit ; idquo in di- 
versis Unguis ;)" dat iz tin sa, " dis vsol iz pro- 
n^nst bj sic men in dar gronz ; in wephj, lqfin, 
and murmuriij, ets., and in de vas ov bruits we 
qr not ab'l tui distingwij a cler c, a, er q, but 
we onli her de orijinal vsel in (liferent tons. 
Diligent obz<5rverz wil be mor and mor convinst 
ov At truit ov dis remqre. Its us in conversajun 
iz olso not unfrecwent. It fermz an afermutiv 
or negativ pqrtic'l : 81 (nodin er facin de hed 
at de sam tjm) — and it iz olso dub'ld in afernm- 
/unz, az eel erwid an interpozd h, az ShSI It 
iz olso qzd azanintcrjocl'un ov admirajun, he! 
er wid a subjoud h, az eh I eh ! Ol dcz pqrtic'lz, 
hwiq wer, perha'ps, orijinah comun tui ol ldij- 
gwejez, ocur stil mor frecwentli wid de m»t 
clozd, er wid de leter m, and den de orijinal 

virel ssndz simult&nUisli wid de leter m 

But dis Tsel olso ssndz veri frecwentli u-irf At 
leterz r, I, n, and den it constants trm sUah'lz, 
lie eni uder vvel, and dat in varius langwejez ;" 
and he prosedz tm adus az dustrajunz de InghJ 
ac'r, tab' I, op'n : Jermcm bruid'r, dunc'l,fqd'n, 
pronunsiajunz sertenM herd, eldo dizond bj Jer- 
manz : and de Frenq dt'r, nob'l, ssndz sertenli 
never pron^nst bj Frencmen, and veri dificult 
tui dar organz ov spec;. Qis rjter haz had espejal 
tjps cut tui ilustrat hiz mod ov printin, and haz 
printed de Lerdz Prar in Italyan, InghJ, Huij- 
garian, Jerman, and Frenc,, besjdz several 
spesimenz ov de Slavonic langwejez, sum ov 
hwiq we hav transcrjbd amug de egzqmp'lz ov 
§ 36, nrr. 16—22. 

Mitfurd (Wilyam Mitford). An Encwjri 
intui de Prinsip'lz ov Hqjmoni in Lan- 
gwej, and ov &e Mecaniz'm ov Vers, 
modern and anjent. Secund edifun. 
Lundun, 1804. 

H wurc hwiq de student fud sertenli periiiz 
if he haz an opurtqniti, elfto we can not but 
tigc dat Mitfiu-d had no proper consepfun ov 
Latin cwontiti, if he cud atemt tui find it in 
IygliJ. 3.e diferens betwe'n de clasical and de 
Jermanic brqnqez ov de Indo-Jermanic famiUz, 
hwiq consists in dis fact, dat de clasical silab'l iz 
jenerali compozd ov wun consonant folod bj 
wun rsel, and de Jermanic bj wun vrsel betwt'n 
tui consonants, iz so grat az tm render el feligz 
funded upon de legtnig p«er ov f jnal consonants 
in de clasical laggwejez, elmost unintelijib'l tm 
de Jermanic najunz. 3e secund secj'un ov dis 
buc contanz an auahsis ov IgghJ ssndz. He 
recognjzez sev'n vselz, 1 o o, 2 q a, 3 a c, 4 e i, 
5 o, 6 m u, 7 u; but, hwjl he lues on de uder 
parz her giv'n az perfect, he considerz de terd 
az onli alsab'l, recognjzig a cwohtativ diferens 
betwe'n a and e. He acnolejez a bref o, but sez 
dat " dt Jert ssnd ov dis vsel never ociirz in a 
silab'l strogh oferd tui de er," menig dat it iz 
never stopt in IggliJ. Hiz for diftogz qr i, y, 
t3 ("de noblest diitogovlgghjpronunsiajun," az 
he termz it), and n, Mr. Mitfurd iz de onli otur, 
so fqr az we qr awar, dat aludz tm hwot we hav 
termd post-htcisperd ecsplodents (§ 8, nr. 5, 
p. 14). " In specig de wurdz rob, nee, bad, big, 
luc, sup," sez he, " no vers can mac dem perfect 
monosdab'lz ; de lsder ssnd indt'd sesez wid de 
stroc ov de organz produsig de f jnal consonant, 
and de silab'l iz dar completed; but qrticulajun, 
in spjt ov efurt tm stop it, wil folo, macig an 
imperfect secund silab'l in a hwisper. If de hoi 
wurd be hwisperd, dis involunteri secund silab'l, 
do ov no veri clcr qrticulajun, wil be az elcrli 
perseptib'l tm de er az de ferst. Hens, sx for- 

22 



238 



Fonetic Liter atyr. 



Ajp. 2. 



fqfterz rot (robbe, rocke,) and so fort ; and 

{>erhdps modern critisiz'm haz ben sumtjmz a 
it'lraj in animadverjun upon defects in dar 
versifieafun, imdjind onli in de wont ov du aten- 
Jun tra de n^seseri egzistens ov a silab'l, hwiq 
da ma hav proms nst fialer San modern custum 
wud worant." 

Miller {Dr. Johannes Miiller; Handbuch 
der Physiologie des Menschen . Coblenz, 
bei Holscher, 1840). Manned ov Hu- 
man Fizioloji. Vol. 2, pp. 133—245, 
ov Vers and Speg. 

cle pajez ref^rd tra (in de ferst edijun ov Sis 
wurc, — a secund edijun baz ben pubhjt, but we 
hav not sen it ; and dar iz elso an IggliJ trans- 
lajun) contan a veri lerned and interestig 
actfnt ov de mod ov prodqsig ssndz, wid a grat 
number ov eesperiments upon elastic tugz and 
bandz, and upon de vocal Hgaments demselvz 
after det, ov grat importans wid respect tra de 
producjun ov muzical tonz, and de diferent 
cwobti and pie, ov diferent vasez. cle teori ov de 
cdfabet semz in jeneral veri wel understud, but 
de felts ov a. Jerman er qr stil conspicuous. 
3u3, de distigejun betwen p and o iz mad tui 
consist sold in de post-hwisperig ov de p, hwic, 
iz a glarig Jermaniz'm. Dr. M. elso confqzez 
q wid y, Ijc Grqsman ; and it iz obzervab'l dat 
he iz U prof^ser at Berlin, bwar dis confugun 
iz elmost dialectic. We recomend an at^ntiv 
perrazal ov dis secjun ov Dr. Mulerz Fizioloji 
tui el hra qr interested in de cqrius and butifiol 
fenomena ov de human vos. 

Neland (Abner Kneeland). R Ce tui de Nil 
Sistem ov Grtografi, bj hwig de larjgwej 
iz abrijd at lest wun-fift part, and hwig 
gildren wil lern in wun-fiffc part ov de 
tjm dat iz ns recwjrd in lernirj de prez- 
ent sistem; and bj hwig in wun wee a 
person ov comun capasiti ma lern hs 
tui spel eni wurd bj onli herirj it dcu,retli 
pronsnst ; and tm pronsns eni wurd 
bj onli sein it properli rit'n., Bostun, 
Itnjted Stats, 1832. 

Anuder ov de meni scemz for impruivig Igglif 
spelig hwie, oz its egzistens tra an American. 
Hiz alfabet consists ov ferti-at caraeterz, ferti 
beig de sam az in ?$r practical alfabet, and de 
remanig at beig, o, 'r, cs, gz, cw, hw, and,J*un; 
el, wid de ecsepjun ov o, 'r, hw, mer contracjunz, 
and hw ma be prdcticali considerd az sue,. He 
adopted a contracted sistem ov spehg, levin st 
de v^el e on meni ocajunz. 3e tjps wer elso 
tui nqmerus, and de nu fermz not veri hapili 
cjoz'n ; but hwot must bav tended tra brig de 
bol sistem intra disreput woz, biz micsig up an 
atdc on Cristianiti wid hiz atdc on spelig. His 
lit'l pamflet consistig onli ov a veri fq pajez, 
haz tor er f jv devoted tra an ae£nt ov de B jb'l, 
az giv'n bj Cristyanz and bj Neland himself, 
mater perfectli irelevant, and not ev'n printed 
in acerdans wid hiz nu, spelig. " It can not be 
tiix of n repeted," az we sed in sum remqres 
mad on dis wurc in de Fonatipic Jurnal fer 
Des6mber 1844, pp. 324—325, " dat de reform 
ov yr spelig haz no conecjun wid eni uder reform 
hwotever; dafc it iz p%rli Htereri, and duz not 
in de sljtest degre claj wid eni moral, political, 
er teolojicdl credz. It iz, darfor, in de hjest de- 



gre unfdozofical tm mics it up wid eni discufunz 
relatig tra dez pernts ; and he iz an enemi tra its 
progres hra duz not carfuh abstract it from el 
cjndz ov polemics." 

Nolz (James Knowles). £L Pronsnsirj and 
Ecspldnaturi Dicjuneri ov de Irjglif Larj- 
gwej, fended on a corect develupment 
ov de natur, de number, and de varius 
propertiz ov el its simp'l and compsnd 
syndz, az combjnd intm silab'lz and 
wurdz. £L mi edijun. Lundun, 1847. 
3e pertret ov Mr. Nolz preficst tra dis wurc, 
egzibits a most preponderatig armynt ov de 
organ ov self-estem, and it haz ben seldum sr 
lot tra encsnter so meni pronsnz ov de ferst 
persun widin a fq, pajez, az in de Introducjun 
tra dis Dicjuneri. tie foloig iz hiz "Tab'l, er 
Seem ov de hoi Alfabet," interpreted bj ~sr on 
simbulz. Njn vaelz, e, q, a, e, o, w, e, i, u; 
(not, o, a, w, qr considerd tm be de sam az e, 
q, w, and onh tra difer in legt) ; " sics ov dez 
qr log, dat iz, da can be prolog d at ple3ur, 
namli e, q, a, e, o, m ; tre in dar natty dbsolutli 
Jert, so dat da can not be prolog d er sanded bj 
demselvz, e, i, u," (ov cors, darfor, Mr. Nolz 
woz unacwanted wid de ssudz " a, i, e ;") " n|n- 
ten consonants, b, d, f, g, c, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, 
v, z, t, •&, s, 3, y ; tra comp^ndz, j, cs er gz ; 
wun nodeter, az iz ugudh sed, h, beig merli a 
mqrc ov aspirajun." But a leter iz a mqrc, and 
darfor h must be a leter. " 3ar qr twenti-fjv 
diftogz, and tre triftogz," hwiq he ilustrats bj de 
wurdz {courteous, cordial, ice ivy, use,boy noise, 
thou now, yawn, yard, yare, ye year, yoke, 
you,, yon, yet, yes, young, wall, waft, waxe, we 
ivcep, wove, womb woo, wet, wit, won, watch, 
wide ; kind guide, buoy quoit, wound (v.)) 
and hwic, he ecsplanz az eu, eq, ee, em, ee, 
(dat iz, he dctuali macs de s^ndz in de wurdz 
(ice, noise,) jdentical?) em, ee, eq, ea, ee (az if 
a diftog cud be formd bj e wurcig on e), eo, em 
(dis, darfor, haz ocurd befor), eo, ee, ei (he 
pronsnsez yis and not yes darfor, but yis iz veri 
diferent from eis az he mqres it), eu, me, mq, 
•ma, me, mo, waw (az if dis wer posib'l az a dif- 
tog), me, mi, mu, mo, mi (menig, we prezqm, 
uiee, and darfor dis ssnd Jud hav ben ree'nd a 
triftog) ; e% (he darfor pronsnsez ceind, gefd), 
mee, mem. From dis it iz cler, dat he haz no 
consepjun ov de consonantal valq, ov y, w, and 
dat hiz uojun ov de compozijun ov de diftogz {, 
x, iz uterli fels, unles, indid, he haz a siggqlerh 
bad pronunsiajun. We menjun dez pants, be- 
cez Mr. Nolz conclradz wid dis caracteristic 
statment, "havig clozd mj obzervajunz on de 
Tse\, consonant, and diftog s^ndz ov de laggwej, 
j galenj de closest, de severest critisiz'm tm dis- 
cover a siyg'l erur, ecsept a ca3ual tjpografical 
wun, in raj develupment ov de simp'l and com- 
p^nd elements ov speq." It ma elso be obze>vd, 
dat truittt de Dicjuneri, suq wurdz az cicd (an 
unpronsnsab'l combinajun), fer eict, qr veri 
comun, and dat in no cas, so fqr az we qr awar, 
haz he replast de d bj t ; fietz,fitz, ierJLets,JLts, 
qr erurz ov a similer cjnd. 

In de abuv list we hav omited meni 
wurcs hwig mor er les bar upon de subject, 
sug az doz ov Cmtsenftjn, Cempelen, Nef, 
Hern, Webster, Terntun, Grirnci, Eljinstun 
(Kratzenstein, Kempelen, Neef, Heron, 
Webster, Thornton, Grimke, Elphinstone), 



Jp. 2. 



Fonetic TAteratyr. 



239 



eder becoz we hav not sen dem or becoz 
\vc did not consider dem ov sufifcnt fo- 
netical vain,, cle paper/, on Fonetica bj 
Mr. Tsabdiel Hunts (Zabdiel Hauritz), 
hwie bav aperd in de Ayglo-Sacsuv, (Am- 
erican fonetic nqz-paper,) wer not sen bj 
de otur until hiz teori woz completed, and 
be baz not mad eni us ov dem. Glmost 
evcri gramer and dicfuneri contanz sum 



acsnt ov de alementa ov spec,, mor or Lea 
corect, contain! iudclangwcj o\ hw i<; it 1 rets; 
but «!;■/. we bav not jcnerali tot it neseseri 
tui sjt. cle Irjgli/ lajggwcj baz several pro- 
nxnsiij dic/nneriz devoted tui it, besjdz doz 
ov bwiq we hav giv'n an acsnt, but we bay 
not bad an optuttjniti ov persunali inspect- 
ir) dem ; doz hwiq we hav menjund c\y de 
latest, and (az iz jcnerali tot) de best. 



22 2 



APENDICS III 



FQNETTC PRINTS. 



In dis Apendics we propoz tra giv sue 
infermajun az wud suf jz tra enab'l a printer 
hra had mad himself familyer wid de lis ov 
de IngliJ" fonetic alfabet, er de efcnical al- 
fabet, bj menz ov de presedirj pajez, tra cari 
on fonetic printirj az a biznes. We Jal 
darfor ferst giv complet lists ov el de tjps 
in de several fonts vcs cq,st, (1 Jim 1849,) 
and spesimenz ov dar aperans in de printed 
paj, bilz ov sorts for erderirj eder bj number 
er wat, trageder wid planz ov de casez uzd 
in de fonetic printirj ofisez at Bq,t, de ar- 
anjment ov hwic iz de reziilt ov meni trjalz, 
and haz ns ben wel tested bj ecsperiens. 

5e fonts n^ cut form a complet set, from 
Pjca tra Nonperel, roman and italic ; ov 
dez, de Pjca, Lorj Primer, and Brever ferm 
peijunz ov Mesz Figinzez wel non Elzever 
seriez ov tjps, and de remander belorj tra 
hiz Bascervil seriez. Tui-ljn Pjca (capital 
and loer cas) and tra-ljn Brever, Nonperel, 
and Perl (capitalz onli) or elso cut, and 
several lqrjer fonts hav ben prepard in 
wud leter. 

Fer de infermajun ov doz hra or not 

prdcticali acwanted wid printirj, we ma 

menfun dat tra-ljn Brever iz twjs de hjt 

ov Brever, and so on, hwjl de relativ sjzez 

ov de tjp or sue, dat 

7H Pjca m 

83 Smel Pjca m 

89 Lorj Primer m 

102 Burje^s m |>mac 1 fut. 

112|- Brever m 

128 Minyun m 

143 Nonperel m J 
In me3urirj dsn de paj, den, we Jal fjnd 
dat 

10 ljnz ov ocupj tie spas ov 



Smel Pjca . 
Lorj Primer 
Burjo-s . . 
Brever . . 

Minyun 
Nonperel 



8| ljnz ov Pjca. 



51 

5 



Hwens de foloin proper Junz fer de hjt ov 
tjps (er fer de m ov eo tjp) rezult : 

Pjca iz tra Smel Pjca az 20 tra 17 

„ Lon Primer : : 5 : 4 

Birrjos : : 10 : 7 

Brever : : 30 : 19 

Minyun : : 20 : 11 

„ Nonperel : : 2 : 1 

Smel Pjca iz tra Pjca az 17 tra 20 

Lorj Primer : : 17 : 16 

Burjes : : 17 : 14 

Brever : : 51 : 38 



Smel Pjca iz tra Minyun 
„ Nonperel 

Lot) Primer iz tra Pjca 

„ Smel Pjca 

,, Burjers 

„ Brever 

„ Minyun 

„ Nonperel 

Burjos iz tra Pjca 

„ Smel Pjca 

„ Lorj Primer 

„ Brever 

„ Minyun 

„ Nonperel 

Brever iz tra Pjca 

„ Smel Pjca 

„ Lon Primer 

„ Burjers 

„ Minyun 

„ Nonperel 

Minyun iz tra Pjca 

„ Smel Pjca 

„ Lon Primer 

„ Burjo-s 

„ Brever 

„ Nonperel 

Nonperel iz tra Pjca i 

,, Smel Pjca 

„ Lor) Primer 

„ Burjers 

„ Brever 

„ Minyun 

Az Mesz Figinz refiiz tra suplj smel 

fonts ecsept at a veri considerab'l incres 

ov prjs, de etur haz mad aranjments tra 

supl| smeler fonts, at a moderet advqns, 

on dq, notis. Fer lqrj cwontitiz, Mesz 

Figinzez ccu'jez q,r : 

Per pyndwat, 
s. d. 

2-ljn Pjca 12 

2-ljn Brever .... 2 6 
2-ljn Nonperel ... 3 6 

2-ljn Perl 4 

Pjca 17 

Smel Pjca 1 10 

Lorj Primer ..... 2 

Burjers 2 4 

Brever 2 6 

Minyun 3 

Nonperel 4 3 

Grder az Fonotjps, from Mesz V. and J. 
Figinz, 17 West Stret, Smitfeld, Lundun. 
Fsnts fer mifuneri establijments wil be 
furnijt at cest prjs ; and de etur wil be 
hapi tra asist in framin an alfabet tra su.t 
eni pcirticuler larjgwej. 



az 17 tra 11 


:: 17 : 10 


az 4 tra 5 




: 16 


: 17 




: 8 


: 7 




: 24 


: 19 




: 16 


11 




: 8 


5 


az 7 tra 10 




: 14 


• 17 




: 7 


8 




: 21 


19 




: 14 


: 11 




: 7 


5 


az ] 




: 38 : 51 




: 19 : 24 




: 19 : 21 




: 38 : 33 




: 19 : 15 


az 11 tra 20 




: 11 : 17 




: 11 : 16 




: 11 : 14 




: 33 : 38 




: 11 : 10 


az 1 tra 2 




: 10 : 


17 




: 5 


8 




: 5 


7 




: 15 • 


19 




: 10 • 


11 



PLANZ OV 3£ FONUTII'lC CftSEZ. 



UPER CAS. 



e 


H 


A 





o 


IU 


Jias 


(E'flB 


a 


a 


a 


O 


ii 


ii 


b 


6 


i 


E 


A 





u 


u 


Kik 


aa 


i 


i 


3 


4 


5 


6 


r 


8 


* 


cr 


3 


u 


Y 


w 


H 


Xx 


e 


a 


4 


e 


6 


TXL 





9 


p 


B 


T 


D 


€ 


J 


C 


G 


i 


e 


a 


6 


"U- 


1SL 


4 


e 


F 


V 


1 


a 


S 


z 


S 


X 


i 


<y 


3 


U 


&L 


fi. 


9 


h 


R 


L 


M 


N" 


Td~ 


J 





9 


y 


7 


[ 


I 


c 


«j 


) 


? 


1 


Z 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 




— 


1 


§ 


II 


+■ 

+ 


t 


$t 



LOER CflS. 
U 1| Z\ 3* H 3-fc 3-| 3-| 3 l| %\ H 



rt 


tut 

Uteri 


u 





va 


z 


n 


1 


r 


Id 


5 


e 


f 


n 


3 


g 


c 


S 


i 


e 


a 


ct 


i 


w 


"k 


7 


q. 


*{ 


J 


*) 


P 





d 


t 


r 


XL 


£ 


j 


71 

cwodi 


cwodz 


cr 


9 


.,j 


.'" 


u 


V 


m 


a Ui 


; spa.sez. 


wii spaisez 


micilii) and 
-tin sp&sez 


G 


s 




larj 


3 M 


k3LT 

ipam. 


t 


5 


- 


CWOcLi 


•ets 



^Afofr: ^Ay ^cy^^i^o^ ^z- eoc^tz^ sew ^>-t*&6 &t</ &C*/ rt^t* ^ffi&JJZ: 



<J*>ct/ feu /?. Z-6 0- 



dp. 3. Fcmetic Fmfa. 2 11 



TlT-LiN FiCA. 



8HI90UI, 
I E A O U U, 

* O TS B, Y W, H; 

PBTDeJCGJV 
laSZE^R^MNM. 

K Q X, M GE. 

eaqeoui, ieaouu, 
l & * q, y w, h; 

p b t d cj j c g, f v t d s z 
J 3, r 1, m 11 ij. 

k q x, se ce. 

00000 000000 

e a q ooui, leaou u, 

» 5 • • • • • L V 

&J1234567890. 



Jp. 3. Fonelic Funis. 243 



TU"-L*N BREVER'. 



8 H A O IU, I E A U U, 

* O 15 U, Y W, H ; 

PBTDGJCG, FViaSZ 

H, R L, M N If. 

K Q X, M (E. 

k ' ' > - 



TUI'-LJN KONPESEL. 



8 a a e o m, i e a o u u, * & is u, 

Y W, H ; 

PBTDGJCG, FViaSZH, RL, 

M N TJ. 

K Q X, .E CE. 

& ' - 



TUJ'-LIN PERL. 



8 fl A 9 O KJ, IEAOUU, * CT "5" U, YW, H; 

P B T D e J C G, F V 1 3 S Z X X, II L, M N TJ. 

K Q X, M (E. 

&,;:.'■ 



J/j. 3. Fondle Funis. 2±i 



P4CA. 

E a A e O UJ, I E A o u u, * a S U, Y W, H ; 

P B T 1) ® J C G, F V 1 a S Z E X, R L, M N kJ. 

K Q X, yE (E. 

e. a q, g o in, i e a o u u, j o' ^ u, y \v, h ; 

pbtdgjcg, f v t d: s z J 5, r 1, m n ij 

k q x, 3d oe. 

i a 4 e 6 iu, i e d 6 ii u, j cr £ i[. 

e ii a ii 6, a a o ii 6 ; ii c n. 

• ■; : • - ' w * ? ! ■ ? * t M * f [ ( ( 
£123456789 0, 1234 56789 0, 128456789!0 . 



6 ii A Q W, I E A U U, $ V 3T U, Y W t II; 

P B T I) & J C G, F V 7 3 S Z Z J, R Z, M N W. 

K Q X, jE (E. 

c a, <i o o m, i e a o u u, i © a ?/, y w, It ; 

p b tdcjjcg,fvtttsz f j, r I, m n y. 

k q iv, <b oe. 

e d (i o 6 uc, i 6 d 6 u id, % "6 £ ?/. 

e a a u 6, a a o u 6 ; n n. 

. . p ? I 






Jp. 3. Fmeticlmta. 247 



SMOL PICA. 

8 a A e Q W, I E A o u u, * a ^ U, Y W, H ; 

PBTDGJCG, FVrEaSZXX, RL, MNW. 

K Q X, M (E. 

s a q e o uij icaouu, jff y^y w, hj 

p b t d ^ j c g ; f v t d s z f 3, r 1, m n ij. 

k q x, 3e oe. 

e a q e 6 uij i e a 6 li li, j a y ij. 

e a a ii 6, a a o li d ; n 9 11. 

, ; : . - >> ' % ? ! ? * + % [| § f [ ( < 

&£123456789 0, 123456789 0, 123456789 °. 

8 r R A 6 O W, I E A O U U, * D 3T U, Y W, H; 

P B T D VJCG, FV73SZ2X, RL, MNW. 

K Q X, M (E. 

s & q g> w, ieaou%Ji i i'0'8ii i yw,h; 

p b t d g j c g, f v t ft s z f 5, r I, m n y. 

k q x, <e ce. 

e sl q e 6 w, i e a 6 u u, % # %. 
e a a ii o, a a o u 6 ; n q n. 

• • ? ? i ? 



Ap. 3. Fonetic FmU. 249 



LOW PEIMER. 

e a a e o w, i e a o u u, * cr 3 u, y w, ii ; 

PBTDGJCG, F V 1 a S Z H, R L, MNU. 
K Q X, /E ffi. 

8RS0OXU, IEAOU IT, I ff 5 U, Y W, H ; 
PBTDGJCG, FViaSZZS, RL, MNW. 

£ a q e o m, i e a o u u, j a 5 u, y w, li ; 

pbtdqjcg, fvtdsz/3, rl, mng. 

k q x, se oe. 

£ a q, e 6 m, i c d d u u, \ er s li 

eaauo, aaoiio; n 9 n, h. 

,;:.-' w * ? ! ? * t t 115 f [ ( ( 

& II 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0, 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 0, 12345G789 



e a a e o w, 1 b a u u, $ d y u, r w, h ; 

PBTD6JCG, FViaSZZStRL, MNW. 
K Q X, AE (E. 

s a q o q w, i e a u u, i v a y,, y w, h ; 
p b I d g j c g, f v t £ s z f 3, r I, m n y. 

k q x, a os. 

6 k q 9 6 ik i tedoMU, ivs i{. 

e a dud t daoud; q n, Ti. 

. . P 9 I 



LOU PRIMER— RCJECTED LETERZ. 

I U L A @ O O U U $ X H ^ ¥ * V S O E L M N 

MRU 

IIEEAA0U 3 2 DO¥HFir7f'l#0»t¥LAIIISII 

M N M 

i i I j i i 8 a ii a a a a c c uiuiii u u u u mi q o ro u u j i i i *i o 
uiquiyyy qt Jstt Imiii ! • ^ 



dp. 3. Fonetic Fmts. •.'.". 1 

BURJaS'. 

8 a a e q iu, i e a o u u, * er is u, y w, h ; 

PBTDGJCG-, FViaSZEX, RL, MNTJ. 
K Q X, M CE. 

e a q e o ui, i e a o u ui, \ a 3 q, y w, h ; 

pbtdqjcg, fvtd:szj3, rlmnij. 

k q x, ae ce. 

eaqooui, iedouu, \ & "s ~(\,. 

e a a ii 6, a a o ii ; ii 9 n. 
,;:.-'*' <i P ? * f + || § f [. U 

&£123 4 56789 0, 123456789 0, 1234567890 . 

8 R A O O UI, I E A O U IJ, $ © Is U, Y W, II; 
PBTDQJCG, FVISSZEK, RL, MNTT. 

K Q X, JE (E. 

s a q o o m, i e a u u, i v n 11, y id, h ; 

p b t cl g j c g, f v t tt s z f 5, r 1, m n y. 

k q x, ce ce. 

c a q e 6 ih, i e a 6 u u, I •& v ?(. 

e a d u 6, daoud; p h. 

; : f ? ! f 

BE£V£R'. 

z a a e o tu, 1 e a o u tj, * a a u, y w, h ; 

P B T D e J C G, FV13SZZ2, RL,MNT2T. 

K Q X, M (E. 

e a q e o m, i e a u u, \ & s q, y w, h ; 

p b t d g j c g, f y fc d s z j" 3, r 1, m a g. 

k q x, se oe. 

g a q e 6 ui, i e d 6 u u, \ 6 s q. 

eaaiio, daoud; ii 9 n, ii. 

, ; : . - ' w 1 ? ! ? * t t II § IT C ( $ 
& .€ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0, 1 2 3 4 5 e 7 s 9 0, 1 2 3 4 5 c ' s 9 °. 

S R A 6 Q W, I E A U U, $ V V TJ, Y W, H; 
P B T D 6 J C G, F V T 3 S Z S S t R L, M N W. 

K Q X, jE <E. 

eaqootu, ieao u u, i e v y, y vj, h ; 

p b tdgjcg,fvtclszf3, r I, m n tj. 

k q x, a ce. 

e a, <i e 6 ui, i e d 6 u u, % » s y. 

e ii d it ii, daoud; c, >'/. 

. . ? ? i 



Ap. 3. Fo/ielic Fonts. 253 



MINYUN. 

C A A 9 O UJ, I E A U U, IffYU, Y W, H ; 
P B T D C J C G, F V 1 3 S Z E Z, R L, M N TJ. 

KQX,iE(E., 

e a q o © m, i e a o u la, j a >> q, y w, h ; 

p b t rl q j c g, f v t d s z J 3, r 1, m n ij. 

k q x, se oe. 

i a q 6 6 vfi, i £ d 6 u m, { 6 -s q. 

e a a ii 6, daoiio; £911. 

& £123 J, 56789 0, 123456789 0, 123 * 56 ' 890 . 

E R A G Q W, I E A O TJ TJ, $ W TZ,Y W,H; 

PBTDGJCG, FVT3SZZJ, RL, MNTf. 

K Q X, M (E. 

e a, q e o in, ieaouu, i&vy, yw, h; 

p b t d gj c g,fv t d s z f 5, r I, m n y. 

k q x, <b oe. 

6 a q e 6 th, i 4 a 6 u u, { 9 af t\. 

e a a ii 0, a a ii 6 ; n q n. 

■ : !' ? ! ? 



NONPEREL. 

EflAOOTU, IEAOUU, 1&TU, YW, H; 

P B T D g J C G, F V 1 3 S Z 2 X, R L, M N 13. 

K Q X, M CE. 

t a q, 9 o ui. i e a o u u, j a 5 u, y w, hj 

pbtdqjcg, fvtdszjg, rl, muij. 

k q x, se ob. 

e a q, 6 6 \xx, i 6 d 6 u m, I & is \i. 

eaaiio, (5 aoii 6; £911. 
,;:.-' * '??!?* t * II § T C ( ( 

&,£123456789 ) 1234,56T89 J 123456 7 H9 °. 

£ R A e 6> IU, I E A O U IT, * © y K, 7 F, 5; 

PBTD&JCG, F V 7 3 S Z 2 X, R L, M N IT. 

K QX, 2E <E. 

eaqeoiiir, ieaouvi, {v v y, y to, h ; 

p b t d g j c g,f v t d s z f 3, r I, m n y. 

k q x, cb ce. 

e a q e 6 m, i 6 a 6 u u, { e £ //. 

e a a ii 0, a a o ii 6 ; n f it. 

; : t ? ! f 

23 



Ap. 3. S/jfs'hiiPii: ov F6nof(ps\ 



TIT-L*N PICA. 



cle Speliij Reform iz 
not a mer litereri free, de 
hwimzi ov a student, de 
foil si ov a foneti/on, oz 
we must in goriti supoz 
doz tui tine hui merli 
udvqns litereri qrgqments 
in opozijim tui it, or hui 
qr so inconsideret oz tui 
lqf ot it ^trjt. It iz fqr 
mor morol don litereri. 
We proclam in ol plasez 
dot " cle Spelin, Reform 
iz instituted tui mac de 
edqeajun ov de puir pos- 
ibl, h\ renderiij de qrt ov 
redin. plezant, ond ezi tui 
acwjr.' We proclam de 



Ap. 3. Sjjesimenz ov Fonotips, 257 



PSCA. 



3e Spelin lleferni iz not a mer litereri free, de hwinizi 
ov a student, de fansi ov a fonetifan, az we must in gariti 
supoz doz tm tine hiu merli advqns litereri arguments in 
opozijun tm it, or hiu qr so inconsideret az tiu laf at it 
^trjt. It iz fqr mor moral dan litereri. Ws proclaim in 
el plasez dat 3Le Speliy Reform iz instituted tin mac tie 
ediicafun ov tie pmr posib'l, b{ renderitj tie qrt ov red??/ 
plezant, and ezi tm acw%r. We proclam de fact, dat wnn 
terd ov isy populafun canot red ; and we mac wer agenst 
dis ignorans, h\ remmvin de fatal obstac'l hwicj haz hidertiu 
stemd de strem ov najunal ediicajnn. 

From de ofijal statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, 
we fjnd dat st ov 10,000 criminalz in Ii) gland and Walz, 
3332 ar nnab'l tiu red and rjt • dis egzdctli acordz wid 
^r aserfun dat wnn terd ov de populafun canot red and 
rjt, levirj de infants, hui canot be criminalz, tm c^nterbdlans 
doz in ezi sercumstansez, lim ar not so ljcli tm comit 
crjmz. But we fjnd de enormus proper Jnn ov 5557 hiu 
red and rit imperfecta ; mor dan wun hqi ! \ hwjl onli 
829, er aMt wun twelft, red and rit wel ; and obzerv de 
lcist and most important item, onli 37 had resevd instrucfun 
syperiur tin redly and ritiy wel. It iz imposib'l tm red dis 
statment, hwic, publijt bj otoriti, and restirj upon ofijal 
documents, canot be impund, wid~st feliij, in el its fors, 
de ner conecjun betwen wont ov superiur ediicafun and 
crjm. Onli 37 st ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an 
educajun superiur tm redirj and rjtirj wel ; dat iz, in strict 
larjgwej, had resevd an educafun at el. Rediij and r^tiij 
qr not educafun ; but it iz az esenjal dat everi wun hiu 
resevz ediicafun fud ferst acwjr de arts ov redirj andrjtirj, 
az dat a bab fmd hav tet befor it can masticat. Q . Hwj, 
it wil be asct, S hwj hav so fu resevd superiur instrucfun. 
Undstedli in a grat me3ur from wont ov sciulz, from 
wont ov muni, menz tm purees educafun, from sursndin 
sercumstansez, and so fort. cEis iz trm, we wil sa, for el 
doz hiu hav not yet lernt tm red and rjt at el ; but S hwj 
hav doz 829, hiu hav lernt tiu red and rjt wel, not gen 



Aj). 3. Spesimenz ov Fonotips. 259 

SM0L PICA. 

cle Spelir) Referm iz not a mer litereri free, de hwimzi ov a 
student, de fansi ov a f onetijan, az we must in (jariti supoz doz 
tui tirjc hui merli advqns litereri qrgqments in opozijun tui it, 
or hui qr so inconsideret az tin lq,f at it ytrft. It iz fqr mor 
moral dan litereri. We proclam in el plasez dat Se Spelir) 
Referm iz instituted tw mac de edycafun ov de puir posib'l, b\ 
renderhj tie qrt ov redir) plezant, and ezi tui aewfr. We proclam 
de fact, dat wun terd ov 3T popqla/un canot red ; and we mac 
wer agenst dis ignorans, bj remuivirj de fatal obstac'l hwic, haz 
hidertm stemd de strem ov najunal edqea/un. 

From de ofifal statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we 
fjnd dat ^t ov 10,000 criminalz in Irj gland and Walz, 3332 
qr unaVl tm red and rjt ; dis egzdctli acerdz wid sr aserfun' 
dat wun terd ov de popqla/un canot red and ijt, levirj de 
infants, hui canot be criminalz, tm c?mterbdlans doz in ezi 
sercumstansez, hui qr not so ljcli tm comit crjmz. But we 
fjnd de enermus proper Jim ov 5557 hui red and r[t imperfect li ; 
mor dan wun hqf ! \ hwjl onli 829, er abft wun twelft, red and 
r'lt wet; and obzerv de lqst and most impertant item, onli 37 
had resevd instrucfun siiperiur tm redir) and ritir) wel. It iz 
imposib^l tm red dis statment, hwicj, pub-lift bj etoriti, and 
restirj upon ofifal documents, canot be impijnd, wictst felirj, in 
el its fors, de ner conecfun betwen wont ov sqperiur edqea/un 
and crjm. Onli 37 ?rt ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an 
edqeajun sqperiur tm redirj and rjtirj wel; dat iz, in strict 
larjgwej, had resevd an edqeajun at el. Redirj and rjtin qr 
not edqeajun ; but it iz az esenfal dat everi wun hui resevz 
edqeajun Jiid ferst aewfr de qrts ov rediij and rjtin, az dat a 
bab J"ud hav tet befor it can masticat. S Hwj, it wil be qsct, 
S hwj hav so fq resevd sqperiur instrucfun. Und^tedli in a 
grat me3ur from wont ov scuilz, from wont ov muni, menz tui 
purees edqeajun, from surendiij sercumstansez, and so fort. 
clis iz trm, we wil sa, fer el doz hm hav not yet lernt tm red 
and rjt at el ; but S hwj hav doz 829, hm hav lernt tm red and 
rjt wel, not gen furder; Shwj hav doz 5557, hui red and rjt 
imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz tm be 
fend in de unneseseri dificultiz hwig redirj and rjtirj ny opoz 
tm de pqpilz stqdiz, and in de tjm hwic, iz consecwentli recwizit 
fer mqsterirj dem. Befor redirj and rjtirj qr acwfrd in perfecfun, 
de qjld iz tacm from scuil; er he remanz at scml just loij emif 
tm lern dez tui mecanical qrts, and nutirj mor. 

Tac amider test ov de stat ov edqeafun in de cuntri. We 
hav menjund dat wun man in ire, and wun wuman in tin, ov 



zip. 3. Spesimenz ov Fonotips 261 



LOW PEIMEE. 

3e Speliij Referm iz not a mer litereri free, de hwimzi ov a student, etc 
fansi ov a fonetijan, az we must in (jariti supoz doz tui thjc hm merli 
advqns litereri arguments in opozijun tm it, er hui qr so inconsideret az 
tui lq,f at it strjt. It iz fqr inor moral dan litereri. We proclum in el 
plasez dat Se Speliy Reform iz instituted tm mac de edycafun ov de pmr 
posWl, b[ render hj de qrt ov rediy plezant, and ezi tm aewfr. We proclum 
de fact, dat wun terd ov st popqlajun canot red; and we mac wer 
agenst dis ignorans, bj remravin de fatal obstac'l hwic, haz hidertiu 
stemd de strem ov najunal educajun. 

From de ofijol statment ov ds statistics ov crjm in 1840, we fjnd dat 
st ov 10,000 criminalz in Irjgland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tm red 
and r^t ; dis egzdctli acerdz wid sr aserfun dat wun terd ov de populajun 
canot rsd and rjt, levin ds infants, hm canot bs criminalz, tm csnterbulans 
doz in ezi scrcumstansez, hm qr not so ljcli tm count crjmz. But we 
f[nd de enermus proper Jun ov 5557 hm red and r%t imperfecta ; mor 
dan wun hqf ! j hwjl onli 829, er abst wun twelft, red and rtf wel ; and 
obzerv ds lqst and most important item, onli 37 had resevd instrucfiin 
sqperiur tm rediy and ritiy wel. It iz imposib'l tin red dis statment, 
hwiq, publijt b[ etoriti, and restiij upon ofijal documents, canot be 
impqnd, widst felii), in el its fors, de ner conecfun betwen wont ov sqperiur 
edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 st ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an 
educajun sqpEriur tm rediij and rjtin wel ; dat iz, in strict langwej, had 
resevd an educajun at el. Redirj and rjtiij qr not edqeajun ; but it iz az 
esenjal dat everi wun hm i-esevz edqeajun Jiad ferst acwjr de qrts ov redin 
and r^tiij, az dat a bab Jiad hav tet befor it can masticat. ? Hwj, it wil 
b£ qsct, Q . hwj hav so fq reseVd sqpEriur instrucjun. Undstedli in a grat 
me3ur from wont ov scmlz, from wont ov muni, msnz tm purges edqeajun, 
from sunmdhj sercumstansez, and so fort. Sis iz trm, we wil sa, fer el 
doz hm hav not yet lernt tm rsd and rjt at el ; but 1 hwj hav doz 829, 
hm hav lernt tm rsd and rjt wel, not gen furder; ?hwj hav doz 5557, 
hm lxd and rjt imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz 
tm bs fsnd in d£ unneseseri dificultiz hwic, redirj and rjtin ns opoz tm 
d£ pupilz studiz, and in d£ tjm hwic; iz consecwentli recwizit fer mqsterirj 
dem. Befor redirj and qtiij qr acwfrd in perfecjun, d£ cjld iz tac'n from 
scml ; er h£ remanz at scml just lor) emif tm lern dez tm mecaniccd qrts, 
and nutin mor. 

Tac aniider test ov d£ stat ov edqeajun in ds cuntri. We hav menjund 
dat wun man in tr£, and wun wuman in tui, ov doz hm qr marid, s^n 
ds rejister wid mqres. cIe rsziilt ov several y£rz rejistrajun Joz prEsJsli 
d£ sam properjunz ; so dat we ma conclmd, in ds wurdz ov d£ rejistrer- 
jeneral, dat " d£ test iz wun hwiq must not b£ disregarded, and ma b£ 
fynd a vdlqab'l and saf criteriun ov ds comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 
cIe properjun fer 1841 woz presisli hwot we hav stated ; fer si ov 124,329 
cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder 
ciad not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tm atest de rejister wid mqres. tie 
properjun diferd in difercnt pqrts ov Ingland. In Bcdfurdjcr, fer 



Ap. 3. Speaimem oc Fonotips. 263 

BLRJCFS'. 

cle Speliij Reform iz not a mer litereri free, de hwinizi ov a student, 
de fansi ov a fonetijon, uz we must in cjuriti supoz doz tm tine luu merli 
udvqns litereri qrgqments in opozijun tm it, or lim qr so inconsideret 
az tm lqf at it tftr£t. It iz fqr mor moral dan Ktereri. We proclam in 
©1 plasez dat cZe Spelin Reform iz institiited tm mac de edncafun ov de 
puir posib'l, b( renderiy de qrt ov redirj plezant, and ezi tm aewfr. We 
proclam de fact, dat wun terd ov ur popqlafun canot red ; and we mac 
wor agenst dis ignorans, bj remuivirj de fatal obstac'l liwic, liaz hidertm 
stemd de strem ov najunal edqeajun. 

From de ofijal statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we fj,nd dat 
st ov 10,000 criminalz in Ingland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tm red and 
rjt ; dis egzdctli acordz wid isr aserjun dat wun terd ov de popqlajun 
canot red andrjt, levin de infants, km canot be criminalz, tm C"snterbdlans 
doz in ezi sercumstansez, hm qr not so ljcli tm comit crjmz. But we 
fjnd de enermus proporjun ov 5557 hm red and r\t imperfectli ; mor 
dan wun hqf ! | hwjl onli 829, er abut wun twelft, red and rjt wel ; and 
obzerv de lqst and most important item, onli 37 bad resevd instrtccfun 
.sqperiur tm rediy and rjtip wel. It iz imposib'l tm red dis statment, 
hwiq, publijt bj etoriti, and restin upon ofijal docqments, canot be 
impend, widut felirj, in el its fors, de ner conecfun betwen wont ov 
sqperiur edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 "st ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd 
an edqeajun sqperiur tm redirj and rjtirj wel ; ddt iz, in strict laqgwej, 
had resevd an edqeajun at ol. Redirj and rjtirj qr not edqeajun ; but it 
iz az esenjal dat everi wun hm resevz edqeajun Jud ferst acw£r de qrts 
ov redirj andrjtirj, az dat a bab Jud hav tet befor it can masticat. S Hwj, 
it wil be qsct, 4 hwj hav so fq resevd sqperiur instrucjun. Undutedli in 
a grat megur from wont ov scmlz, from wont ov muni, menz tm purees 
edqeajun, from sursndin sercumstansez, and so fort. cLis iz trm, ws 
wil sa, for ol doz hm hav not yet lernt tm red and rjt at el ; but S hwj 
hav doz 829, hm hav lernt tm red and rjt wel, not gen furder ; % hwj 
hav doz 5557 hm red and rjt imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev dat 
de best qnser iz tm be fund in de unneseseri dificultiz hwie, redirj and 
rjtir) nu opoz tm de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm hwic, iz consecwentli 
recwizit for mqsterirj dem. Befor redirj and rjtirj qr acw£rd in perfecfun, 
de qjld iz tac'n from semi ; er he remanz at scml just log enuf tm lern 
dez tm mecanical qrts, and nutirj mor. 

Tac amider test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menfund 
dat wun man in tre, and wun wuman in tm, ov doz hm qr niarid, 
s^n de rejister wid mqres. <Ie rezult ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz 
presjsli de sam properjunz ; so dat we ma conclmd, in de wurdz ov de 
rejistrer-jenercd, dat " de test iz wun hwiq must not be disregqrded, and 
ma be fund a vdlqab'l and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov 
edqeajun." <Ie proper fun fer 1841 woz presjsli hwot we hav stated ; 
for ut ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in ddt yer, 41,812 men and 
62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tm atest de 
rejister wid mqres. cle properjun diferd in (liferent pqrts ov Ingland. 
In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; 
in terten inglij cuntiz, in de West Rjdin ov Yercjer, and in Walz, mor 
dan 40 ut ov everi 100 marid men did de sam ; in 19 in glif cuntiz, mor 
dan hqf de wimen did not rjt dar namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be 
urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz 
stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tm be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hm 



Ap, 3. Spesimenz ov Fonotipa. 

BURJCTS'-BRCVeH . 

3e Speliij Reform iz not a nier litereri free, de hwimzi ov a student, de 
fansi ov a fonetijon, oz we must in qariti supoz doz tm tuje hui merli 
advqns litereri qrgqments in opozijun tm it, or hui qr so ineonsideret az 
tm lqf at it -strit. It iz fqr mor moral dan litereri. We proclam in ol 
plasez dat cZe Speliy Reform iz instituted tm mac de ediicaj'un ov &e mwr 
posib'l, bi renderiy tie qrtov redhj phzant, and ezi tm acwpr. We proclam 
de fact, dat wun terd ov ~srr popqlajun canot red ; and we mac wor 
agenst dis ignorans, bi remuivin de fated obstacl hwiq haz hidertui 
stemd de strem ov najunal edqeajun. 

From de ofijed statment ov de statistics ov crim in 1840, we find dat 
■st ov 10,000 criminalz in Ingland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and 
rit ; dis egzdctli acordz wid ^r aserfun dat wan terd ov de popqlajun 
canot red and rit, levin de infants, hui canot be criminalz, tui csnterbdlans 
doz in ezi sercumstansez, hui qr not so ljcli tm comit cr^mz. But we 
find de enormus properfun ov 5557 hui red and rit imperfecta ; mor 
dan wun hqf ! i hwil onli 829, er ab?>~t wun twelft, red and rit wel; and 
obzerv de lqst and most important item, onli 37 had resevd instrucfun 
siiperhir tm redirj and rjjbvQ wel. It iz imposib'l tm red dis statment, 
hwiq, publijt bj. ©toriti, and restin upon ofifal docqments, canot be im- 
pqnd, wicfet fehn, in ol its fors, de ner conecjun betwen wont ov sqperiur 
edqeajun and crim. Onli 37 ^t ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an 
edqeajun sqperiur tui redin and ritin wel ; dat iz, in strict laijgwej, had 
resevd an edqeajun at el. Redin and ritin qr not edqeajun ; but it iz az 
esenfal dat everi wun hui resevz edqeajun Jud ferst acwir de qrts ov 
redin and ritin, az dat a bab Jiad hav tefc befor it can mastieat. q . Hwj, 
it wil be qsct, 4 hwi hav so fq resevd sqperiur instrucfun. Und^tedli in 
a grat megur from wont ov scuilz, from wont ov muni, menz tui purges 
edqeajun, from surandin sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz trm, we wil 
sa, for el doz hui hav not yet lemt tui red and rjt at el ; but *i hwi nav 
doz 829, hui hav lernt tm red and rit wel, not gen furder ; hwi kav ^g> z 
5557, hm red and rjt imperfecta, not advqnst. We belev dat de best 
qnser iz tui be fend in de unneseseri dificultiz hwic, redin and ritin its 
opoz tm de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm hwiq iz consecwentli recwizit fer 
mqsterin dem. Befor redin and ritin qr acwjrd hi perfecjun, de gild 
iz tac'n from scud ; er he remanz at scml just Ion enuf tm lern dez tui 
mecanical qrts, and nuthj mor. 

Tac aniider test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund 
dat wun man in tre, and wun wuman in tui, ov doz hm qr marid, sin 
de rejister wid mqres. cle rezult ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presisli 
de sam properjunz ; so dat we ma concluid, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer- 
jenercd, dat " de test iz won hwiq must not be disregqrded. and ma be 
fend a vdlqab'l and saf criteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 
cle proper Jun fer 1841 woz presisli hwot we hav stated ; fer "st ov 124,329 
cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud 
not i*it, er rot so imperfecth, az tm atest de rejister wid mqres. cLe 
proper Jun diferd in diferent pqrts ov Ingland. In Bedfurdjer, fer 
egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten inglij csntiz, 
in de West Bidin ov Yercjer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 
marid men did de sam ; in 19 rgglif c^ntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did 
not rit dar namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we 
canot but agre wid de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; 
fer it iz tui be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hui did not ecsperiens mue 
dificulti in ritin, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar defijensi, wild be unwCiq 
tm rit dar namz." Inded, we hav herd ov meni hm sistemdticali lerii 
tm rft dar namz, and nutin els ; so dat dis test ma perhaps tel tui fdvurabli 



Ap. 3. Spewmenz ov F6notips. 26*3 

BReVt'R'. 

3.e Spelin Referm iz not a mer litereri free, de hwimzi ov a student, de fansi ov a 
fonetijan, az we must in gariti supoz doz tui tirjc hui merli advqns litereri qrgqments 
in opozijun tui it, er hui qr so ineonsideret az tui lqf at it strjt. It iz fqr mor moral 
dan litereri. We proclam in el plasez dat 3e Speliy Reform iz instituted tut mac de 
edy,cafun ov de pvir posib'l, b{ renderiy de qrt ov rediy plezant, and ezi tut aciv/r. We 
proclam de fact, dat wun terd ov sr popqlajun canot red ; and we mac wer agenst dis 
ignorans, bj remuivin de fatal obstac'l hwig liaz hidertui stemd de strem ov najunal 
edqeajun. 

From de ofijal statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we fjnd dat st ov 10,000 
criminalz in Ingland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and rjt; dis egzdctli acerdz 
wid xt aserjuu dat wun terd ov de popqlajun canot red and rjt, levin de infants, hui 
canot be criminalz, tui c^nterbdlans doz in ezi sercumstansez, hui qr not so Ijcli tui 
comit crjmz. But we fjnd de enermus properjun ov 5557 hui red and rjt imperfectli ; 
mor dan wun hqf ! j hwjl onli 829, er abist Avan twelft, red and rjt wel ; and obzerv 
de lqst and most important jtem, onli 37 had resevd instrucfun sqperiur tut rediy and 
r'ltiy wel. It iz imposib'l tui red dis statment, hwig, publift bj etoriti, and restiij upon 
ofijal docqments, canot be impqnd, wifrst felin, in el its fors, de ner conecjun betwen wont 
ov sqperiur edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 st ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an edqeajun 
sqperiur tui redin and rjtin wel ; dat iz, in strict langwej, had resevd an edqeajun at 
el. Redirj and qtin qr not edqeajun ; but it iz az esenjal dat everi wun hui resevz 
edqeajun Jud ferst aewn* de qrts ov redirj and rjtin, az dat a bab Jud hav tefc befor it 
can masticat. S Havj, it wil be qsct, 'J hw| hav so fii resevd sqperiur instrucjun. 
Und^tedli in a grat me3ui* from wont ov scudz, from wont ov muni, menz tui purges 
edqeajun, from sursndirj sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz ti*ui, we wil sa, fer el doz 
hui hav not yet lernt tui red and rjt at el ; but *? hwj hav doz 829, hui hav lernt tui 
red and rjt wel, not gen furder; *! h^vj hav doz 5557, hui red and rjt imperfectli, not 
advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz tui be fond in de unneseseri dificultiz hwiq 
redii) and rjtin n^ opoz tui de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm hwig iz cdnsecwentli 
recwizit fer mqsterin dem. Befor redig and rjtin qr acwjrd in perfecjun, de gjld iz 
tac'n from scuil ; er he remanz at sciul just Ion emif tui lern dez tui meeanical qi-ts, 
and nutin mor. 

Tac anuder test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund dat wun man 
in tre, and wun wuman in tui, ov doz hui qr marid, sjn de rejister wid mqres. 3e 
reziilt ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam properjunz ; so dat we ma concluid, 
in de wurdz ov de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " de test iz wun hwig must not be disregqrded, 
and ma be f^nd a vdlqab'l and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 3.e 
properjun fer 1841 woz presjsli hwot we hav stated ; fer st ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer 
marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, 
az tui atest de rejister wid mqres. 3e properjun diferd in diferent pqrts ov Ingland. 
In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten 
irjglij c^ntiz, in de West Rjdin ov Yercjer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 
marid men did de sam; in 19 hjglij csntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did not rjt dar 
namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de 
rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tui be prezqmd dat veri 
fq, if eni, hm did not ecsperiens mug dificulti in rjtirj, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar 
defijensi, \vud be unwilin tm rjt dar namz." Inded, we hav herd ov meni hm 
sistemdticali lern tui rjt dar namz, and nutin els ; so dat dis test ma perhaps tel tm. 
favurabli on de hoi fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revers, az iz so ef'n prezqmd. 

We wij tui direct pqrticqler atenjun tm de fact, dat elmost de hoi tjm hwig a pan 
gjld iz ns ab'l tm besto upon scmlin iz wasted upon atemtii) tm teg him tm red 
and rjt. Wasted iz not tui hqrd a wurd ; fer bj fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev 
dez scmlz, dm not lev dem in a condijun tm red fer demselvz. 3oz hm onli tac up a 
biac tm panfuli spel st a pasej, rqder gesin dan redin, "scipirj a hqrd wurd" everi nx 
and den, and getin over de grand ljc a sprirjles cqrt over froz'n ruts, et not, bj eni 
figqr ov speg er streg ov imajinajun, tui be rec'nd amui) rederz. Yet ov sug iz de loij 



Af>. 3. Bpenmenz oo Fonotqps. 269 

MINYl.V 

£Ie Spelin Iteferm iz not a nier litereri free, de bwhnzi ov a stqdent, de fcaisi ov a 
fonetifan, az we must in qariti supoz doz tin tine km merli advqns litereri qrgqiu<Mits 
in opozifun tui it, er lim qr so inconsideret az tin lqf at it xlqt. It iz fqr mor moral 
dan litereri. We proclam in el plasez dat 3e Spelin Reform iz instituted tut mac He 
edi(cafun ov tie puir posib'l, bj renderiy de qrt ov redin plezant, and ezi tut acicfr. We 
proclam de fact, dat wan terd ov vr popqlajun canot red ; and we mac wer agenst dis 
ignorans, b{ remuivig de fatal obstac'l bwiq liaz bidertiu stemd de strem ov najunul 
educajun. 

From de ofi/cd statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we fjnd dat st ov 10,000 
criminalz in Iggland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and rjt ; dis egzdctli acerdz wid 
m' aserfun dat wun terd ov de popqlajun canot red and rjt, levig de infants, lim canot 
be criminalz, tm c^nterbdlans doz in ezi sercumstansez, hui qr not so ljcli tui comit 
crjmz. But we fjnd de enermus proper Jun ov 5557 bui red and r{t imperfectli ; mor 
dan wun bqf ! ; bwjl onli 829, er ab^t wun twelft, red and r(t wel ; and obzerv de lqst 
and most important item, onli 37 bad resevd instrucfun sifperiur tm redin and rjtiij 
wel. It iz imposib'l tui red dis statment, bwiq, publijt h\ etoriti, and restin upon ofi/al 
documents, canot be impqnd, widest feliij, in el its fors, de ner conecjun betwm wont 
ov superior educajun and crpn. Onli 37 st ov 10,000 criminalz bad resevd an edqeajun 
sqperiur tui redin and r|tin wel ; dat iz, in strict langwej, bad resevd an edqeajun at 
el. Kedig and rjtig qr not educajun ; but it iz az esenfal dat everi wun bui resevz 
edqeajun Jud ferst acwp- de qrts ov redin and r^tin, az dat a bab Jud bav tet befor it 
can masticat. 1 Hwj, it wil be qsct, 1 bwj bav so fq resevd. sqperiur instrucfun. 
Und-stedli in a grat mejur from wont ov scmlz, from wont ov'^ftiuni, menz tui purqes 
edqeajun, from surandig sercumstansez, and so fort. 3Lis iz trui, we wil sa, fer el doz 
bui bav not yet lernt tui red and r£t at el ; but "5 bwj bav doz 829, bui bav lernt tui red 
and rjt wel, not gen furder; q . bwj bav doz 5557, bui red and rjt imperfecta, not 
advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz tui be isnd in de unneseseri cbficultiz bwiq 
redirj and rjtig m> opoz tiu de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm bwiq iz consecwentli recwizit 
fer mqsterin dem. Befor rediij and rjtin qr acwjrd in perfecfun, de qjld iz tac'n from 
scud ; er be remanz at scud just Ion enuf tui lern dez tui mecanical qrts, and nutig mor. 

Tac oniider test ov de stat ov educajun in de cuntri. We bav men/und dat wun 
man in tre, and wun wi anion in tui, ov doz bui qr marid, sjn de rejister vdd mqres. 
cEe reziilt ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam properfunz ; so dat we ma 
concluid, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " de test iz wun bwiq must not be 
disregqrded, and ma be fend a vdlqabl and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov 
educajun." ele properjun fer 1841 woz presjsli bwot we bav stated ; fer ^t ov 124,329 
cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot 
so imperfectli, az tm atest de rejister wid mqres. 3e properjun diferd in diferent pqrts 
ov Ingland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; 
in terten igglij" c^nitiz, in de West Rjdig ov Yercfer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 ~st ov everi 
100 marid men did de sam ; in 19 igglij csntiz, mor dan bqf de wimen did not rjt dar 
namz. And bwotever objecfun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de 
rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tm be prezqmd dat veri 
fq, if eni, bm did not ecsperiens muq clifieulti in ritin, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar 
defijensi, wud be unwiHij tm rjt dar namz." Inded, we bav berd ov meni bm sistemdt- 
icali lern tm rjt dar namz, and nutig els ; so dat dis test ma perbdps tel tui favurabli 
on de bol fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revers, az iz so ef'n prezqmd. 

We -wij tm direct pqrticqler atenjim tm de fact, dat elmost de bol tjm bwiq a pmr 
qjld iz ny ab'l tm besto upon scmlig iz wasted upon atemtirj tm teq liim tm red and rjt. 
Wasted iz not tm bqrd a wurd ; fer b\ fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev dez scmlz, 
dm not lev dem in a condijun tm red fer demselvz. 3oz bui onli tac up a buc tm 
panfioli spel *t a pasej, rqder gesig dan redig, " scipig a bqrd wurd " everi n^ and den, 
and getig over de grand l{c a sprigles cqrt over froz'n ruts, et not, bj eni figqr ov speq 
er streq ov imajinajun, tm be rec'nd amurj rederz. Yet ov suq iz de log list ov doz bm 
red and rjt imperfectli compozd. Fer el purpusez ov b^f da canot red at el. 

Hwot we qr duiirj, den, iz, properli stated, not a litereri but a moral revolujun, and 
dat, tui, ov de most bob and pesfial caracter. B| simpli remmvig el cbficulti from 
lernin tm red, we Jal render it az absurd tui sa dat a qdd bm con onli red iz in eni wa 
edqeated, az we Jiad ny consider it tm sa dat a qjld woz edqeated bm cud understand 
bwot woz sed tm bim. 2e bol tjm, les an insignificant fracjun, ves spent in teqig 
tm red, wud bav tm be devoted tm teqig sumtin els. Insted ov macig phra el sr scm 
daz, we Jud be pl"yig and soiij gud sed, leviij qfter-daz tm rep de prodqs. H grat qan 

24 



dp. 3. Spesimen2 or Fonotips. 271 



NONPBBEL. 

He Speliy Referni iz not a mer litereri free, etc hwimzi ov a stqdeut, de fansi ov a fonetijan, az 
we must iu gariti supoz doz tui tiijc hui nierli advqns litereri qrgqments in opozifun tin it, er htu 
qr so inconsideret az tm lqf at it xtrjt. It iz far mor moral dan litereri. "\\ e proclam in el 
plasez dat He Spelin Htfer)a,iz institi{ted tm mac tie ediicafun oo dv putr posib'l, birenderig de qrt 
ov redig plezunt, and ezi tw acwir. We proclam de fact, dat wun terd ov sr populajun cuiiot red ; 
and we mac wer agenst dis ignorans, bj reminvhj dc fatal obstuc'l hwig haz hidertiu stemd de 
Btrem ov najunal edqeajun. 

From de ofildl statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we find dat st ov 10,000 criminalz in 
Iijgland and AValz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and rjt ; dis egzuctli acerdz wid 5T aserjun dat wun 
terd ov de popqlajun canot red and rjt, levin 6c infants, hui eanot be criminalz, tui csnterbdlans 
doz in ezi sercumstansez, hm qr not so ljcli tui comit crjmz. But we fjnd de enermus properjun 
ov 5557 hm red and r%t intperfectli ; mor dan wun hqf ! ; hwjl onli829, er abtft wim twelft, red and 
r[t wel; and obzt'rv de lqst and most impertaut jtem, onli 37 bad resevd instrucfun st/periur tut rtdiij 
ami rftiy wel. It iz imposib'l tui red dis statment, hwig, publijt bj etoriti, and restiij upon ofiful 
documents, canot be impqnd, widest felin, in el its fors, de ner conecfun betwen wont ov sqperiur 
edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 vt ov 10,000 criminalz bud rcse'vd an edqeafun sqperiur tui redhj 
and rjtirj wel; dat iz, in strict laggwej, had rese'vd an edqeajun at el. Eediij and rjtig qr not 
edqeafun ; but it iz oz esenfal dat everi wun hm resevz edqeajun Jiad ferst acwjr de qrts ov rediy 
and rjtirj, az dat a bab Jud hav tet befor it can masticat. 1 Hwj, it wil be qsct, ■» hwj huv so fq 
rese'vd sqperiur instrucj'un. Undstedli in a grat me3ur from wont ov scuilz, from wont ov muni, 
menz tin purc.es edqeajun, from sursndig sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz tnu, we wil sa, fer 
el doz hm hav not yet lernt tm red and rjt at el ; but 5 hwj hav doz 829, hm hav lernt tui red and 
rjt wel, not gen furder ; 1 hwj hav doz 5557, hm red and rjt imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev 
Sat de best qnser iz tm be fund in de unneseseri dificidtiz hwiq redig and rjtin nv opoz tm de 
pqpdz studiz, and in de tjm hwitj iz consecwenth recwizit fer mqsterig dem. Befor redig and 
rjtiy qr acwjrd in perfecjun, dc qjld iz tac'n from scml j er he remanz at scml just log eniif tm lern 
dez tiii mecanical qrts, and nutig - mor. 

Tac aniider test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund dat wun man in fere, and 
wun wiaman in tm, ov doz hm qr marid, sjn de rejister wid mqres. tie rezult ov several yerz 
rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam proper junz ; so dat we ma conclmd, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer- 
jeneral, dat " de test iz -wun hwiq must not be disregarded, and ma be fsnd a vdlqab'l and saf 
crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 3e properjun fer 1841 woz presjsb hwot we hav 
stated j fer yt ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud 
not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tm at^st de rejister wid mqres. cle properjun diferd in diferent 
parts ov Iijgland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; 
in terten iggiij c^ntiz, in de West Bjdig ov Yercjer, nud in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 
marid men did de sam ; in 19 iggiij c^ntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did not rjt dar namz. And 
hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre ^-id de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz 
stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tm be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hm did not ecsp'eriens mug 
dificulti in rjtig, er wer afrad ov ecspozig dar defijensi, wud be unwilig tm rjt dar namz." Inded, 
we hav herd ov meni hm sistemdticali lern tm rjt dar namz, and nutig els ; so dat dis test ma 
perhaps tel tiii favurabli on de hoi fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revdrs, az iz so ef'n 
prezqmd. 

We wij tm direct pqrticqler atenjun tm de fact, dat elmost de hoi tjmhwie, a pmr cjld iz n^ ab'l 
tm besto upon scuolig iz wasted upon atemtig tm teg him tm red and rjt. Wasted iz not tm hqrd 
a wT^ird ; fer bj fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev dez scuilz, dm not lev dem in a condijun tm 
red fer demselvz. 3oz hm onli tac up a buc tm panfuli spel st a pasej, rqder gesig dan redig, 
" scipig a hqrd word" everi ns cmd den, and getig over de gr^nd ljc a sprigles cqrt over froz'n 
ruts, et not, bj eni figqr ov speg er streg ov imajiuajun, tm be rec'nd amug rederz. Yet ov sug iz 
dejoij Hst ov doz hm red and rjt hnperfectli compozd. Fer el purpusez ov ljf da canot red at el. 

Hwot we qr duiig, den, iz, properli stated, not a litereri but a moral revolqjun, and dat, tm, 
ov de most holi and pesfid caracter. Bj simpb remmvig el dificulti from lernig tm red, we Jdl 
render it az absurd tm sa dat a gild hm can onli red iz in eni wa educated, az we Jud ns consider 
it tm sa dat a gjld woz educated hm cud understand hwot woz sed tm him. 3e hoi tjm, les an 
msigmficant fracjun, ns spent in tegig tm red, wud hav tm be devoted tm teguj sumtig els. In- 
stdd ov machj plyz el *t scml daz, we Jud be pl^ig and soig gud sed, levig qfter-daz tm rep de 
prodqs. R grat ganj wud be efected in de hoi edqcajunal trctment ov de pep'l, in de economi 
ov el scmlz fer depmrer clqsez. 3e vqst aperatus ms recwizit fer drumirj monosilab'lz, disilab'lz, 
trisilab'lz, and endles pohsilab'lz intm de erz ov unfertqnet gildren wud giv plas tm az ecstcmsiv 
aperatus fer tegig dem jdeaz and dar qs. B. gjld wud be tet tm thje. Tjm wud be fsnd fer 
moral tranig az disrigct from de mer preseptiv, get-bj-hqrt sistem ov de prezent da. 

And 4 wil de pep'l tac xr sistem up. Her iz de descripjun giv'n us in a prjvet leter ov de teger 
ov a fonetic clqs. S Hwot iz he. n 3. litereri entqziast, 1 a man hm iz gqrmd bj de ujs relajunz ov 
sjnz tm s-sndz ; 1 a filolojist ; n a wurd snager and twister. Nutig ov de cjnd : " He goz tm ware at 
hqf pqst 7 in de mernig, and wurcs til 8 in de evnig ; wees tui mjlz tm scml, gcig widb't hiz super 
in de men tjm, and haz a wjf and for gildren tm fed and clod vt ov 16 Jihgz awec." Onur tm sug a 
man ; he iz inded wun tm hmm de interests ov sosjeti and ov hiz on clqs qr dcr. He, and sug 
az he, prmv wictst dispqt, dat de Spelig Eeferm iz a cwesryuu, tm cwot de wurdz ov *r corespond- 
ent, " in hwig wm'chj men qr vjtcdi consernd." 

3e mater iz ns redqst tm a smel cumpas. Hwot we qr duiig, vqd az wurc dctqali in hand, iz 
merli atemtig tm remiiiv a serten omisnt ov fizical obstrucjun tm de impriuvmcnt ov de pmrer 
clqsez ; de rez'n hwj we qr duiiij it iz tm be set in de consecwens ov dis renuuval, <iv posibiliti ov 
havig an edticated pep'l. 



[0» *> .ecst paj w,l be tod a tjp-6n.de,* bil fo r UmHj^ 



Printed bj A. J. Elis, B.A., Fonetic Prmthj Ofisez, Bctf. 



\ 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Oct. 2006 

PreservationTechnologie 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATK 
1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



